CHAPTER 5 INTEGRATION

5.1 AREA AND ESTIMATING WITH FINITE SUMS

1. faxb œ x# Since f is increasing on Ò!ß "Ó, we use left endpoints to obtain

lower sums and right endpoints to obtain upper sums.

" # #
(a) ˜x œ "
!
# œ "
# and xi œ i˜x œ i
# Ê a lower sum is !ˆ #i ‰ † "
# œ "# Š!#
ˆ "# ‰ ‹ œ "
)
iœ!
$ # # # #
(b) ˜x œ "
!
% œ "
% and xi œ i˜x œ i
% Ê a lower sum is !ˆ 4i ‰ † "
4 œ 4" Š!#
ˆ 4" ‰
ˆ #" ‰
ˆ 4$ ‰ ‹ œ "
% † (
) œ (
$#
iœ!
2 # #
(c) ˜x œ "
!
# œ "
# and xi œ i˜x œ i
# Ê an upper sum is !ˆ #i ‰ † "
# œ "# Šˆ "# ‰ +1# ‹ œ &
)
iœ1
% # # # #
(d) ˜x œ "
!
% œ "
% and xi œ i˜x œ i
% Ê an upper sum is !ˆ 4i ‰ † "
4 œ 4" Šˆ 4" ‰
ˆ #" ‰
ˆ 4$ ‰ +1# ‹ œ "
% † ˆ "'
$! ‰
œ "&
$#
iœ"

2. faxb œ x$ Since f is increasing on Ò!ß "Ó, we use left endpoints to obtain

lower sums and right endpoints to obtain upper sums.

" $ $
(a) ˜x œ "
!
# œ "
# and xi œ i˜x œ i
# Ê a lower sum is !ˆ #i ‰ † "
# œ "# Š!$
ˆ "# ‰ ‹ œ "
"'
iœ!
$ $ $ $ $
(b) ˜x œ "
!
% œ "
% and xi œ i˜x œ i
% Ê a lower sum is !ˆ 4i ‰ † "
4 œ 4" Š!$
ˆ 4" ‰
ˆ #" ‰
ˆ 4$ ‰ ‹ œ $'
#&' œ *
'%
iœ!
2 $ $
(c) ˜x œ "
!
# œ "
# and xi œ i˜x œ i
# Ê an upper sum is !ˆ #i ‰ † "
# œ "# Šˆ "# ‰ +1$ ‹ œ "
# † *
) œ *
"'
iœ1
% $ $ $ $
(d) ˜x œ "
!
% œ "
% and xi œ i˜x œ i
% Ê an upper sum is !ˆ 4i ‰ † "
4 œ 4" Šˆ 4" ‰
ˆ #" ‰
ˆ 4$ ‰ +1$ ‹ œ œ "!!
#&' œ #&
'%
iœ"

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

258 Chapter 5 Integration
"
3. faxb œ x
Since f is decreasing on Ò1ß 5Ó, we use left endpoints to obtain
upper sums and right endpoints to obtain lower sums.

#
(a) ˜x œ &
"
# œ # and xi œ "
i˜x œ "
#i Ê a lower sum is ! x"i † # œ #ˆ "$
"& ‰ œ "'
"&
iœ"
%
(b) ˜x œ &
"
œ 1 and xi œ "
i˜x œ "
i Ê a lower sum is !" † " œ "ˆ #"
"

"

&" ‰ œ ((
% xi $ % '!
iœ"
"
(c) ˜x œ &
"
# œ # and xi œ "
i˜x œ "
#i Ê an upper sum is ! x"i † # œ #ˆ"
$" ‰ œ )
$
iœ!
$
(d) ˜x œ &
"
œ 1 and xi œ "
i˜x œ "
i Ê an upper sum is !" † " œ "ˆ"
"

"

"% ‰ œ #&
% xi # $ "#
iœ!

4. faxb œ %  x# Since f is increasing on Ò#ß !Ó and decreasing on Ò!ß #Ó, we use

left endpoints on Ò#ß !Ó and right endpoints on Ò!ß #Ó to obtain
lower sums and use right endpoints on Ò#ß !Ó and left endpoints
on Ò!ß #Ó to obtain upper sums.

#
a
#b
(a) ˜x œ # œ # and xi œ #
i˜x œ #
#i Ê a lower sum is # † ˆ%  a#b# ‰
# † a%  ## b œ !
" %
#
a
#b
(b) ˜x œ % œ " and xi œ #
i˜x œ #
i Ê a lower sum is !ˆ%  axi b# ‰ † "
!ˆ%  axi b# ‰ † "
iœ! iœ$

œ "ˆˆ%  a#b# ‰
ˆ%  a"b# ‰
a%  "# b
a%  ## b‰ œ '

#
a
#b
(c) ˜x œ # œ # and xi œ #
i˜x œ #
#i Ê a upper sum is # † ˆ%  a!b# ‰
# † a%  !# b œ "'
# $
#
a
#b
(d) ˜x œ % œ " and xi œ #
i˜x œ #
i Ê a upper sum is !ˆ%  axi b# ‰ † "
!ˆ%  axi b# ‰ † "
iœ" iœ#
œ "ˆˆ%  a"b# ‰
a%  !# b
a%  !# b
a%  "# b‰ œ "%

5. faxb œ x# Using 2 rectangles Ê ˜x œ "
!

# œ "
# Ê "# ˆfˆ "% ‰
fˆ $% ‰‰
# #
œ "# Šˆ "% ‰
ˆ $% ‰ ‹ œ "!
$# œ &
"'

Using 4 rectangles Ê ˜x œ "
% ! œ "

%
Ê "% ˆfˆ ") ‰
fˆ $) ‰
fˆ &) ‰
fˆ () ‰‰
# # # #
œ "% Šˆ ") ‰
ˆ $) ‰
ˆ &) ‰
ˆ () ‰ ‹ œ #"
'%

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

 Section 5.1 Area and Estimating with Finite Sums 259

6. faxb œ x$ Using 2 rectangles Ê ˜x œ "
!

