A SEMINAR REPORT ON “5 PEN PC TECHNOLOGY” Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING APRIL 2016 SUBMITTED BY: MR. VISHNU KR. RITURAJ SINGH PANWAR Asst. Prof(E.C.E) B.TECH.VIII SEM. JIT, SATIPUR 12EJICSO1L RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING JAIPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, (Group of Institution) JaipurRAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA JAIPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JAIPUR (GROUP OF INSTITUTION) DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Seminar report is goldeous opportunity on the topic of “S PEN PC TECHNOLOGY” is submitted by Mr. RITURAJ SINGH PANWAR (12EJJCS011) in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science Engineering has been found satisfactory and is approved for submission. Mr. Vishnu Kr. Sharma Ms. Priyanka Agarwal Assistant Professor HOD,ECE & CSE Dept. of ECE Dept. of ECE JIT, Jaipur JIT, Jaipur Department Of Computer Science Engineering, JIT, JaipurACKNOWLEDGEMENT A seminar report is a golden opportunity for leaming about upcoming new technologies and self-development. I consider myself very lucky and honored tohave so many wonderful people lead me through in completion of this report, I respect and thank Mr. Ravi Kumar Goyal (Director of JIT) for giving me an opportunity to do the seminar report. And I heartily thank, Mr. Priyanka Agarwal (Assistant professor & Head of Department of Computer Science Engineering), for his guidance and suggestions during this seminar report. Lown my profound gratitude to our seminar report guide Mr. Vishnu Kr. Sharma (Assistant Professor &coordinator) who took keen interest on our project work and guided us all along, till the completion of our report work by providing all the necessary information for developing a good system. THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HAVE HELPED A humble Thanks’ RITURAJ SINGH LLT. JaipurABSTRACT When writing a quick note, pen and paper are still the most natural to use The 5 pen pe technology with digital pen and paper makes it possible to get a digital copy of handwritten information, and have it sent to digital devices via Bluetooth. P-ISM (Pen-style Personal Networking Gadget Package), which is nothing but the new discovery which is under developing stage by NEC Corporation. It imply a new invention in computer and it is associated with communication field. Surely this will have great impact on the computer field. In this device you will find Bluetooth as the main interconnecting device between different peripherals. P-ISM is a gadget package including five functions: a pen-style cellular phone with a handwriting data input function, virtual keyboard, a very small projector, camera scanner, and personal ID key with cashless pass function, P-ISMs are connected with one another through short-range wireless technology. The whole set is also connected to the Internet through the cellular phone function. This personal gadget in a minimalist pen style enables the ultimate ubiquitous computing. (Sign of Guide) (Sign of HOD)OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NAME CERTIFICATE FROM COLLEGE I ACKNOWLEDGEMENT u ABSTRACT m LIST OF CONTENTS Iv LIST OF FIGURE v LIST OF TABLE VI L. INRODUCTION ......essneennssnenmnnenenmenminanennenenmnemnnenennneen 1 AFA COONAB OREIIT AA WA etter tcsee neater AR OAISTORY tic cecrterccrrnsrarnanaracraccenn ae aacwracacccnsel 2. CPU PEN ocicccssnsnnninnninnnnnnnnninnninniinninnnninnninnnn 2.1. CONTROL UNIT. 5 INTC IO PR OCHS Osanna c erences OPERATIONS . 27 2.4, DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATIO! 8 2.5. CLOCK RATE oorossesonsiunnnnnunnnninsiunnnntaninnnasunnnssssne UL 2.6. PERFORMANCE oo sossssunnsnnaninnnsnantnnnnnninnnsninnnnnnsene 1D 3. COMMUNICATION PEN .. 14 15 wv LAR NETWORK 2 4, VIRTUAL KEYBOARD 27 4.1. TYPES 4.2. SECURITY CONSIDERATION 5. DIGITAL CAMERA .5.1. TYPES OF DIGITAL CAMERA 5.1.1. COMPACT DIGITAL CAMERA ... 5.1.2. BRIDGE CAMERA wrsnsnes 6. LED PROJECTOR onceccsnesnumsennnueninennanenmeneinmnenenmenennminens 3S 6.1, OVERVIEW 36 6.2. PROJECTION TECHNOLOGIES 36 7. BATTERY 38 8. REMARK 39 8.1. ADVANTAGES ..... 8.2. DISADVANTAGES .. 9, CONCLUSION cso 40 10. REFERENCE ............ alLIST OF FIGURE FIGURE NO. PAGE NO. Fig: | Diagram of 5 Pen Pe Technology 1 Fig: 2 Di um of CPU Pen 4 Fig: 3 Diagram of Communication Pen 14 Fig : 4 Diagram of Virtual Keyboard 27 Fig : 5 Diagram of Digital Camera 31 Fig : 6 Diagram of LED Projector 35TABLE NO. ‘Table: | Components Name LIST OF TABLE PAGE NO.5 Pen Pc Technology CHAPTER 1. 'TRODUCTIO Five pen pe shortly called as P-ISM(*Pen-style Personal Networking Gadget Package”), is nothing but the new discovery, which is under developing stage by NEC Corporation. PASM is a gadget package including five functions: a CPU pen, communication pen with a cellular phone funetion, virtual keyboard, a very small projector, and a mera. P-ISM’s are connected with one another through short-range wireless technology. The whole set is also connected to the Intemet through the cellular phone function, This personal gadget in a minimalist pen style enables the ultimate ubiquitous computing. Camera comenunietes ‘wth mondor tame heystrokes canbe visible Inthe monitor monitor communication ‘is oceli phone wich hos poster eos piece All devices ae connected by Bietooth 2.11 86 key board Fig: | Diagram of 5 Pen PC Technology JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/ EMINAR 15 Pen Pc Technology 1.1, Components Name | CPU Pen ‘Computing Engine Open Call Phone, Pressure Sensitive Communications | Pointing Device, Pointer and car aah Pen piece. Communications using nee Bluetooth LED Projector Slightly Father Out Display A4 Size ‘Than the Phone and Approx. 1024 X 768 Camera a Slightly Father Out Keyboard Erojector keyboard with ‘Than the Phone and 3D IR Sensor Camera Camera Digital Camera ‘Near Term se Battery Charger and Mass Based Storage Open ‘Table : 1 Components Name 1.2. History The conceptual prototype of the “pen” computer was built in 2003. The prototype device, dubbed the “P-ISM”, was a “Pen-style Personal Networking Gadget” created in 2003 by Japanese technology company NEC. The P-ISM was featured at the 2003 ITU Telecom World held in Geneva, Switzerland. The designer of the 5 Pen Technologies, “Toru Ichihash”, said that “In developing this concept the asked himself- “ What is the future of IT when it is small?” The pen was a logical choice. He also wanted a product that you could touch and feel. Further the intent is to allow for an office any where.” How ever, although a conceptual prototype of the “pen” computer was built in 2003, such devices are not yet able to consumers. An article about the device published on the Wave Report website in 2004 explains at ITU Telecom World we got a sample of another view by NEC, It is based on the pen and called P-ISM. This concept is so radical that we went to Tokyo to learn more. JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR 25 Pen Pc Technology “The design concept uses five different pens to make a computer. One pen is a CPU, one create a virtual keyboard, another projects the visual output and thus the display and a communicator ( a phone ). All five pens can rest in a holding block which recharges the batteries and holds the mass rage. Each pen communicates wireless, possibly Bluetooth.” A Pen-style Personal Networking Gadget Package it seems that information teminals are infinitely getting smaller. However, we will continue to manipulate them without our hands for now. We have visualized the connection between the latest technology and the human, in a from of a pen. P-ISM is a gadget package including five functions : a pen-style cellular phone with a hand writing data input function, virtual keyboard, a very smaller projector, camera scanner, and personal ID key with cashless pass function. P-ISMs are connected with one another through short-range. wirel. ‘The whole set is also connected to the Internet technolog; through the cellular phone function. This personal gadget in a minimalistic pen style enables the ultimate ubiquitous computing. However, the prototype displayed at ITU Telecom World was apparently the only sample that was built and reportedly cost $30,000. Thus, while the prototype feasi may have proved that such technology le, it is currently unclear when-or even if personal computers of this type will be come available to the public. Several years on from the initial launch of the P-ISM conceptual prototype, there seems to be little information available about future plans. JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR 35 Pen Pc Technology CHAPTER 2. CPU PEN The function of the CPU is done by one of the pen. It is also