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TEI 116/A
Jurusan Teknik Elektro dan Teknologi Informasi
Universitas Gadjah Mada
2011
Why ”teknik komputasi” ?
Komputasi or computation comes from the word
compute that is ”make a mathematical calculation”
Komputasi adalah kegiatan mendapatkan penyelesaian
atau solusi atas persoalan yang dinyatakan dalam model
matematis.
Teknik komputasi adalah perangkat ilmu tentang alat
(biasanya sebuah komputer), metode (yang disebut
algoritma) dan teori (bukti matematis bahwa komputasi
memberi hasil yang benar) yang diperlukan untuk
melaksanakan komputasi tersebut.
The process of approximating the
real world using numerical methods
Example:
Airbus A380 was modeled
entirely on a computer before it
was built
The Vortex lattice method,
(VLM) models the lifting
surfaces, such as a wing of an
aircraft, to compute lift and
induced drag.
SPICE to simulate a circuit on a
PC
The model
What is model?
A simplified representation of a reality
Categorized into iconic, analogue, or mathematical model
Reality (natural phenomenon) is described by a mathematical
model, usually by a differential equation.
→ An engineer must use the most appropriate model, not
the best model
Example:
Einstein's general theory of relativity is the best model to
describe motion, but for some cases, Newton's laws of
motion are more than sufficient, no employer will pay for
a solution which has unnecessary precision.
The implementation
An engineer uses various algorithms to implement a
model on a computer.
This class covers many of the introductory
algorithms used at this stage.
Simulation
The executions of our simulations take
measurements from the real world and produce an
approximation of the real world.
If we make judicious choices of the model, the
algorithms used, and appropriate measurements,
the approximation of the real world will be
sufficiently good to satisfy the stated
requirements.
Errors in any of these steps can easily produce an
invalid or poor representation of the real world
which does not satisfy the given requirements.
Sources of Error
There are a number of sources of error which may
result in a poor approximation:
Modeling Error: A wrong or inappropriate choice of
model.
Measurement Error: Incorrect or poor measurements.
Implementation Error: Incorrect or poor choice of
algorithms.
Simulation Error: Error accumulated due to the
execution of our model.
Hence, we will discuss appropriate algorithms
which can be used to properly approximate our
chosen models.
Contoh 1
Diketahui fungsi
f(x)=42x2
Carilah luas wilayah yang
dibatasi f(x), sumbu x,
dan garis x=1 dan x=1.
Solusi untuk contoh 1
Jawab:
Jika luas wilayah yang akan dicari dinyatakan
dengan g(x), maka 1
g ( x) = ∫ 4 − 2 x 2 dx
−1
Sehingga
( )
Dengan menerapkan teknik pengintegralan,
g ( x) = 4 x − 2 x 3 1 diperoleh solusi analitik dalam
3 −1 bentuk fungsi matematik
( )
= 4(1 (1)) 2 (1 − (−1))
3
= 4(2) 2 (2) Nilai numerik (numerik=angka)
3 yang merupakan
solusi sejati (exact solution)
= 8 4/3 = 24/3 4/3 = 20/3
Bagaimana komputer memberikan solusi atas
problem di atas?
Metode analitik (analytical method)= metode sejati = metode
yang memberikan solusi sejati/solusi sesungguhnya (exact
solution), yaitu solusi yang memiliki galat (error)=0.
Ketika metode analitik sudah tidak mampu lagi menyelesaikan
permasalahan, digunakan metode numerik (numerical
method) yang memberikan solusi hampiran/pendekatan
(approximate solution) dimana galat ≠0.
Galat solusi hampiran ini dibuat sekecil mungkin hingga
mendekati nol sehingga solusi hampiran akan makin
mendekati solusi sejatinya dan mempunyai ketelitian yang
tinggi
Perbedaan Metode Analitik
dan Metode Numerik
Solusi hampiran untuk masalah ini dapat ditingkatkan
ketelitiannya dengan memperbanyak jumlah trapesium
yang berarti lebar trapesium diperkecil.
Cobalah dengan 8 trapesium. Bagaimana pengaruhnya
terhadap galat yang terbentuk?
Bagaimana jika 100 atau bahkan 1000 trapesium?
Jadi, yang harus diusahakan dalam teknik komputasi
adalah menghindari terjadinya kesalahan karena
galat yang terlampau besar.
Next, we will study about “computer arithmetic and
error analysis”
About the references of this lecture
Chapra, Steven C. Numerical Methods for Engineers 5th
Edition.
An on line resource at
https://ece.uwaterloo.ca/~dwharder/NumericalAnalysis/
Other resources
Assessment
As usual, there will be some components, i.e.
Final exam
Mid term exam
Quiz and individual assignments