# œ "
# Ê "# ˆfˆ "% ‰
fˆ $% ‰‰
$ $
œ "# Šˆ "% ‰
ˆ $% ‰ ‹ œ #)
# † '% œ (
$#

Using 4 rectangles Ê ˜x œ "
% ! œ "

%
Ê "% ˆfˆ ") ‰
fˆ $) ‰
fˆ &) ‰
fˆ () ‰‰
$ $ $ $
œ "% Š " $ )&
$
(
‹œ %*'
% † )$ œ "#%
)$ œ $"
"#)

"
7. faxb œ x
&
"
Using 2 rectangles Ê ˜x œ # œ # Ê #afa#b
fa%bb
œ #ˆ "#
"% ‰ œ $#

Using 4 rectangles Ê ˜x œ &
% " œ "

Ê "ˆfˆ $# ‰
fˆ &# ‰
fˆ (# ‰
fˆ *# ‰‰
œ "ˆ #$
#
&
#
(
#* ‰ œ "%))
$†&†(†* œ %*'
&†(†* œ %*'
$"&

8. faxb œ %  x# Using 2 rectangles Ê ˜x œ #
a
#b

œ # Ê #afa"b
fa"bb
#
œ #a$
$b œ "#

Using 4 rectangles Ê ˜x œ #
%a
#b œ "

Ê "ˆfˆ $# ‰
fˆ "# ‰
fˆ "# ‰
fˆ $# ‰‰
# # # #
œ "ŠŠ%  ˆ $# ‰ ‹
Š%  ˆ "# ‰ ‹
Š%  ˆ "# ‰ ‹
Š%  ˆ $# ‰ ‹‹
œ "'  ˆ *% † #
"% † #‰ œ "'  "!
# œ ""

9. (a) D ¸ (0)(1)
(12)(1)
(22)(1)
(10)(1)
(5)(1)
(13)(1)
(11)(1)
(6)(1)
(2)(1)
(6)(1) œ 87 inches
(b) D ¸ (12)(1)
(22)(1)
(10)(1)
(5)(1)
(13)(1)
(11)(1)
(6)(1)
(2)(1)
(6)(1)
(0)(1) œ 87 inches

10. (a) D ¸ (1)(300)
(1.2)(300)
(1.7)(300)
(2.0)(300)
(1.8)(300)
(1.6)(300)
(1.4)(300)
(1.2)(300)

(1.0)(300)
(1.8)(300)
(1.5)(300)
(1.2)(300) œ 5220 meters (NOTE: 5 minutes œ 300 seconds)
(b) D ¸ (1.2)(300)
(1.7)(300)
(2.0)(300)
(1.8)(300)
(1.6)(300)
(1.4)(300)
(1.2)(300)
(1.0)(300)

(1.8)(300)
(1.5)(300)
(1.2)(300)
(0)(300) œ 4920 meters (NOTE: 5 minutes œ 300 seconds)

11. (a) D ¸ (0)(10)
(44)(10)
(15)(10)
(35)(10)
(30)(10)
(44)(10)
(35)(10)
(15)(10)
(22)(10)

(35)(10)
(44)(10)
(30)(10) œ 3490 feet ¸ 0.66 miles
(b) D ¸ (44)(10)
(15)(10)
(35)(10)
(30)(10)
(44)(10)
(35)(10)
(15)(10)
(22)(10)
(35)(10)

(44)(10)
(30)(10)
(35)(10) œ 3840 feet ¸ 0.73 miles

12. (a) The distance traveled will be the area under the curve. We will use the approximate velocities at the
midpoints of each time interval to approximate this area using rectangles. Thus,
D ¸ (20)(0.001)
(50)(0.001)
(72)(0.001)
(90)(0.001)
(102)(0.001)
(112)(0.001)
(120)(0.001)

(128)(0.001)
(134)(0.001)
(139)(0.001) ¸ 0.967 miles
(b) Roughly, after 0.0063 hours, the car would have gone 0.484 miles, where 0.0060 hours œ 22.7 sec. At 22.7
sec, the velocity was approximately 120 mi/hr.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

260 Chapter 5 Integration

13. (a) Because the acceleration is decreasing, an upper estimate is obtained using left end-points in summing
acceleration † ?t. Thus, ?t œ 1 and speed ¸ [32.00
19.41
11.77
7.14
4.33](1) œ 74.65 ft/sec
(b) Using right end-points we obtain a lower estimate: speed ¸ [19.41
11.77
7.14
4.33
2.63](1)
œ 45.28 ft/sec
(c) Upper estimates for the speed at each second are:
t 0 1 2 3 4 5
v 0 32.00 51.41 63.18 70.32 74.65
Thus, the distance fallen when t œ 3 seconds is s ¸ [32.00
51.41
63.18](1) œ 146.59 ft.

14. (a) The speed is a decreasing function of time Ê right end-points give an lower estimate for the height (distance)
attained. Also
t 0 1 2 3 4 5
v 400 368 336 304 272 240
gives the time-velocity table by subtracting the constant g œ 32 from the speed at each time increment
?t œ 1 sec. Thus, the speed ¸ 240 ft/sec after 5 seconds.
(b) A lower estimate for height attained is h ¸ [368
336
304
272
240](1) œ 1520 ft.

15. Partition [!ß #] into the four subintervals [0ß 0.5], [0.5ß 1], [1ß 1.5], and [1.5ß 2]. The midpoints of these
subintervals are m" œ 0.25, m# œ 0.75, m$ œ 1.25, and m% œ 1.75. The heights of the four approximating
rectangles are f(m" ) œ (0.25)$ œ 64 1
, f(m# ) œ (0.75)$ œ 27 $ $
64 , f(m$ ) œ (1.25) œ 64 , and f(m% ) œ (1.75) œ 64
125 343

$ $ $ $
Notice that the average value is approximated by "
# ’ˆ 4" ‰ ˆ #" ‰
ˆ 43 ‰ ˆ #" ‰
ˆ 45 ‰ ˆ #" ‰
ˆ 47 ‰ ˆ #" ‰“ œ $"
"'

" approximate area under

œ †” • . We use this observation in solving the next several exercises.
length of [!ß#] curve f(x) œ x$

16. Partition [1ß 9] into the four subintervals ["ß $], [3ß &], [&ß (], and [(ß *]. The midpoints of these subintervals are
m" œ 2, m# œ 4, m$ œ 6, and m% œ 8. The heights of the four approximating rectangles are f(m" ) œ "# ,
f(m# ) œ "4 , f(m$ ) œ 6" , and f(m% ) œ 8" . The width of each rectangle is ?x œ 2. Thus,
ˆ 25 ‰
Area ¸ 2 ˆ "# ‰
2 ˆ 4" ‰
2 ˆ 6" ‰
2 ˆ 8" ‰ œ 25
1# Ê average value ¸ area
length of ["ß*] œ 12
8 œ 25
96 .