known as computing engine. It consists of dual core processor embedded in it and works with WINDOWS operation system. The central process unit (CPU) is the portion of a computers system that carries out the instructions of a computer program and is the primary element carrying out the computer's function, The central processing unit carries out each instruction of the program in sequence, to perform the basic arithmetical, logical and input/output operation of the system. This term has been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960°s. The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed dramatically since the earliest examples, but their fundamental operation remains much the same, Early CPUs were custom designed as a part of a larger, some times one-of- kind, and computer. However, this costly method of designing custom CPUs for a particular application has largely given way to the development of mass- produced processors that are made for one or many purposes. This standardization trend generally began in the era of discrete transistor mainframe computers and has rapidly accelerated with the popularization of the integrated circuit(IC). The IC has allowed increasingly complex CPUs to be designed and manufactured to tolerances on the order of nanometers. Both the miniaturization and standardization of CPUs have increased the presence of these digital devices in modem life far beyond the limited application of dedicated computing machines. Modern Microprocessors appear in everything from automobiles to cell phones and children’s toys. JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR 45 Pen Pc Technology Fig: 2 Diagram of CPU Pen 2.1. Control Unit The control unit of the CPU contains circuitry that uses electrical signals to direct the entire computer system to carry out, stored program instructions. The control unit does not execute program instructions ; rather, it directs other parts of the system to do so, The control unit must communicate with both the arithmetic/ logic unit and memory. CPU, core memory, and external bus interface of a DECPDP-8/I. made of medium ‘ale integrated circuits. The design complexity of CPUs increased as various technologies facilitated building smaller and more reliable electronic devices. The first such improvement came with the advent of the transistor. Transistorized CPUs during the 1950s and 1960s no longer had to be built out of bulky, unreliable, and fragile witching elements like vacuum tubes and electrical relays. With this improvement more complex and reliable CPUs were built on to one or several printed circuit boards containing discrete individual) components. During this period, a method of manufacturing many transistors in a compact space gained popularity. The integrated circuit(IC) allowed a lager number of » At first transistors to be manufactured on a single semiconductor-based die, or “chij aturized only very basic non-specialized digital circuits such as NOR gates were mi in to ICs. CPUs based upon these “building block” ICs are generally referred to as “small-scale integration” (SST) devices. SST ICs , such as the ones used in the Apollo guidance computer, usually contained transistor counts numbering in multiple often To build an entire CPU out of SSI ICs required thousands of individual chips, but still consumed much less space and power than earlier discrete transistor designs. As JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR 55 Pen Pc Technology micro electronic technology advanced, an increasing number of transistors were placed on ICs, thus decreasing the quantity of individual ICs needed for a complete CPU. MSI and LSI ICs increased transistor counts to hundreds, and then thousands. In 1964 IBM introduced its System/360 computer architecture which was used in a series of computers that could run the same programs with different speed and performance. This was significant at a time when most electronic computers were in compatible with another, even those made by the same manufacture. To facilitate this improvement, IBM utilized the Concept of a micro program (often called “microcode”), which still sees wide spread us age in modern CPUs. The system/360 architecture was so popular that it dominated the mainframe computer market for decade sand left a legucy that is still continued by similar modem computers like the IBMs series. In the same year (1964), Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) introduced another influential computer aimed at the scientific and research markets, the PDP-8. DEC would later introduce the extremely popular PDP-I1 line that inally was built with SSI ICs but was eventually implemented with LST components once these became practical. In stark contrast with its SST and MST predecessors, the first LSI implementation of the PDP-11 contained a CPU composed of only four LSI Integrated circuits, Transistor-based computers had several disadvantages over their predecessors. A side from facilitating increased reliability and lower power consumption, transistors also allowed CPUs to operate at much higher speeds because of the short switching time of a transistor in comparison to a tube or relay. Thanks to both the increased reliability as well as the dramatically increased speed of the switching elements (which were almost exclusively transistor by this time), CPU clock rate in the tens of mega hertz were obtained during this period. Additionally while discrete transistor and IC CPUs were in heavy usage, new high-performance designs like SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) vector processors began to appear. These early experimental d igns later gave rise to the era of specialized super computers like those made by Craylne. 2.2. Microprocessor The introduction of the microprocessor in the 1970s significantly affected the design and implementation of CPUs. Since the introduction of the first commercially JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/5 Pen Pc Technology available microprocessor (the Intel 14004) in 1970 and the first widely used microprocessor (the Intel 18080) in 1974, this class of CPUs has almost completely over taken all other central proces inframe and 1g unit implementation methods. Ma minicomputer manufactures of the time launched proprietary IC development programs to upgrade their older computer architectures, and eventually produced instruction set compatible microprocessor that were eventual vast success of the now ubiquitous personal computer, the term CPU is now applied almost exclusively to microprocessors. Several CPUs can be combined in a single processing chip. Previous generations of CPUs were implemented as discrete components and numerous small integrated circuits (ICs) on one or more circuit boards, Microprocessors, on the other hand, are CPUs manufactured on a very small number of ICs usually just one. This has allowed synchronous microprocessors to have clock rates ranging from of megahertz. to several gigahertz”s. Additionally s the ability to construct exceedingly smaller transistors on an IC has increased, the complexity and number of transistors in a single CPU has increased dramatically. This widely observed trend is described by Moore's law, which has proven to be a fairly accurate predicator of the growth of CPU (and other IC) complexity to date. s have While the complexity, size, construction, and general form of CP changed drastically much at all. Almost all common CPUs today can be very accurately described as Von-Neumann stored program machines. As the afore mentioned Moore’s law continues to hold true, concems have arisen about the limit so finite grated circuit transistor technology. Extreme miniaturization of electronic gates is causing the effects of phenomena like electro migration and sub threshold leakage to become much more significant. These newer concerns are among the many factors causing researches to investigate new methods of computing such as the quantum computer, as well as to expand the usage of parallelism and other methods that extend the usefulness of the classical Von Neumann model. 