The experiments are conducted based on the rate equation, R = k [I-]n[S2O82-]m, where k is the rate constant while n and

m are the
reaction orders of I- and S2O82- respectively. As reaction orders, n and m is defined as the power to which the concentration of that
reactant is raised to in the experimentally determined rate equation.n and m cannot be found theoretically and are experimentally
determined to be 1. This means that the reaction is first order with respect to [I-] and first order with respect to [S2O82-]. The overall
rate order is 2.This reaction is said to be bimolecular since two reactant species are involved in the rate determining step.

The results of this set of experiment show that the rate of reaction increases as temperature increases

Source: Census data revisited. (2018). Lab report on chemical kinetics (initial rates method &activation energy from the temperature
dependence of the reaction rate). Retrieved from http://www.art-xy.com/2011/10/lab-report-on-chemical-kinetics-initial.html

The mathematical relationship of reaction rate with reactant concentrations is known as the rate law. This relationship may rely more
heavily on the concentration of one particular reactant, and the resulting rate law may include some, all, or none of the reactant species
involved in the reaction.
For the following hypothetical reaction

aA+bB→cC

the rate law can be expressed as:

Rate = k[A]y[B]z
The proportionality constant, k, is known as the rate constant and is specific for the reaction shown at a particular temperature. The
rate constant changes with temperature, and its units depend on the sum of the concentration term exponents in the rate law. The
exponents (y and z) must be experimentally determined and do not necessarily correspond to the coefficients in the balanced chemical
equation.

Reaction Order

The sum of the concentration term exponents in a rate law equation is known as its reaction order. We can also refer to the
relationship for each reactant in terms of its exponent as an order.

Determining Rate Laws from Initial Rates

The rate law can be determined experimentally using the method of initial rates, where the instantaneous reaction rate is measured
immediately on mixing the reactants. The process is repeated over several runs or trials, varying the concentration one reactant at a
time. These runs can then be compared to elucidate how changing the concentration of each reactant affects the initial rate.

Source: Key, J. A. and Ball, D.W. (2014). Rate Laws. Retrieved from https://opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/chapter/rate-laws-2/

Introduction to Rate Laws

A rate law is a means by which we can relate the rate of a chemical reaction to concentrations of the reactants. The rate law for a
reaction is dependent on the specifics of how a reaction proceeds called the mechanism (what bonds break first, what bonds form first,
any intermediate chemical species). By determining the rate law for a reaction we gain insight into potential mechanisms. This
allows us to connect the macroscopic rate we observe in the lab with the microscopic or molecular ideas of the what is controlling the
rate.

Source: Census data revisited. (2013). Introduction to Rate Laws. Retrieved from http://ch302.cm.utexas.edu/kinetics/rate-laws/rate-
laws-all.php

In this lab, the rate of a reaction was investigated to experimentally determine the order and rate law for a reaction using techniques of
colorimetry. The rate of a reaction varies with the concentration of the reactants (assuming that the reaction is not zero order). The
higher the concentration of reactants, the higher the rate. This relationship can be explained by collision theory. However, the
relationship between the concentration and the rate of the reaction is specific to each reaction and therefore must be determined
experimentally.

Phase of The Reactants

Reactions produce products by having the reacting molecules come into contact with one another. The more often they collide, the
more likely the chance that product will form. If the reacting molecules moving more rapidly and in the gaseous state then product
will have a more likely chance to form. This is part of an over riding theory that forms the foundation of all kinetics work. This theory
is called the Collisional Theory of Reaction Rates. Reactions usually occur more rapidly when the reactants are in the gaseous state.
The reacting molecules dispersed in a solution is the next most favorable way for product to form at a reasonable speed. Reactions do
occur in pure liquids or in solid form but the rates tend to be rather slow because the reacting molecules are very restricted in their
movement among one another, and therefore, do not come into contact as often.

Census data revisited. (n.d.). Chemical Kinetics. Retrieved from http://chemistry.bd.psu.edu/jircitano/kinetics.html

The rate of a reaction can be expressed in a number of ways, depending on the nature of the reactants being consumed or the products
being formed. The rate may be followed as a change in concentration (mol/L) of one of the reactants or products per unit of time, the
volume of gas produced per unit of time (Figure 24.1), or the change in color (measured as light absorbance) per unit of time, just to
cite a few examples.

To assist in understanding the relationship between reactant concentration and reaction rate, consider the general reaction, A2 + 2 B2 l
2 AB2. The rate of this reaction is related, by some exponential power, to the initial concentration of each reactant. For this reaction,
we can write the relationship as (24.1) This expression is called the rate law for the reaction. The value of k, the reaction rate
constant, varies with temperature but is independent of reactant concentrations. The superscripts p and q designate the order with
respect to each reactant and are always determined experimentally. For example, if tripling the molar concentration of A2 while
holding the B2 concentration constant increases the reaction rate by a factor of 9, then p = 2. In practice, when the B2 concentration is
in large excess relative to the A2 concentration, the B2 concentration remains essentially constant during the course of the reaction;
therefore, the change in the reaction rate results from the more significant change in the smaller amount of A2 in the reaction. An
experimental study of the kinetics of any reaction involves determining the values of k, p, and q.