17. Partition [0ß 2] into the four subintervals [0ß 0.5], [0.5ß 1], [1ß 1.5], and [1.5ß 2]. The midpoints of the subintervals
are m" œ 0.25, m# œ 0.75, m$ œ 1.25, and m% œ 1.75. The heights of the four approximating rectangles are
#
" 1 " " " 31 " " " 51 "
f(m" ) œ #
sin# 4 œ #
# œ 1, f(m# ) œ 2
sin# 4 œ #
# œ 1, f(m$ ) œ 2
sin# 4 œ #
Š È"2 ‹
#
" " " 71 "
œ #
# œ 1, and f(m% ) œ 2
sin# 4 œ #
Š È"2 ‹ œ 1. The width of each rectangle is ?x œ #" . Thus,
Area ¸ (1
1
1
1) ˆ "# ‰ œ 2 Ê average value ¸ area
length of [0ß2] œ 2
# œ 1.

18. Partition [0ß 4] into the four subintervals [0ß 1], [1ß 2ß ], [2ß 3], and [3ß 4]. The midpoints of the subintervals
are m" œ "# , m# œ #3 , m$ œ 5# , and m% œ 7# . The heights of the four approximating rectangles are
1 ˆ "# ‰ % %
f(m" ) œ 1  Šcos Š 4 ‹‹ œ 1  ˆcos ˆ 18 ‰‰ œ 0.27145 (to 5 decimal places),
1 ˆ 3# ‰ % % 1 ˆ #5 ‰ % %
f(m# ) œ 1  Šcos Š 4 ‹‹ œ 1  ˆcos ˆ 381 ‰‰ œ 0.97855, f(m3 ) œ 1  Šcos Š 4 ‹‹ œ 1  ˆcos ˆ 581 ‰‰
1 ˆ 7# ‰ % %
œ 0.97855, and f(m% ) œ 1  Šcos Š 4 ‹‹ œ 1  ˆcos ˆ 781 ‰‰ œ 0.27145. The width of each rectangle is
?x œ ". Thus, Area ¸ (0.27145)(1)
(0.97855)(1)
(0.97855)(1)
(0.27145)(1) œ 2.5 Ê average
value ¸ lengtharea
of [0ß4] œ 4 œ 8 .
2.5 5

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

 Section 5.1 Area and Estimating with Finite Sums 261

19. Since the leakage is increasing, an upper estimate uses right endpoints and a lower estimate uses left
endpoints:
(a) upper estimate œ (70)(1)
(97)(1)
(136)(1)
(190)(1)
(265)(1) œ 758 gal,
lower estimate œ (50)(1)
(70)(1)
(97)(1)
(136)(1)
(190)(1) œ 543 gal.
(b) upper estimate œ (70
97
136
190
265
369
516
720) œ 2363 gal,
lower estimate œ (50
70
97
136
190
265
369
516) œ 1693 gal.
(c) worst case: 2363
720t œ 25,000 Ê t ¸ 31.4 hrs;
best case: 1693
720t œ 25,000 Ê t ¸ 32.4 hrs

20. Since the pollutant release increases over time, an upper estimate uses right endpoints and a lower estimate
uses left endpoints:
(a) upper estimate œ (0.2)(30)
(0.25)(30)
(0.27)(30)
(0.34)(30)
(0.45)(30)
(0.52)(30) œ 60.9 tons
lower estimate œ (0.05)(30)
(0.2)(30)
(0.25)(30)
(0.27)(30)
(0.34)(30)
(0.45)(30) œ 46.8 tons
(b) Using the lower (best case) estimate: 46.8
(0.52)(30)
(0.63)(30)
(0.70)(30)
(0.81)(30) œ 126.6 tons,
so near the end of September 125 tons of pollutants will have been released.

#
21. (a) The diagonal of the square has length 2, so the side length is È#. Area œ ŠÈ#‹ œ #
(b) Think of the octagon as a collection of 16 right triangles with a hypotenuse of length 1 and an acute angle measuring
#1 1
"' œ ) .
Area œ "'ˆ " ‰ˆsin 1 ‰ˆcos 1 ‰ œ % sin 1 œ #È# ¸ #Þ)#)
# ) ) %
(c) Think of the 16-gon as a collection of 32 right triangles with a hypotenuse of length 1 and an acute angle measuring
#1 1
$# œ "' .
Area œ $#ˆ " ‰ˆsin 1 ‰ˆcos 1 ‰ œ ) sin 1 œ #È# ¸ $Þ!'"
# "' "' )
(d) Each area is less than the area of the circle, 1. As n increases, the area approaches 1.

22. (a) Each of the isosceles triangles is made up of two right triangles having hypotenuse 1 and an acute angle measuring
#1 1 ˆ " ‰ˆ
#n œ n . The area of each isosceles triangle is AT œ # # sin n
1 ‰ˆ
cos 1n ‰ œ "# sin #n1 .
#1 #1 sin #n1
(b) The area of the polygon is AP œ nAT œ n
# sin n , so limn
sin œ lim 1 † ˆ #n1 ‰ œ1
nÄ_ # n nÄ_
(c) Multiply each area by r# .
AT œ "# r# sin #n1
#1
AP œ n# r# sin n
#
lim AP œ 1r
nÄ_

23-26. Example CAS commands:

Maple:
with( Student[Calculus1] );
f := x -> sin(x);
a := 0;
b := Pi;
plot( f(x), x=a..b, title="#23(a) (Section 5.1)" );
N := [ 100, 200, 1000 ]; # (b)
for n in N do
Xlist := [ a+1.*(b-a)/n*i $ i=0..n ];
Ylist := map( f, Xlist );
end do:
for n in N do # (c)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

262 Chapter 5 Integration

Avg[n] := evalf(add(y,y=Ylist)/nops(Ylist));
end do;
avg := FunctionAverage( f(x), x=a..b, output=value );
evalf( avg );
FunctionAverage(f(x),x=a..b,output=plot); # (d)
fsolve( f(x)=avg, x=0.5 );
fsolve( f(x)=avg, x=2.5 );
fsolve( f(x)=Avg[1000], x=0.5 );
fsolve( f(x)=Avg[1000], x=2.5 );
Mathematica: (assigned function and values for a and b may vary):
Symbols for 1, Ä , powers, roots, fractions, etc. are available in Palettes (under File).
Never insert a space between the name of a function and its argument.
Clear[x]
f[x_]:=x Sin[1/x]
{a,b}={1/4, 1}
Plot[f[x],{x, a, b}]
The following code computes the value of the function for each interval midpoint and then finds the average. Each
sequence of commands for a different value of n (number of subdivisions) should be placed in a separate cell.
n =100; dx = (b  a) /n;
values = Table[N[f[x]], {x, a
dx/2, b, dx}]
average=Sum[values[[i]],{i, 1, Length[values]}] / n
n =200; dx = (b  a) /n;
values = Table[N[f[x]],{x, a + dx/2, b, dx}]
average=Sum[values[[i]],{i, 1, Length[values]}] / n
n =1000; dx = (b  a) /n;
values = Table[N[f[x]],{x, a
dx/2, b, dx}]
average=Sum[values[[i]],{i, 1, Length[values]}] / n
FindRoot[f[x] == average,{x, a}]