2.3. Operations The fundamental operation of most CPUs, regardless of the physical form they take, is to execute sequence of stored instructions called program. The program is represented by a series of numbers that are kept in some kind of computer memory. JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR 75 Pen Pc Technology ‘There are four steps that nearly all CPUs use in their operation: fetch, execute, decode, and write back. The first step, fetch involves retrieving an instruction (which is represented by a number or sequence of numbers ) from program memory. The location in program memory is determined by program counter (PC), which stores a number that identifies the current position in the program. After an instruction is fetched, the PC is incremented by the length of the length of the instruction word in terms of memory units. Often, the instruction to be fetched must be retrieved from relatively slow memory, causing the CPU to stall while waiting for the instruction to be retumed. This sue is largely addressed in modern processors by cache sand pipeline architectures. The instruction that the CPU fetches from memory is used to determine what the CPU is todo. In the decodes step, the instruction is broken up into parts that have significance to other portions of the CPU. The way in which the numerical instruction value is interpreted is defined by the CPU's instruction set architecture (ISA). Often , one group of numbers in the instruction called the opcode, indicates which operation (o perform. There maining parts of then number usually provide information require for that instruction such as operant for an addition operation such operant he given as a constant value (called an immediate value), or as a place to locate a value : a register or a memory address, as determine by some addressing mode. In older designs the portions of the CPU responsible for instruction decoding we unchangeable hardware devices. However, in more abstract and complicated CPUs and ISAs, a micro program is often used to assist in translating instructions into various Configuration signals for the CPU. This micro program is some times rewritable so that it can be modified to change the way the CPU decodes instructions even after it has been manufactured After the fetch and decode steps, the execute step is performed. During this step, various portions of the CPU are connected so they can perform the desired operation. If, for instance, an addition operation was requested, the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) will be connected to a set of inputs and a set of outputs. The ALU contains the circuitry to perform simple arithmetic and logical operations on the inputs (like addition and bitwise operations). If the addition operation produces a JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR 85 Pen Pc Technology result too large for the CPU to handle, an arithmetic overflow flag in a flags register may also be set. The final step, write back, simply “ write buck” the result of the execute step to some form of memory. Very often there result are written to some internal CPU register for quick access by sub sequent instructions. In other case result may be written to slower, but cheaper and larger, main memory. Some type of instructions manipulate the program counter rather than directly produce result data, These are generally called “jumps” and facilitate behavior like loops, conditional program execution (through the use of a conditional jump), and functions in programs. Many instructions will also change the state of digits in a “flags” register. These flags can be used to influence how a program behaves, since they often indicate the outcome of various operations. For example, one type of “compare” instruction considers two values and set a number in the flags register according to which one is greater. This flag could then be use by a later jump instruction to determine program flow. Alter the execution of the instruction and write back of the resulting data, the entire process repeats, with the next instruction cycle normally fetching the next-in- sequence instruction because of the incremented value in the program counter. If the completed instruction was a jump, the program counter will be modified to contain the address of the instruction that was jumped to, and program execution continues normally. In more complex CPUs than the one described here, multiple instruction scan be fetched, decoded, and executed simultaneously. This section describes what is, generally referred to as the “Classic RISC pipeline”, which in fact is quite common among the simple CPUs used in many electronic devices (often called microcontroller). It largely ignore the important role of CPU cache, and therefore the access stage of pipeline 2.4, Design & Implementation The way a CPU represents numbers is a design choice that affects the most basic ways in which the device functions. Some early digital computers used an ele trical model of the common decimal (base ten) numeral system to represent numbe s internally. A few other computers have used more exotic numeral systems like ternary (base three). Nearly all modern CPUs represent numbers in binary from, JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR 95 Pen Pc Technology with each digit being represented by some two-valued physical quantity such as a “high” or “low” voltage MOS 6502 microprocessor in a dual in-line package, an extremely popular 8- bit design. Related to number presentation is the size and precision of numbers that a CPU can represent. In the case of a binary CPU, a bit refers to one significant place in the numbers a CPU deals with. The number of bits (or numeral places) a CPU use store present numbers is often called “word size” , bit width”, “data path width”, or “integer precision” when dealing with strictly integer numbers (as opposed to Floating point). This number differs between architectures, and often with in different parts of the very same CPU. For example, an 8-bit CPU deals with a range of numbers that can be representation by eight binary digits (each digit having wo possible values), that is 2 8 or 256 discrete numbers. In effect, integer size sets a hardware limit on the range of integers the software run by the CPU can utilize. Integer range can also affect the number of locations in memory address locate). For example, if a binary CPU uses 32 bits store present a memory address, and each memory address represents one octet (8 bits), the maximum quantity of memory that CPU can address is 2 32 octets, or 4 GB. This is a very simple view of CPU addres space, and many design use more complex addressing methods like paging in order to locate more memory than their integer range would allow with flat address space. Higher levels of integer range require more structures deal with the additional digits, and therefore more complexity, size, power usage, and general expense. It is not at all uncommon , therefore , to see 4-or 8-bit microcontrollers used in modern applications, even through CPUs with much higher range (such has 16, 32, 64, even 128-bit) are available. The simple microcontrollers are usually cheaper, useless power, and therefore dissipate less heat, all of which can be major design considerations for electronic devices. However, in higher-end applications, the benefits afforded by the extra range (most often the additional address space) are more significant and often affect design choices. To gain some of the advantages afforded by both lower and higher bit lengths, many CPUs are designed with different bit widths for different portions of the of the device. For example, the IBM System/370 used a CPU that was primarily 32 bit, but it used 128-bit precision in side JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/ 105 Pen Pc Technology to its floating point uni ilitate greater accuracy and range in floating point numbe ly when the s. Many later CPU designs use similar mixed bit width, espe processor is meant for general purpose usage where a reasonable balance of integer and floating point capability s required 2.5. Clock Rate The clock rate is the speed at which a microprocessor executes instructions. Every computer contains an internal clock that regulates the rate at which instructions are executed and synchronizes all the various computer components. The CPU requires a fixed number of clock ticks (or clock cycles) to execute each instruction. ‘The faster the clock, the more instructions the CPU can execute per second. Most CPUs, and indeed most sequential logic devices, are synchronous in nature, That is, they are designed and operate on assumptions about a synchronization signal. This signal, known as clock signal, usually takes the form of a periodic s quare wave. By calculating the maximum time that electrical signals can move in various branches of a CPU’s many circuits, the designers can select an appropriate period for the clock signal. This period must be longer than the amount of ti @ it takes for a signal to move, or propagate, in the worst-case scenario. In setting the clock period to a value well above the worst-case propagation delay, it is possible to design the entire CPU and the way it moves data around the “edges” of the rising and falling clock signal. ‘This has the advantage of simplifying the CPU significantly, both from a design