In Parts A–D of this experiment, the rate law for the reaction of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, with potassium iodide, KI, is determined.1
When these reactants are mixed, hydrogen peroxide slowly oxidizes iodide ion to elemental iodine, I2. In the presence of excess
iodide ion, molecular I2 forms a water-soluble triiodide complex, I3 – or [I2 •I]–: (24.2) The rate of the reaction, governed by the
molar concentrations of I–, H2O2, and H3O+, is expressed by the rate law: (24.3) When the [H3O+] is greater than 1 10–3 mol/L (pH
< 3), the reaction rate is too rapid to measure in the general chemistry laboratory; however, if the [H3O+] is less than1 10–3 mol/L
(pH > 3), the reaction proceeds at a measurable rate. An acetic acid–sodium acetate buffer maintains a nearly constant [H3O+] at
about 1 10–5 mol/L (pH = ~5) during the experiment.2 Since the molar concentration of H3O+ is held constant in the buffer solution
and does not affect the reaction rate at the pH of the buffer, the rate law for the reaction becomes more simply (24.4) where k´ = k
[H3O+]r. In this experiment, Parts B–D, the values of p, q, and k´ are determined from the data analysis of Part A for the hydrogen
peroxide–iodide ion system. Two sets of experiments are required: One set of experiments is designed to determine the value of p and
the other to determine the value of q.

In the first set of experiments, (Table 24.1, kinetic trials 1–4, page 285), the effect that iodide ion has on the reaction rate is observed
in several kinetic trials. A “large” excess of hydrogen peroxide in a buffered system maintains the H2O2 and H3O+ concentrations
essentially constant during each trial. Therefore, for this set of experiments, the rate law, equation 24.4, reduces to the form
(24.5) c, a constant, equals [H2O2]q. In (common) logarithmic form, equation 24.5 becomes (24.6) Combining constants, we have the
equation for a straight line: (24.7) C equals log k´+ log c or log k´ + log [H2O2]q. Therefore, a plot of log (rate) versus log [I–]
produces a straight line with a slope equal to p, the order of the reaction with respect to the molar concentration of iodide
ion. See margin figure.

In the second set of experiments, (Table 24.1, kinetic trials 1, 5–7), the effect that hydrogen peroxide has on the reaction rate is
observed in several kinetic trials. In this case, a “large” excess of iodide ion in a buffered system maintains the I– and H3O+
concentrations essentially constant during each trial. Under these conditions, the logarithmic form of the rate law (equation 24.4)
becomes (24.8) C´ equals log k´ + log [I–]p. A second plot, log (rate) versus log [H2O2], produces a straight line with a slope
equal to q, the order of the reaction with respect to the molar concentration of hydrogen peroxide. Once the respective orders of I– and
H2O2 are determined (from the data plots) and the reaction rate for each trial has been determined, the values of p and q are
substituted into equation 24.4 to calculate a specific rate constant, k´, for each trial. Reaction rates are temperature dependent. Higher
temperatures increase the kinetic energy of the (reactant) molecules, such that when two reacting molecules collide, they do so with
a much greater force (more energy is dispersed within the collision system), causing bonds to rupture, atoms to rearrange, and new
bonds (products) to form more rapidly. The energy required for a reaction to occur is called the activation energy for the reaction.
The relationship between the reaction rate constant, k´, at a measured temperature, T(K), and the activation energy, Ea, is expressed in
the Arrhenius equation: (24.9) A is a collision parameter for the reaction, and R is the gas constant (=8.314 J/mol•K).
The (natural) logarithmic form of equation 24.9 is (24.10) The latter equation of 24.10 conforms to the equation for a straight line, y =
b + mx, where a plot of ln k´ versus 1/T yields a straight line with a slope of –Ea /R and a y-intercept of ln A. As the temperature
changes, the reaction rate also changes. A substitution of the “new” reaction rate at the “new” temperature into equation 24.4 (with
known orders of I– and H2O2) calculates a “new” specific rate constant, k´. A data plot of these new specific
rate constants (ln k´) at these new temperatures (1/T) allows for the calculation of the activation energy, Ea, for the reaction. In Part E,
the temperature of the solutions for kinetic trial 4 (Table 24.1) will be increased or decreased to determine rate constants
at these new temperatures. To follow the progress of the rate of the reaction, two solutions are prepared (see Table 24.1):
• Solution A: a diluted solution of iodide ion, starch, thiosulfate ion , and the acetic acid–sodium acetate buffer

• Solution B: the hydrogen peroxide solution When Solutions A and B are mixed, the H2O2 reacts with the I–: (repeat of equation
24.2) To prevent an equilibrium (a back reaction) from occurring in equation 24.2, the presence of thiosulfate ion removes I3– as it is
formed:(24.11)As a result, iodide ion is regenerated in the reaction system; this maintains a constant iodide ion concentration during
the course of the reaction until the thiosulfate ion is consumed. When the thiosulfate ion has completely reacted in solution, the
generated I3– combines with starch, forming a deep-blue I3–•starch complex. Its appearance signals a length of time for the reaction
(equation 24.2) to occur and the length of time for the disappearance of the thiosulfate ion:(24.12) The time required for a quantitative
amount of thiosulfate ion to react is the time lapse for the appearance of the deep-blue solution. During that period a quantitative
amount of I3– is generated; therefore, the rate of I3– production (mol I3– /time), and thusthe rate of the reaction, is affected only by
the initial concentrations of H2O2 and I–.Therefore, the rate of the reaction is followed by measuring the time required to generatea
preset number of moles of I3–, not the time required to deplete the moles of reactants.

Source: Beran, J.A. (2013). Laboratory Manual for Principles of General Chemistry. 10th Ed. Quad Graphics: Kingsville, Texas,
USA.