5.2 SIGMA NOTATION AND LIMITS OF FINITE SUMS

2
1. ! 6k
k1 œ 6(1)
11
6(2)
21 œ 6
2
12
3 œ7
kœ1

3
2. ! k
1
k œ 1
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
3 œ0
1
2
2
3 œ 7
6
kœ1

4
3. ! cos k1 œ cos (11)
cos (21)
cos (31)
cos (41) œ 1
1  1
1 œ 0
kœ1

5
4. ! sin k1 œ sin (11)
sin (21)
sin (31)
sin (41)
sin (51) œ 0
0
0
0
0 œ 0
kœ1

3
È3 È3
2
5. ! (1)kb1 sin 1
k œ (1)"" sin 1
1
(1)#" sin 1
#
(")$" sin 1
3 œ 01
# œ #
kœ1

4
6. ! (1)k cos k1 œ (1)" cos (11)
(1)# cos (21)
(1)$ cos (31)
(1)% cos (41)
kœ1

œ (1)
1  (1)
1 œ 4

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

 Section 5.2 Sigma Notation and Limits of Finite Sums 263
6
7. (a) ! 2kc1 œ 2"
"
2#
"
2$
"
2%
"
2&
"
2'
" œ 1
2
4
8
16
32
kœ1
5
(b) ! 2k œ 2!
2"
2#
2$
2%
2& œ 1
2
4
8
16
32
kœ0
4
(c) ! 2k
1 œ 2
""
2!"
2""
2#"
2$"
2%" œ 1
2
4
8
16
32
kœ "
All of them represent 1
2
4
8
16
32

6
8. (a) ! (2)k 1
œ (2)"
"
(2)#
"
(2)$
"
(2)%
"
(2)&
"
(2)'
" œ 1  2
4  8
16  32
kœ1
5
(b) ! (1)k 2k œ (1)! 2!
Ð")" 2"
(1)# 2#
(1)$ 2$
(1)% 2%
(1)& 2& œ 1  2
4  8
16  32
kœ0
3
(c) ! (1)k
1 2k
2 œ Ð")
#" 2
##
(")
"" 2
"#
(")!" 2!#
(1)"" 2"#
(")#" 2##
kœ 2

(1)$" 2$# œ 1
2  4
8  16
32;

(a) and (b) represent 1  2
4  8
16  32; (c) is not equivalent to the other two

(
1)# " (
")$ " (
")% "

4
(
")k "
9. (a) ! k
1 œ 2
1
3
1
4
1 œ 1
"
#  "
3
kœ2
2
(
1)! (
")" (
")#
(b) ! (
")k
k1 œ 01
11
21 œ1 "
#
"
3
kœ0

(
1) " (
")! (
")"

1
(c) ! (
")k
k2 œ
1  2
02
12 œ 1
"
#  "
3
kœ "
(a) and (c) are equivalent; (b) is not equivalent to the other two.

4
10. (a) ! (k  1)# œ (1  1)#
(2  1)#
(3  1)#
(4  1)# œ 0
1
4
9
kœ1
3
(b) ! (k
1)# œ (1
1)#
(0
1)#
(1
1)#
(2
1)#
(3
1)# œ 0
1
4
9
16
kœ 1
"
(c) ! k# œ (3)#
(2)#
(1)# œ 9
4
1
kœ 3

(a) and (c) are equivalent to each other; (b) is not equivalent to the other two.

6 4 4
11. ! k 12. ! k# 13. ! "
#k
kœ1 kœ1 kœ1

5 5 5
14. ! 2k 15. ! (1)k
1 "
k 16. ! (1)k k
5
kœ1 kœ1 kœ1

n n
17. (a) ! 3ak œ 3 ! ak œ 3(5) œ 15
kœ1 kœ1
n n
(b) ! bk
6 œ "
6
! bk œ "
6 (6) œ 1
kœ1 kœ1
n n n
(c) ! (ak
bk ) œ ! ak
! bk œ 5
6 œ 1
kœ1 kœ1 kœ1
n n n
(d) ! (ak  bk ) œ ! ak  ! bk œ 5  6 œ 11
kœ1 kœ1 kœ1
n n n
(e) ! (bk  2ak ) œ ! bk  2 ! ak œ 6  2(5) œ 16
kœ1 kœ1 kœ1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

264 Chapter 5 Integration
n n n n
18. (a) ! 8ak œ 8 ! ak œ 8(0) œ 0 (b) ! 250bk œ 250 ! bk œ 250(1) œ 250
kœ1 kœ1 kœ1 kœ1
n n n n n n
(c) ! (ak
1) œ ! ak
! 1 œ 0
n œ n (d) ! (bk  1) œ ! bk  ! 1 œ "  n
kœ1 kœ1 kœ1 kœ1 kœ1 kœ1

10 10
19. (a) ! k œ 10(10  1)
# œ 55 (b) ! k# œ 10(10  1)(2(10)  1)
6 œ 385
kœ1 kœ1
10 #
(c) ! k$ œ ’ 10(10#  1) “ œ 55# œ 3025
kœ1

13 13
20. (a) ! k œ 13(13  1)
# œ 91 (b) ! k# œ 13(13  1)(2(13)  1)
6 œ 819
kœ1 kœ1
13 #
(c) ! k$ œ ’ 13(13#  1) “ œ 91# œ 8281
kœ1

7 7 5 5
21. ! 2k œ 2 ! k œ 2 Š 7(7 # ") ‹ œ 56 22. ! 1k
15 œ 1
15
!kœ 1
15 Š 5(5 # 1) ‹ œ 1
kœ1 kœ1 kœ1 kœ1