perspective and a component-count perspective. However, it also carries the disadvantage that the entire CPU must wait on its slowest clements, even through some portions of it are much faster. This limitation has largely been compensated for by various methods of increasing CPU parallelism. However, architectural improvements alone do not solve all of the draw back of globally synchronous CPUs. For example, a clock signal is subject to the delay of any other electrical signal. Higher clock rates in increasingly complex CPUs to require multiple identical clock signals to be provided in order to avoid delaying a single signal significantly enough to case the CPU to malfunction. An other major issue as clock rates increase dramatically is the amount of heat that is dissipated by JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR u5 Pen Pc Technology the CPU. The constantly changing clock causes many components to switch regardless of whether they are being used that time. In general, a component that is switching uses more energy than an element in a static state. Therefore, as clock rate incr so does heat dissipation, causing the CPU to require more effective cooling solutions. One method of dealing with the switching of unneeded components is called gating, which involves tuming off the clock signal to unneeded component (effectively disabling them). However, this is often regarded as difficult to implement and there for doesn’t see common usage outside of very low power designs. One not able late CPU design that usage clock gating is that of IBM power PC-based X box 360. It utilize extensive clock gating in order to reduce the power requirements of the aforementioned video game console in which it is used. Another method of addressing some of the problems with a global clock signal is the removal of the clock jgnal altogether. While removing the global clock signal makes the d lerably more complex in many ways, asynchronous (or clock ign process coi less) designs carry marked advantages in power consumption and heat dissipation in comparison with similar synchronous designs. While some what uncommon, entire asynchronous CPUs have been built without utilizing a global clock signal. Two notable examples of this are the ARM compliant AMULET and the MIPSR 30000 compatible Mini MIPS. Rather an totally removing the clock signal, some CPU designs allow certain portions of the device to be asynchronous, such as using a synchronous ALUs in conjunction with super scalar pipelining to achieve some arithmetic performance gains. While it is not altogether clear whether totally asynchronous des gns can perform at a comparable or better level than their synchronous counter parts, it is evident that they do at least excel in simpler math operations. This, combined with their excellent power consumption and heat dissipation properties, makes them very suitable for embedded computers. 2.6. Performance The performance or speed of a processor depends on the clock rate andthe instructions per clock (IPC), which together are the factors, for the instructions per second (IPS) that the CPU can perform. JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR 25 Pen Pc Technology Many reported IPS values have presented “ execution rates on artificial instruction sequences of a mix of instructions and applications some of which take longer to execute than others. The performance of the memory hierarchy also greatly affects. proc ions. or performance, an issue barely considered in MIPS calc Because if these problems, various standardized tests such as SPE C in have been developed to attempt to measure the real effective performance in commonly used applications. Processing performance of computers is increased by using multi-core processors, which essentially is plugging two or more individual processors (called cores in this sense! into one integrated circuit. Ideally, a dual core processor would be nearly twice as powerful as a single core processor. In practice, however, the performance gain is far less, only about fifty percent, due to imperfect software algorithm sand implementation. JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR B5 Pen Pc Technology CHAPTER 3. COMMUNICAION PEN P-ISM’s are connected wi one another through short-range wireless technology. The whole set is also connected to the Internet through the cellular phone function They are connected through Tri-wireless modes (Bluetooth, 802.11 B/G) and terabytes of data, exceeding the capacity of today’s hard disks, This is very effective because we can able to connect whenever we need without having wires. They are used at the frequency band of 2.4 GHz ISM (although they used different access mechanisms). Bluetooth mechanism is used for exchanging signal status information between two devices. This techniques have been developed that do not require communication between the two devices (such as Bluetooth’s Adaptive Frequency Hopping), the most efficient and comprehensive solution for the most 5 ious problems can be accomplished by silicon venders. They can implement information exchange capacities with in the designs of the Bluetooth, Fig : 3 Diagram of Communication Pen JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR 45 Pen Pc Technology 3.1. Bluetooth Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum, which chops up the date being sent and transmits chunks of it on up to 79 bands (IMHz each centered from 2402 t0 2480 MHz) in the range 2,400-2,483.5 MHz (allowing for guard bands). This range is the globally unlicensed Industrial, Scientific and Medi (ISM) 2.4 GHz short-range radio frequency band Originally Gauss jan frequency shift keying (GFSK) modi jon was the only modulation schema available subsequently, since the introduction of Bluetooth 2.0+EDR, 7/4 -DQPSK and 8 DPSK modulation may also be used between compatible devices. Devices functioning with GFSK are said to be operating in basic rate (BR) mode where an instantaneous data rate of 1M bits is possible. The term Enhanced Data rate (EDR) is used to describe 1/4 -DPSK and 8 DPSK schemes, each giving 2 and 3 M bits respectively. The combination of these (BR and EDR) modes in Bluetooth radio technology is classified as a “BR/EDR radio”. Bluetooth is a packet-based protocol with a master-slave structure. One master may communicate with up to 7 slave in a Pico net all devices share the master’s clock. Packet exchange is based on the basic clock, defined by the master, which ticks at 312.5pss internals. Two clock ticks make up slot of 625ps two slots make up a slot pair of 1250 1s. In the simple case of single-slot packets the master transmits in even slots and receives in odd slots the slave, conversely, receives in even slots and transmits in odd slots. Packets may be 1, 3 or 5 slots long but in all cases the master transmit will begin in even slots and the slave transmit in odd slots. Bluetooth provides a secure way to connect and exchange in formation between devices such as faxes, mobile phones, telephones, laptops, personal computers, printers, Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, digital cameras, and video game consoles. A master Bluetooth device can communicate with up to seven devices in a Pico net, (An ad-hoc computer network using Bluetooth technology) The devices can switch roles, by agreement, and the slave can become the master at any time. Atany given time, data can be transferred between the master and one other device (except for the little-used broadcast mode). The master choose switch slave JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR as5 Pen Pc Technology device to address typically, it switches rapidly from one device to another in around- robin fashion. The Bluetooth Core Specification provides for the connection of two or more Pico nets to form a scatter net , in which certain devices serve as bridges, simultaneously playing the master role in one Pico net and the slave role in another. any USB Bluetooth adapters or “dongles” are available, some of which also include an IrDA adapter. Older (pre-2003) Bluetooth dongles, however, have limited capabilities, offering only the Bluetooth Enumerator and less-powerful Bluetooth Radio incarnation, Such devices can link computers with Bluetooth with a distance of 100 meters, but they do not offer as many service as modern adapters do. A personal computer that does not have embedded Bluetooth can be used with a Bluetooth adapter that will enable the PC to communicate with other Bluetooth devices (such as mobile phones, mice and keyboards). While some desktop computers and most recent laptops come with a built-in Bluetooth radio, others will require an external one in the form of a dongle. Unlike its predecessor, IDA, which