6 6 6
23. ! a3  k# b œ ! 3  ! k# œ 3(6)  6(6  ")(2(6)  1)
6 œ 73
kœ1 kœ1 kœ1

6 6 6
24. ! ak#  5b œ ! k#  ! 5 œ 6(6  ")(2(6)  1)
6  5(6) œ 61
kœ1 kœ1 kœ1

5 5 5 5
25. ! k(3k
5) œ ! a3k#
5kb œ 3 ! k#
5 ! k œ 3 Š 5(5  1)(2(5)
6
 1)
‹
5 Š 5(5 # 1) ‹ œ 240
kœ1 kœ1 kœ1 kœ1

7 7 7 7
26. ! k(2k
1) œ ! a2k#
kb œ 2 ! k#
! k œ 2 Š 7(7  1)(2(7)
6
 1)
‹
7(7  1)
# œ 308
kœ1 kœ1 kœ1 kœ1

5 5 $ 5 5 $ # $
27. ! k$
225
Œ! k
œ "
2 #5
! k $
Œ! k
œ "
#25 Š 5(5 # 1) ‹
Š 5(5 # 1) ‹ œ 3376
kœ1 kœ1 kœ1 kœ1

7 # 7 7 # 7 # #
28. Œ! k
 ! k$
4 œ Œ! k
 "
4
! k$ œ Š 7(7  1) ‹ 
#
"
4 Š 7(7 # 1) ‹ œ 588
kœ1 kœ1 kœ1 kœ1

7 500
29. (a) ! 3 œ 3a7b œ 21 (b) ! 7 œ 7a500b œ 3500
kœ1 kœ1
264 262
(c) Let j œ k  2 Ê k œ j
2; if k œ 3 Ê j œ 1 and if k œ 264 Ê j œ 262 Ê ! 10 œ ! 10 œ 10a262b œ 2620
kœ3 jœ1

36 28 28 28
30. (a) Let j œ k  8 Ê k œ j
8; if k œ 9 Ê j œ 1 and if k œ 36 Ê j œ 28 Ê ! k œ ! a j
8b œ ! j
!8
kœ9 jœ1 jœ1 jœ1
28a28  1b
œ 2
)a28b œ 630
17 15
(b) Let j œ k  2 Ê k œ j
2; if k œ 3 Ê j œ 1 and if k œ 17 Ê j œ 15 Ê ! k2 œ ! a j
2b2
kœ3 jœ1
15 15 15 15
15a15  1ba2a15b  1b 15a15  1b
œ ! a j2
4j
4b œ ! j2
! 4j
! 4 œ 6
4† 2
4a15b
jœ1 jœ1 jœ1 jœ1

œ 1240
480
60 œ 1780

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

 Section 5.2 Sigma Notation and Limits of Finite Sums 265
71
(c) Let j œ k  17 Ê k œ j
17; if k œ 18 Ê j œ 1 and if k œ 71 Ê j œ 54 Ê !kak  1b
kœ3
54 54 54 54 54
œ ! a j
17baa j
17b  1b œ ! a j2
33j
272b œ ! j2
! 33j
! 272
jœ1 jœ1 jœ1 jœ1 jœ1
54a54  1ba2a54b  1b 54a54  1b
œ 6
33 † 2
272a54b œ 53955
49005
14688 œ 117648

n n
31. (a) ! 4 œ 4n (b) ! c œ cn
kœ1 kœ1
n n n
n an  1 b
(c) ! ak  1b œ ! k  ! 1 œ 2 nœ n2
n
2
kœ1 kœ1 kœ1

n n
32. (a) ! ˆ 1n
2n‰ œ ˆ 1n
2n‰n œ 1
2n2 (b) ! c
n œ c
n †nœc
kœ1 kœ1
n
1 n an  1 b
(c) ! k
n2 œ n2 2 œ n1
2n
kœ1

33. (a) (b) (c)

34. (a) (b) (c)

35. (a) (b) (c)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

266 Chapter 5 Integration

36. (a) (b) (c)

37. kx"  x! k œ k1.2  0k œ 1.2, kx#  x" k œ k1.5  1.2k œ 0.3, kx$  x# k œ k2.3  1.5k œ 0.8, kx%  x$ k œ k2.6  2.3k œ 0.3,
and kx&  x% k œ k3  2.6k œ 0.4; the largest is lPl œ 1.2.

38. kx"  x! k œ k1.6  (2)k œ 0.4, kx#  x" k œ k0.5  (1.6)k œ 1.1, kx$  x# k œ k0  (0.5)k œ 0.5,
kx%  x$ k œ k0.8  0k œ 0.8, and kx&  x% k œ k1  0.8k œ 0.2; the largest is lPl œ 1.1.

39. faxb œ "  x# Let ˜x œ "
!

n œ "
n and ci œ i˜x œ ni . The right-hand sum is
n n n
!a"  c#i b " œ " !Š"  ˆ i ‰# ‹ œ " !an#  i# b
n n n n$
iœ1 iœ1 iœ1
n
$
"! # nan  "ba#n  "b #n$  $n#  n
œ n
n$  n$ i œ" 'n $ œ" 'n$
iœ1
#  $n  n"# n
œ" ' . Thus, lim !a"  ci# b n"
nÄ_ iœ1
$ "
#
 " #
œ lim Œ"  '
n n#

œ" $ œ $
nÄ_

40. faxb œ #x $
! $ $i

Let ˜x œ n œ n and ci œ i˜x œ n. The right-hand sum is
n n n
!#ci ˆ $ ‰ œ ! 'i † $ ") !i œ ") n an  " b *n#  *n
n n n œ n# n# † # œ n#
iœ" iœ" iœ"
n
lim ! 'i
#
Thus, † $
œ lim *n n# *n œ lim ˆ*
n* ‰ œ *.
nÄ_ iœ" n n nÄ_ nÄ_

41. faxb œ x#
" Let ˜x œ $
!

n œ $
n and ci œ i˜x œ $i
n. The right-hand sum is
n n n
!ac#i
"b $ œ !Šˆ $i ‰#
"‹ $ œ $ !Š *i##
"‹
n n n n n
iœ" iœ" iœ"
n
#( ! # $ #( nan  "ba#n  "b
œ n i
n †nœ n$ Š ' ‹
$
iœ"
*a#n$  $n#  nb ")  #( *
n  n#
œ #n $
$œ #
$Þ Thus,
n ")  n  n*#
#(
lim !ac#i
"b $n œ lim Œ #
$
œ *
$ œ "#.
nÄ_ iœ" nÄ_

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

 Section 5.2 Sigma Notation and Limits of Finite Sums 267

42. faxb œ $x# Let ˜x œ "
!