requires a separate adapter for each device, Bluetooth allows multiple devices to communicate with a computer over @ single adapter. The Bluetooth SIG completed the Bluetooth Core Specification version 4.0, which includes Classis Bluetooth, Bluetooth high speed and Bluetooth lower energy protocols. Bluetooth high speed is based on Wi-Fi and Classic Bluetooth consists of legacy Bluetooth protocols. This version has been adopted as of June 30, 2010. Cost-reduced single-mode chips, which will enable highly integrated and compact devices, will feature a light weight Link Layer providing ultra-low power idle mode operation, simple device discovery and reliable point-to-multi point data wansfer with advanced power-save and secure encrypted connections at the lowest possible cost. The Link Layer in these controllers will enable Internet connected sensors to schedule Bluetooth low energy traffic between Bluetooth transi ions. Many of the services offered over Bluetooth can expose private data or allow the connecting party to control the Bluetooth device. For security reasons it is therefore necessary to control which devices are allowed to connect to given JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR 165 Pen Pc Technology Bluetooth device. At the same time, it is useful for Bluetooth devices to automatically establish a connection without user intervention as soon as they are in range. To resolve this conflict, Bluetooth uses a process called pairing. Two devices need to be paired to communicate with each other. The pairing process is typically triggered automatically the first time a device receives a connection request from a device with which it is not yet paired (in some cases the device user many need to market the device’s Bluetooth link visible to other devices first). Once a pairing has been established it is remembered by the devices, which can the connect to each without user intervention, When desired, the pairing relation ship can later be removed by the user. 3.2. IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.11 is a set of standards for implementing wireless local area network (WLAN) computer communication in the 2.4, 3.6, and 5 GHz frequency ained by the IEEE LAN/MAN Stan bands. They are created and mai cds Committee (IEEE 802). The base current version of the standard is IEEE 802.11- 2007. The 802.11 family consists of a series of over-the-air modulation techniques that use the same basic protocols, which are amendments to the original standard, 802.11-1997 was the first wireless networking standard, but 802.11b was the first widely accepted one, followed by 802.11g and 802.11n. Security was originally purposefully weak due to export requirements of some governments, and was later enhanced via the 802.11i amendment after governmental and legislative changes. 802.11n is a new multi-streaming modulation technique. Other standards in the family (c-f, h, j) are service amendments and extensions corrections other previous specifications 802.1 1b and 802.11g use the 2.4 GHz ISM band , operating in the United States under Part 15 of the US Federal Communications Commission Rules and Regulations. Because of this choice of frequency band, 802.11 b and g equipment may occasionally suffer interference from microwave ovens, cordless telephones and Bluetooth devices. 802.1 1b and 802.11g control their interference and susceptibility to interference by using direct-sequence spread methods, respectively. 802.114 uses JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/ wv5 Pen Pc Technology the 5 GHz U-NII band, which for much of the world, offer at least 23 non-over lapping channels rather than the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band, where all channels over lap. Better or worse performance with higher or lower frequencies (channels) may be realized, depending on the environment. The segment of the radio frequency spectrum used by 802.11 varies between countries. In the US, 802.1 La and 802.1 1g devices may be operated without a license, as allowed in Part 15 of the FCC Rules and Regulations. Frequencies used by channels one through six of 802.11b and 802.11 fall within the 2.4 GHz amateur radio band. Licensed amateur radio operators may operate 802.11b/g devices under Part 97 of the FCC Rules and Regulations, allowing ine: ed power output but not commercial content or encryption. Current 802.11 standards define “frame”” types for use in transmission of data as well as management and control of wireless links. Frames are divided into very specific and standardized sections. Each frame consists of 1 MAC header, payload and frame check sequence (FCS), Some frames may not have the form and function of the frame. The frame control field is further sub divided into the following sub- fields: © Protocol Ver yn: two bits representing the protocol version, Currently used protocol version is zero. Other values are reserved for future use. © Type : two bits identifying the type of WLAN frame. Control, Data and Management are various frame types defined in IEEE 802.11. © Sub Type : Four bits providing addition discrimination between frames. Type and Sub type together to identify the exact frame. © To DS and From DS : Bach is one bit in size. They indicate whether a data frame is headed for a distributed system, Control and management frame set these values to zero, All the data frames will have one of these bit set. However communication with in an IBSS network always set these bits to zero. © More Fragments : The More Fragments bit is set when a packet is divided into multiple frames for transmission. Every frame except the frame of packet will have this bits set. JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR 185 Pen Pc Technology © Retry : Some times frames require retransmission, and for this there is a Retry bit which is set to one when a frame is resent. This aids in the elimination of duplication frames. * Power Management : This bit indicates the power management state of the sender after the completion of a frame exchange. Access points are required to manage the connection and will never set the power saver bit. © More Data : The More Data bit is used to butler frames received in a distributed system. The access point use this bit to facilitate stations in power saver mode. It indicates that at least one frame is available and addresses all stations connected. © WEP : The WEP bit is modified after processing a frame. It is toggled to one after a frame has been decrypted or if no encryption is set it will have already been one. © Order : This bit is only set when the “strict ordering” delivery method is employed. Frames and fragments are not always sent in order as it cause a transmission performance penalty. The next two bytes are reserved for the Duration ID field. This field can take one of three forms : Duration, Contention-Free Period (CFP), and Association ID (AID). An 802.11 frame can have up to four address fields. Each field can carry a MAC address. Address 1 is the receiver, Address 2 is the transmitter, and Address 3 is used for filtering purposes by the receiver. The Sequence Control field is a two-byte section used for identifying message order as well as eliminating duplicate frames. The first 4 bits are used for the fragmentation number and the last 12 bits are these sequence number. An optional two-byte Quality of Service control field which was added with 802.1 le. The Frame Body fields variable in size, from 0 to 2304 bytes plus any over head from security encapsulation and contains information from higher layers. ‘The Frame Check Sequence (FCS) is the last four bytes in the standard 802.11 frame. Often referred to as the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), it allows for integrity check of retrieved frames. As frames are about to be sent the FCS is calculated and appended. When a station receives a frame it can calculate the FCS of JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR 1s5 Pen Pc Technology the frame and compare it to the one received. If they match, it is assumed that the frame was not distorted during transmission, Management Frames allow for the maintenance of communication. Some common, 802.11 sub types includ © Authentication Frame : 802.11 authentication begin with the WNIC sending an authentication frame to other act ss point containing its identity. With an open system authentication the WNIC only sends a single authentication frame and the access point responds with an authentication, after the WNIC sends its initial authentication request it will receive authentication frame from the access point containing challenge text. The WNIC sends an authentication frame containing the encrypted version of the challenge text to