n œ "
n and ci œ i˜x œ ni . The right-hand sum is
n n n
!$c#i ˆ " ‰ œ !$ˆ i ‰# ˆ " ‰ œ $ ! i# œ $ nan  "ba#n  "b
n n n n$ n$ Š ' ‹
iœ" iœ" iœ"
#  $n  n"# n
œ #n$  $n#  n
#n$ œ # . Thus, lim !$c#i ˆ "n ‰
nÄ_ iœ"

#  $n  n"# #
œ lim Œ #
œ # œ ".
nÄ_

43. faxb œ x
x# œ xa"
xb Let ˜x œ "
!

n œ "
n and ci œ i˜x œ ni . The right-hand sum is
n n n n
!aci
ci# b " œ !Š i
ˆ i ‰# ‹ " œ "!
i
"! #
i
n n n n n# n$
iœ" iœ" iœ" iœ"
" n a n  "b " nan  "ba#n  "b # $ #
œ n# Š # ‹
n$
Š ' ‹ œ n #n# n
#n '$nn$  n
#  $n  n"# n
"  "n
œ #
' . Thus, lim !aci
c#i b "n
nÄ_ iœ"

"  "n #  $n  n"# " #

œ lim ”Š # ‹
Π'
• œ #
' œ &' .
nÄ_

44. faxb œ $x
#x# Let ˜x œ "
!

n œ "
n and ci œ i˜x œ ni . The right-hand sum is
n n n n
!a$ci
#c#i b " œ !Š $i
#ˆ i ‰# ‹ " œ $!
# i
#! #
$ i
n n n n n n
iœ" iœ" iœ" iœ"
$ n a n  "b
œ n# Š # ‹
n#$ Š nan  "ba' #n  "b ‹ œ $n#  $n
#n#
#n#  $n  "
$n#
# $  " n
$  $n
œ #
n
$
n#
. Thus, lim !a$ci
#c#i b "n
nÄ_ iœ"

$  $n #  $n  n"# $ # "$
œ lim ”Š # ‹
Π$
• œ #
$ œ ' .
nÄ_

45. faxb œ 2x3 "
! "

Let ˜x œ n œ n and ci œ i˜x œ ni . The right-hand sum is
n n n 2
!a2c3i b " œ !Š2ˆ i ‰3 ‹ " œ #! 3 # n a n  "b
n n n n4
i œ n4
Š # ‹
iœ" iœ" iœ"
#n# an#  2n  "b n#  2n  " "  #n  n"#
œ 4n4 œ #n # œ # .
n " #  "
Thus, lim !a2c3i b "n œ lim ” n# n# "
• œ #.
nÄ_ iœ" nÄ_

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

268 Chapter 5 Integration

46. faxb œ x2  x3 !
a
"b "

Let ˜x œ n œ n and ci œ "
i˜x œ "
ni . The right-
n n $
hand sum is !ac#i  ci3 b "n œ !Šˆ"
ni ‰  ˆ"
ni ‰ ‹ n"
2

iœ1 iœ1
n n
œ ! Š2  %i "
œ !Š n2  %i2
2 3
i3
5i
n
n2  n3 ‹ n
i 5i
n2
n3  n4 ‹
iœ1 iœ1
n n n n
œ !2  5!
i
%! 2
i  1! 3
i
n n2 n3 n4
iœ" iœ" iœ" iœ"
2
5 n an  "b % nan  "ba#n  "b 1 nan  "b
œ 2n anb  n2 Š # ‹
n3 Š ' ‹  n4 Š # ‹

4 6n  n#2 1  2n  " n
5  5n
œ2 5n  5
#n
4n2 6n#
3n2  n#  2n  "
4n# œ2 #
3  4
n#
. Thus, lim !ac#i  ci3 b n"
nÄ_ iœ"

5 5 4 6n  n#2 1 
2 "
œ lim ”2  #
n

3  n
4
n#
•œ2
5
2
4
3  1
4 œ 7
12 .
nÄ_

5.3 THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

1. '02 x# dx 2. '
"! 2x$ dx 3. '
(& ax#  3xb dx

4. '"% "x dx 5. '#$ 1
" x dx 6. '0" È4  x# dx

7. ' ! Î% (sec x) dx
1
8. '0 Î% (tan x) dx
1

9. (a) '#2 g(x) dx œ 0 (b) ' g(x) dx œ  ' g(x) dx œ 8

&
"

"
&

(c) '"2 3f(x) dx œ 3'"2 f(x) dx œ 3(4) œ 12 (d) ' f(x) dx œ ' f(x) dx  ' f(x) dx œ 6  (4) œ 10
#
&

"
&

"
2

(e) '" [f(x)  g(x)] dx œ '" f(x) dx  '" g(x) dx œ 6  8 œ 2

& & &

(f) '"& [4f(x)  g(x)] dx œ 4 '"& f(x) dx  '"& g(x) dx œ 4(6)  8 œ 16

10. (a) '"* 2f(x) dx œ 2 '"* f(x) dx œ 2(1) œ 2

(b) '(* [f(x)
h(x)] dx œ '(*f(x) dx
'(* h(x) dx œ 5
4 œ 9
(c) '(* [2f(x)  3h(x)] dx œ 2 '(* f(x) dx  3 '(* h(x) dx œ 2(5)  3(4) œ 2
(d) '*"f(x) dx œ  '"* f(x) dx œ (1) œ 1
(e) '"( f(x) dx œ '"* f(x) dx  '(* f(x) dx œ 1  5 œ 6
(f) '*( [h(x)  f(x)] dx œ '(* [f(x)  h(x)] dx œ '(* f(x) dx  '(* h(x) dx œ 5  4 œ 1

11. (a) '"2 f(u) du œ '"2 f(x) dx œ 5 (b) '"2 È3 f(z) dz œ È3 '"2 f(z) dz œ 5È3
(c) '#" f(t) dt œ  '"2 f(t) dt œ 5 (d) '"2 [f(x)] dx œ  '"2 f(x) dx œ 5

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

 Section 5.3 The Definite Integral 269

12. (a) '!
$ g(t) dt œ  '
$! g(t) dt œ È2 (b) '
$! g(u) du œ '
$! g(t) dt œ È2
(c) '
$! [g(x)] dx œ  '
$! g(x) dx œ È2 (d) '
$! Èg(r)2 dr œ È"2 '
$! g(t) dt œ Š È"2 ‹ ŠÈ2‹ œ 1

13. (a) '$% f(z) dz œ '!% f(z) dz  '!$ f(z) dz œ 7  3 œ 4

(b) '%$ f(t) dt œ  '$% f(t) dt œ 4

14. (a) '"$ h(r) dr œ '
"$ h(r) dr  '
"" h(r) dr œ 6  0 œ 6

 ' h(u) du œ  Œ ' h(u) du
œ ' h(u) du œ 6
" $ $
(b)
$ " "

"
15. The area of the trapezoid is A œ # (B
b)h

œ "
# (5
2)(6) œ 21 Ê '
# ˆ #x
3‰ dx
%

œ 21 square units

"
16. The area of the trapezoid is A œ # (B
b)h

œ "
# (3
1)(1) œ 2 Ê '"Î#
$Î#
(2x
4) dx
œ 2 square units

" "
17. The area of the semicircle is A œ # 1r# œ # 1(3)#

œ 9
# 1 Ê '
$$ È9  x# dx œ 9# 1 square units

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

270 Chapter 5 Integration
" "
18. The graph of the quarter circle is A œ 4 1 r# œ 4 1(4)#

œ 41 Ê '
%! È16  x# dx œ 41 square units

" "
19. The area of the triangle on the left is A œ # bh œ # (2)(2)
"
œ 2. The area of the triangle on the right is A œ # bh
" "
œ # (1)(1) œ #. Then, the total area is 2.5

Ê '
# kxk dx œ 2.5 square units

"

" "
20. The area of the triangle is A œ # bh œ # (2)(1) œ 1

Ê '
" a1  kxkb dx œ 1 square unit

"

" "
21. The area of the triangular peak is A œ # bh œ # (2)(1) œ 1.
The area of the rectangular base is S œ jw œ (2)(1) œ 2.

Then the total area is 3 Ê '
"" a2  kxkb dx œ 3 square units

22. y œ 1
È1  x# Ê y  1 œ È1  x#
Ê (y  1)# œ 1  x# Ê x#
(y  1)# œ 1, a circle with
center (!ß ") and radius of 1 Ê y œ 1
È1  x# is the
upper semicircle. The area of this semicircle is
A œ "# 1r# œ "# 1(1)# œ 1# . The area of the rectangular base
1
is A œ jw œ (2)(1) œ 2. Then the total area is 2
#

Ê '
"" Š1
È1  x# ‹ dx œ 2
1# square units

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

 Section 5.3 The Definite Integral 271

23. '!b x2 dx œ "# (b)( b2 ) œ b4 #

24. '!b 4x dx œ "# b(4b) œ 2b#

25. 'ab 2s ds œ "# b(2b)  "# a(2a) œ b#  a# 26. 'ab 3t dt œ "# b(3b)  "# a(3a) œ 3# ab#  a# b

27. (a) '
22 È4  x2 dx œ "# 1a2b2 ‘ œ 21 (b) '02 È4  x2 dx œ "4 1a2b2 ‘ œ 1

28. (a) '
01 Š3x
È1  x2 ‹ dx œ '
01 3x dx
'
01 È1  x2 dx œ  "# a1ba3b‘
4" 1a1b2 ‘ œ 14  3#
(b) '
01 Š3x
È1  x2 ‹ dx œ '
01 3x dx
'01 3x dx
'
11 È1  x2 dx œ  "# a1ba3b‘
"# a1ba3b‘
2" 1a1b2 ‘ œ 12
È# #

29. '" x dx œ
ŠÈ2‹
#  (1)#
# œ "
# 30. '!Þ&#Þ& x dx œ (2.5)# #
 (0.5)#
# œ3

È # #

31. '1#1 ) d) œ (2#1) #

 1#
# œ 31 #
# 32. 'È& # # r dr œ Š5È#2‹ 
ŠÈ2‹
# œ 24

È $

'0 '!!Þ$ s# ds œ (0.3)3

3
7 ŠÈ
3
7‹ $
#
33. x dx œ 3 œ 7
3 34. œ 0.009

35. '!"Î# t# dt œ ˆ 3‰ " $

#
œ "
24 36. '!1Î# )# d) œ ˆ 3‰ 1 $
#
œ 1$
#4

È$a #

37. 'a#a x dx œ (2a)# #

 a#
# œ 3a#
# 38. 'a x dx œ
ŠÈ3a‹
#  a#
# œ a#

È
$ $

'! ŠÈ
'!$b x# dx œ (3b)3
b $
b‹ $
39. x# dx œ 3 œ b
3 40. œ 9b$

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272 Chapter 5 Integration

41. '$" 7 dx œ 7(1  3) œ 14 42. '!2 5x dx œ 5 '!2 x dx œ 5 ’ 2# #

 0#
#“ œ 10

43. '!2 (2t  3) dt œ 2 '"" t dt  '!2 3 dt œ 2 ’ 2# #

 0#
#“  3(2  0) œ 4  6 œ 2

È2 È2 È2 #

44. '! Št  È2‹ dt œ '! t dt  '! È2 dt œ

–
ŠÈ2‹
#  0#
#—  È2 ’È2  0“ œ 1  2 œ 1

45. '#" ˆ1
#z ‰ dz œ '#" 1 dz
'#" #z dz œ '#" 1 dz  "# '"# z dz œ 1[1  2]  "# ’ 2#  1# “ œ "  "# ˆ 3# ‰ œ  74 # #