the access point. The access point ensures the text was encrypted with the corrected key by encrypting it with its own key. The result of this process determines the WNICS authentication status, * Association Request Frame : sent from station it enables the access point to locate resources and synchronize. The frame carries information about the WNIC including supported data rates and the SSID of the network the station wishes to associate with. If there request is accepted, the access point reserves memory and establishes an association ID for the WNIC. * Association Response Frame : sent from an access point to station containing the acceptance or rejection an association request. If it is an acceptance, the frame will contain information such an association ID and supported data rat. © Beacon Frame : Sent periodically from an access point to announce its presence and provide the SSID, and other parameters for WNICs within range. © De authentication Frame : Sent from station wishing to terminate connection from another station ‘© Disassociation Frame ent from a station wishing to terminate connection, It’s an elegant way to allow the access point to relinquish memory allocation and remove the WNIC from the association table. JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR 205 Pen Pc Technology Probe request Frame : Sent from an access point containing capability information, supported data rates, ete., after receiving a probe request frame. Re association request Frame : A WNIC sends a re-association request when it drops from range of the currently associated access point and finds another access point with a stronger signal. The new access point coordinates the forwarding of any information that may still be contained in the buffer of the previous access point Re association response Frame : Sent from an access point containing the acceptance or rejection to a WNIC re association request frame. The frame includes information required for association such as the association ID and supported data rates. Control frames facilitate in the exchange of data frames between stations. Some common 802.11 contro! frames include : Acknowledgement (ACK) Frame : After receiving a data frame, the receiving station will send an ACK frame to the sending station if no error are found. If the sending station does not receive an ACK frame with in a predetermined period of time, the sending station will resend frame. Request to Send (RTS) Frame : The RTS and CTS frame provide an optional collision reduction scheme for act s point with hidden stations. A station sends a RTS frame to as the first step in a two-way hand shake required before sending data frames Clear to Send (CTS) Frame : A station responds to an RTS frame with a CTS frame. It provides clearance for the requesting station to send a data frame he CTS provides collision control management by including a time value for which all other stations are to hold off transmission while the requesting stations transmits. In 2001, a group from the University of C: Berkeley presented a paper describing weaknesses in the 802.11 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) security mechanism defined in the ori al standard they were followed by Fluhrer, Mantin and Shamir’s paper titled “Weaknesses in the Key Scheduling Algorithm of RC4”, Not long after, Adam Stubble field and AT& T publicly announced the first JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR a.5 Pen Pc Technology verification of attack. In the attack, they were able to intercept transmissions and gain un authorization access to wireless networks. The IEEE setup a dedicated task group to create are placement security solution, 802.11i (previously this work was handled as part of broader 802.11 e effort to enhance the MAC layer). The Wi-Fi Alliance announced an interim specification called Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) based on a subset of the then current IEEE 802.111 draft. These started to appear in products in mid-2003. IEEE 802.1 Li (also known as WPA2) it self was ratified in June 2004, and uses govemment strength encryption in the Advanced Encryption Standard AES, instead of RC4, which was used in WEP. The modern recommended encryption for the home/ consumer space is WPA2 (AES Pre-Shared Key) and for the Enterprise space is WPA2 along with a RADIUS authentication server (or another type of authentication server) and a strong authentication method such as EAP-TLS. In January 2005, IEEE setup yet another task group, TG w, to protect management and broadcast frames, which preciously were sent unsecured 3.3. Cellular Network A cellular network is a radio network distributed overland areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver known as cell site or ba station. When joined together these cell provide radio coverage over wide geographic area, This enables a larger number of portable transceivers (e.g. mobile phones, pagers, efc.) to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones any where in the network, via base stations, even if some of the transceiver are moving through more than once cell during transmission. An example of a simple non-telephone cellular system is an old tax driver's radio system where the taxi company has several transmitters based around a city that can communicate directly with each taxi. In a cellular radio system, a land area to be supplied with radio service divided in to regular shaped cells, which can be hexagonal, square, circular or some other irregular shapes, although hexagonal cells are conventional. Each of these cells is JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR 25 Pen Pc Technology assigned multiple frequencies are not reused in adjacent neighboring cells as that would cause co-channel interfa The increased capacity in a cellular network, compared with a network with a single transmitter, comes from the fact that the same radio frequency can be reused in different area for completely different transmission. If there is a single plan transmitter, only one transmission can be used on any given frequency Unfortunately, there is inevitably some level of interference from the signal from the other cells which use the same frequency. This means that, in standard FDMA system, there must be at least a one cell gap between cells which reuse the same frequency. In the simple case of the taxi company, each radio had a manually operated channel selector knob to tune to different frequencies. As the drivers moved around, they would change from channel to channel. The drivers know which frequency ignal from the covers approximately what area. When they do not receive a transmitter, they will ty other channels until they find one that works. The taxi drivers only speak one at a time, when invited by the base station operator (in a sense TDMA). To distinguish signals from several different transmitters, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA) were developed. With FDMA, the transmitting and recei cies used in each cell are ng. frequi different from the frequencies used in each neighboring cell. In a simple taxi system, the taxi driver manually tuned to a frequency of a chosen cell to obtain a strong signal and to avoid interference from other cells. The principle of CDMA is more complex, but achieves the result the distributed transceivers can select one cell and listen to it. Other available methods of multiplexing such as polarization division multiple access (PDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA) cannot be used to separate signals from one cell to the next since the eff 4s of both vary with position and this would make signal separation practically impossible. Time division multiple access, however, is used in combination with either FDMA or CDMA in a number of system to give multiple channels with in the coverage of a single cell. JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/ 235 Pen Pc Technology The key characteristic of a cellular network is the ability to re-use frequencies to increase both coverage and capacity. As described above, adjacent cells must utilized different frequencies how ever there is no problem with two cells sufficiently far ance and the reuse part operation the same frequency reuse are there use di factor. ‘There use dista aleulated as ce, Di D=RV3N, ‘Where R is the cell radius and N is the number of cells per cluster. Cells may vary in radius in the ranges (1 km to 30 km). The boundaries of the cells can also overlap between adjacent cells and large cells be divided into smaller cells. The frequency reuse factor is the rate which the same frequency can used in the network. It is I/K (or K according to some books) where K is the number of cell which can not use the same frequencies for tansmission. Common values for the frequency reuse factor 1/3, 1/4, 1/7, 1/9, and 1/12 (or 3, 4,7, 9, and 12 depending on notation). In case of N sector antennas on the same base station, each with different direction, the base station site can serve N different sectors. N is typically 3. A reuse pattern of N/K denotes a further division frequency among N sector antennas per site. Some current and historical reuse pattern are 3/7 (North American AMPS). 6/4 (Motorola NAMPS), and 3/4 (GSM). If the total available band width is B, each cell can only utilize number of frequency channels corresponding to band width of B/K, and each sector can use a band width of B/NK. Code division multiple access- based systems use a wider frequency band to achieve the same rate of transmission as FDMA, but this is compensated for by the ability to use a frequency reuse factor of 1, for example using are use pattern of L/L. In other words, adjacent base station site use the sa me and the different base s\ frequencies, tions and users are separated by codes rather than frequencies. While N is shown as 1 in this example , that does not mean the JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR 245 Pen Pc Technology CDMA cell has only one sector , but rather that the entire cell bandwidth this also available to each sector individually. Depending on the size of the city, a taxi system may not have any frequency- reuse in its own city, but certainly in other near by cities, the same frequency can be used. In a big city, on the other hand, frequency- reuse could certain be in use. Recently also orthogonal frequency-division multiple access based systems such as LTE are being developed with frequency reuse of 1. Since such systems do not spread the signal across the frequency and inter- ell radio resource management is important to coordinates resource allocation between different cell Interference Coordin on (ICIC) already defined in the standard. Coordinated scheduling, multi~ site MIMO or multi-site beam forming are other examples for inter-cell radio resource management that might be standardized in the future. Although the o and were omni-directional, a cellular map can be redrawn with the cellular telephone al, 2-way-radio cell towers were at the centers of the cells towers located at the corners of the hexagons where three cells converge. Each tower firectional antennas aimed in three different directions with 120 has three sets of degrees for each cell (totaling 360 degrees) and receiving / transmitting into three different cells at frequencies. This provides a minimum of three channels (from three towers) for each cell. The numbers in the illustration are channel numbers, which repeat every3 cells. Large cells can be subdivided into smaller cells for high volume areas. This network is the foundation of the GSM system network. There are many functions that are performed by this network in order to make sure customers get the desired service including mobility management, registration, call setup and hand over. Any phones connects to the network via an RBS in the corresponding cell which in tum connects to the MSC. The MSC allows the onward connection to the PSTN. The link from a phone to the RBS is called an up link while the other way is termed down link. JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR 255 Pen Pc Technology Radio channels effectively use the tansmission medium through the use of frequency the following multiplexing schemes are following access techniques : division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), and space division multiple access(SDMA). JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR 265 Pen Pc Technology CHAPTER 4. VIRTUAL KEYBOARD The Virtual Laser Keyboard (VKB) is the ULTIMATE new gadget for PC users. The VKB emits laser on to the desk where it looks like the keyboard having QWERTY arrangement of keys ic. it use a laser beam to generate a full-size perfectly operating laser keyboard that smoothly connects to of PC and most of the hand held devices. As we type on the laser Projection, it analyses what we are typing according to the co-ordinates of the location Fig : 4 Diagram of Virtual Keyboard A virtual keyboard is a software component that allows a user to enter characters. A virtual keyboard can usually be operated with multiple input devices, which may include a touch sereen, an actual keyboard, a computer mouse, a head mouse and an eye mouse. JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR a5 Pen Pc Technology 4.1. Types On a desktop PC, one purpose of a v je an alternative jual keyboard is provi input mechanism for users with disabilities who can not use a physical keyboard. Another major use for an on-screen keyboard is for bi- or multi-lingual users who switch frequently between different character sets or alphabets. Although hardware keyboards are available with dual keyboard layouts (for example Cyrillic/Latin letters in various national layouts), the on-screen keyboard provides handy substitute while working at different stations or laptops, which seldom come with dual layouts. The s andard on-screen keyboard utility on most windowing systems allow shot key Switching between layouts from the physical keyboard (typically alt-shift but this user configure able), simultaneously changing both the hardware and the software keyboard layout. In addition, a symbol in the syst ray alerts the user to the currently active layout. Although Linux supports this fast manual keyboarl —layout switching function, many popular Linux on-screen keyboard such as gt keyboard or Kvkbd do not react correctly. Kvkbd for example defines its visible layout acconding to the first define layout in Keyboard Preferences rather than the default layout, causing the application to output incomect characters if the first layout on the list is not the default. Activating a hot-key layout switch will cause the application to change its output according to another keyboard layout, but the visible on-sereen layout doesn’t change, leaving the user blind as to which keyboard layout he is using. Multi-lingual, multi-alphabet users should choose a linux on —sereen keyboard that support this feature instead, like Florence. Virtual keyboards are commonly used as non-screen input method in devices with no physical keyboard, where there is no room for one, such as a packet computer, personal digital assistant (PDA), tablet computer or touch screen equipped mobile phone. It is common for the user to input text by tapping a virtual keyboard built into the operating system of the device. Virtual keyboards are also used as features of emulation software for system that have fewer buttons than a computer keyboard would have. Virtual keyboards can be categorized by the following aspects ; JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR 285 Pen Pc Technology ‘© Physical keyboards with distinct keys comprising electronically change able displays integrated in the keypads. * Virtual keyboard with touch screen keyboard layouts or sensing areas, * Optically detected human hand and finger motions, © Optically projected keyboard layouts or similar arrangements of “keys” or sensing areas. Virtual keyboards to allow input from a variety of input devices, such as a computer mouse, switch or other assistive technology device An optical virtual keyboard has been invented and patented by IBM engineers in 2008. It optically detects and analyses human hand and finger motions and interprets the mas-operations on physically non-existent input device like a surface having painted keys. In that way it allows to modulate unlimited types of manually operated input devices such as a mouse keyboard. All mechanical input units can be replaced by such virtual devices, optimized for the current application and for the user's physiology maintaining speed, simplicity and un ambiguity of manual data input. On the Internet, various Java Script virtual keyboard shave been created, allowing users to type their own language on foreign keyboards, particularly in Internet cafes. 