46. '$! (2z  3) dz œ '$! 2z dz  '$! 3 dz œ 2 '!$ z dz  '$! 3 dz œ 2 ’ 3# #

 0#
#“  3[0  3] œ 9
9 œ 0

47. '"# 3u# du œ 3 '"# u# du œ 3 ”'!# u# du  '!" u# du• œ 3 Š’ 23 $

 0$
3“
$
 ’ "3  0$
3 “‹ œ 3 ’ 23 
$
1$
3“ œ 3 ˆ 37 ‰ œ 7

48. '"Î#" 24u# du œ 24 '"Î#" u# du œ 24 – '!" u# du  '!"Î# u# du— œ 24 ” 13 

$ ˆ "# ‰$
3 • œ 24 ’
ˆ 78 ‰
3 “œ7

49. '!# a3x#
x  5b dx œ 3 '!# x# dx
'!# x dx  '!# 5 dx œ 3 ’ 23 $

 0$
3“
’ 2# 
#
0#
#“  5[2  0] œ (8
2)  10 œ 0

50. '"! a3x#
x  5b dx œ  '!" a3x#
x  5b dx œ  ”3 '!" x# dx
'!" x dx  '!" 5 dx•

$
0$ #
0#
œ  ’3 Š 13  3‹
Š 1#  #‹  5(1  0)“ œ  ˆ 3#  5‰ œ 7
#

b
0
51. Let ?x œ n œ b
n and let x! œ 0, x" œ ?x,
x# œ 2?xß á ß xn " œ (n  1)?x, xn œ n?x œ b.
Let the ck 's be the right end-points of the subintervals
Ê c" œ x" , c# œ x# , and so on. The rectangles
defined have areas:
f(c" ) ?x œ f(?x) ?x œ 3(?x)# ?x œ 3(?x)$
f(c# ) ?x œ f(2?x) ?x œ 3(2?x)# ?x œ 3(2)# (?x)$
f(c$ ) ?x œ f(3?x) ?x œ 3(3?x)# ?x œ 3(3)# (?x)$
ã
f(cn ) ?x œ f(n?x) ?x œ 3(n?x)# ?x œ 3(n)# (?x)$
n n
Then Sn œ ! f(ck ) ?x œ ! 3k# (?x)$
kœ1 kœ1
n
œ 3(?x)$ ! k# œ 3 Š bn$ ‹ Š n(n  1)(2n  1)
$
6 ‹
kœ1

œ
$
b
#
ˆ2
3
n
"‰
n# Ê '!b 3x# dx œ n lim
Ä_
b$
#
ˆ2
3
n
"‰
n# œ b$ .

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

 Section 5.3 The Definite Integral 273
b
0
52. Let ?x œ n œ b
n and let x! œ 0, x" œ ?x,
x# œ 2?xß á ß xn " œ (n  1)?x, xn œ n?x œ b.
Let the ck 's be the right end-points of the subintervals
Ê c" œ x" , c# œ x# , and so on. The rectangles
defined have areas:
f(c" ) ?x œ f(?x) ?x œ 1(?x)# ?x œ 1(?x)$
f(c# ) ?x œ f(2?x) ?x œ 1(2?x)# ?x œ 1(2)# (?x)$
f(c$ ) ?x œ f(3?x) ?x œ 1(3?x)# ?x œ 1(3)# (?x)$
ã
f(cn ) ?x œ f(n?x) ?x œ 1(n?x)# ?x œ 1(n)# (?x)$
n n
Then Sn œ ! f(ck ) ?x œ ! 1k# (?x)$
kœ1 kœ1
n
œ 1(?x)$ ! k# œ 1 Š bn$ ‹ Š n(n  1)(2n  1)
$
6 ‹
kœ1

œ 1b
6
$
ˆ2
3
n
"‰
n# Ê '!b 1x# dx œ n lim
Ä_
1 b$
6
ˆ2
3
n
"‰
n# œ 1 b$
3 .

b
0
53. Let ?x œ n œ b
n and let x! œ 0, x" œ ?x,
x# œ 2?xß á ß xn " œ (n  1)?x, xn œ n?x œ b.
Let the ck 's be the right end-points of the subintervals
Ê c" œ x" , c# œ x# , and so on. The rectangles
defined have areas:
f(c" ) ?x œ f(?x) ?x œ 2(?x)(?x) œ 2(?x)#
f(c# ) ?x œ f(2?x) ?x œ 2(2?x)(?x) œ 2(2)(?x)#
f(c$ ) ?x œ f(3?x) ?x œ 2(3?x)(?x) œ 2(3)(?x)#
ã
f(cn ) ?x œ f(n?x) ?x œ 2(n?x)(?x) œ 2(n)(?x)#
n n
Then Sn œ ! f(ck ) ?x œ ! 2k(?x)#
kœ1 kœ1
n
œ 2(?x)# ! k œ 2 Š bn# ‹ Š n(n 2 1) ‹
#

kœ1

œ b# ˆ1
"n ‰ Ê '!b 2x dx œ n lim

Ä_
b# ˆ1
n" ‰ œ b# .

b
0
54. Let ?x œ n œ b
n and let x! œ 0, x" œ ?x,
x# œ 2?xß á ß xn " œ (n  1)?x, xn œ n?x œ b.
Let the ck 's be the right end-points of the subintervals
Ê c" œ x" , c# œ x# , and so on. The rectangles
defined have areas:
f(c" ) ?x œ f(?x) ?x œ ˆ ?x ‰ "
#
1 (?x) œ # (?x)
?x
#

f(c# ) ?x œ f(2?x) ?x œ ˆ 2?# x
1‰ (?x) œ "# (2)(?x)#
?x

f(c$ ) ?x œ f(3?x) ?x œ ˆ 3?# x
1‰ (?x) œ "
# (3)(?x)#
?x
ã
f(cn ) ?x œ f(n?x) ?x œ ˆ n?# x
1‰ (?x) œ "
# (n)(?x)#
?x
n n n n
Then Sn œ ! f(ck ) ?x œ ! ˆ "# k(?x)#
?x‰ œ (?x)# ! k
?x ! 1 œ Š bn# ‹ Š n(n 2 1) ‹
ˆ bn ‰ (n)
#
" "
# #
kœ1 kœ1 kœ1 kœ1

œ "
4 b# ˆ1
1n ‰
b Ê '! ˆ x#
1‰ dx œ n lim
b

Ä_
ˆ 4" b# ˆ1
n" ‰
b‰ œ "
4 b#
b.

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274 Chapter 5 Integration
È$
55. av(f) œ Š È3"
0 ‹ '! ax#  1b dx
È$ È$
œ "
È3
'! x# dx  "
È3
'! 1 dx
$
ŠÈ3‹
œ "
È3  3 
"
È3 ŠÈ3  0‹ œ 1  1 œ 0.

56. av(f) œ ˆ 3
" 0 ‰ '!$ Š x# ‹ dx œ 3" ˆ #" ‰ '!$ x# dx

#

$ #
œ  "6 Š 33 ‹ œ  3# ;  x# œ  3# .

'!" a3x#  1b dx œ
57. av(f) œ ˆ 1
" 0 ‰

œ 3 ' x# dx  ' 1 dx œ 3 Š 13 ‹  (1  0)
" "
$

! !
œ #.

'!" a3x#  3b dx œ
58. av(f) œ ˆ 1
" 0 ‰

œ 3 ' x# dx  ' 3 dx œ 3 Š 13 ‹  3(1  0)

" "
$

! !
œ #.

'!$ (t  1)# dt
59. av(f) œ ˆ 3
" 0 ‰

œ 3" ' t# dt  32 ' t dt
3" ' 1 dt

$ $ $

! ! !
$ #
" 0#
œ 3 Š 33 ‹  32 Š 3#  #‹
3" (3  0) œ 1.

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