4.2. Security Consideration Virtual keyboards may be used in some cases to reduce the risk of key stroke logging. For example, West pac’s online banking service uses a virtual keyboard for the password entry, as does Treasury Direct. It is more difficult for malware to monitor the display and mouse to obtain the data entered via the virtual keyboard, than it is to monitor real keystrokes. However it is possible, for example by recording screen shots at regular intervals or upon each mouse click. The use of an non-screen keyboard on which the user “types” with mouse click scan increase the risk of password disclosure by shoulder surfing, because : An observer can typically watch the sereen more easily (and less suspiciously) than the keyboard, and see which characters the mouse move to Some JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR 295 Pen Pc Technology implementations of the on-screen keyboard may give visual feedback of the “key” clicked, e.g. by changing its color briefly. This makes it much easier for an observer to read the data from the screen. A user may not able to “point an click” as fast as they could type on a keyboard, thus making it easier for the observer. JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR 305 Pen Pc Technology CHAPTER 5. DIGITAL CAMERA The digital camera is the shape of pen. It is useful in video recording, video conferencing, simply it called as webcam. It is also connected with other devices through Bluetooth. It is a 360 degrees visual communication device. This terminal will enable us to know about the surrounding atmosphere and group communication with around display and a central super wide angle camera Fig 5 : Diagram of Digital Camera A digital camera (or digicam) is a camera that takes video or still photographs, or both, digitally by recording images via an electronic image sensor. Most 21% century cameras are digital Front and back of Canon Powers shot A9S Digital cameras can do things film cameras can not : displaying images on a screen immediately afier they are recorded, storing thousands of images to free storage space. The majority, including most compact cameras, ean record moving video with sound as well as still photographs. JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR 315 Pen Pc Technology Some can crop and stitch pictures and perform other elementary image editing. Some have a GPS receiver built in and can produce Geo tagged photographs. The optical system works the same as in film cameras, typically using a lens with a variable diaphragm to focus light onto an image pick up device. The diaphragm and shutter admit the comect amount of light to the imager, just as with film but the image pick up device is electronic rather than chemical. Most digicams, a part from camera phones and a few specialized types, have a standard screw. Digital cameras are incorporated in to many dev ind es ranging from PDAs mobile phones (called camera phones) to vehicles. The Hubble Space Telescope and other astronomical devices are essentially specialized digital cameras 5.1. Types Of Digital Camera Digital cameras are made in a wider in a range of sizes, prices and capacities, The majority are camera phones, operated as a mobile application through the cell phone menu. Professional photographs and many amateurs use larger, more expensive digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLR) for their greater versatility. Between these extremes ‘ameras and bridge digital cameras that lie digital compact “bridge” the gap between amateur and professional cameras. Specialized cameras including spectral imaging equipment and astrographs continue to serve the scientific, military, medical and other special purposes for which digital photography was invented. 5.1.1. Compact Digital Camera Compact camera are designed to betiny and portable and are particularly suitable for casual and “snapshot” use, thus are also called point-and-shoot cameras. ‘The smallest, generally less than 20 mm thick, are described as sub compacts or” ultra-compacts and some are nearly credit card size. Most, @ part from ruggedized or water-resistant models, incorporate are tractable lens assembly allowing a thin camera to have a moderately long focal length and thus fully exploit an image sensor larger than on a camera phone, and a JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR 325 Pen Pc Technology mechanized lens cap to cover the lens when retracted. The retracted and capped lens is protected from keys, coins and other hard objects, thus marking a thin, pocket able package. Sub compact commonly have one lug and a short wrist strap which aids extraction pocket, while thicker compacts may ha fe two lugs for attaching a neck strap. Compact cameras are usually designed to be easy icing advanced feature and picture quality for compactness and simplicity images can usually only be stored using lossy compression (JPEG). Most have built-in flash usually of low power, sufficient for near by subjects. Live preview is almost always used to frame the photo. Most have limited motion picture capability. Compacts often have macro capacity and zoom range is ually less than for bridge and DSLR cameras. Generally a contrast-detect auto focus system, using the image data from the live preview feed of the main imager, focuses the lens. Typically, these cameras in corporate a nearly- silent leaf shutter into their lenses. For lower cost and smaller size, these cameras typically use image sensors with a diagonal of approximately 6 mm, corresponding to a crop factor around 6. This give them weaker low-light performance, greater depth of field, generally closer focusing ability, and smaller components than cameras using larger sensors. 5.1.2. Bridge Camera Bridge are higher end digital camera that physically and ergonomically resemble DSLRs and share with them some advanced features, but share with most use live compacts the use of a fixed lens and a smaller sensor. Like compacts preview to frame the nage, Their auto focus uses the same contrast-detect mechanism, but man bridge cameras have manual focus mode, in some cases using a separate focus ring, for greater control. Due to the combination of big physical size but a small sensor, many of these camera shave very highly specified lenses with larger zoom range and fast aperture, partially compensating for the inability to change lenses. To compensate for the lesser sensitivity of their small sensors, these came s almost always include an image stabilization system to enable longer hand held exposures. The highest zoom JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/SEMINAR 335 Pen Pc Technology lens so far on a bridge camera is on the Nikon Coolpix PS00 digital camera, which encompasses an equivalent if a super wide to ultra-telephoto 22,5-810 mm (36x). ‘These cameras are some times marketed as and confused with digital SLR cameras since the appearance is similar, Bridge cameras lack there flex viewing system of DSLR's are usually fitted with fixed (non-interchangeable) lenses (although some have a lens thread to attach accessory wide-angle or telephoto converters), and can usually take movies with sound. The scene is composed by viewing either the liquid crystal display or the electronic view finder (EVF). Most have longer shutter lag than a trued SLR, but they are capable of good image quality (with sufficient light) while being more compact and lighter than DSLRs. Many of these cameras can store images in a Raw image format, or processed and JPEG compressed, or both. The majority have a built-in flash similar to those found in DSLRs, In bright sun the quality difference between a good compact camera minimal but bridge cams are more portable, costless and have similar zoom ability to DSLR. ‘Thus a Bridge camera may better suit outdoor day time activities, except when seeking professional quality photos. In low light conditions and/or at ISO equivalents above 800, most bridge cameras (or mega and a di 1 SLR is zooms) lack in image quality when compared to even entry level DSLRs. The first New 3D Photo Mode of Bridge camera has announced by Olympus. Olympus $Z-30 MR can take 3D photo in any mode from macro to landscape by release the shutter for the first shot, slowly pan until camera automatically takes a second image from as lightly different perspective. Due to 3D processing is in-built in camera, so an. MPO file will easily display on 3D televisions or laptops. JIT/DOCSE/2015-16/5 Pen Pc Technology CHAPTER 6. LED PROJECTOR The role of monitor is taken by LED Projector which projects in the screen, ‘The size of the projector is of A4 1024 X 768. Thus . It has the approximate resolution capacity of is gives more clarity and good picture Fig : 6 Diagram of LED Projector A video projector is a device that receives a video signal and projector the corresponding image on projection screen using a less system. All video projectors use a very bright light to project the image, and most modern one scan correct any curves, blurriness, and other inconsistencies through manual settings. Video projectors are widely used for conference room presentations, class room training, home theatre and live events applications, Projectors are widely used in many schools and other educational settings, connected to an interactive while board to interactively teach pupils. JIT/DOCSE2015-1 SEMINAR 35