Hybrid Harmony search algorithm & Fuzzy logic for Solving Unit

Commitment Problem with Wind Power Uncertainty

Mary P. Varghese, Ph.D Research Scholar, Dept. of EEE, Karpagam University,
Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore-21

Dr. A. Amudha, HoD, Dept. of EEE, Karpagam University,

Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore-21

Abstract- This work spotlights on fuzzy logic and Hybrid
Harmony search algorithm based method for solving the
unit commitment problem in any electric utility is shown
in this paper. Fuzzy logic is chosen as its qualitative
representation capability of the results with respect to
input variables. The most economic operating schedule
and all the feasible schedules and their respective cost of
operation are calculated. A three unit system is considered
as an example and the above mentioned values were
computed. The Hybrid Harmony Search (HHS) method is
an emergingmeta-heuristic optimization algorithm.
However, like mostof the evolutionary computation
techniques, it does not store orutilize the useful
knowledge gained during its search procedurein an
efficient way. In this paper, we propose and study a
newoptimization approach, in which the HHS method is
mergedtogether with the Fuzzy Logic(FL). The model
that directly covers alltransmission contingencies and
extreme wind realizations can beover-conservative. To
reduce this conservativeness, our modelconsiders the non-
contingency case with extreme windrealizations, as well
as all transmission contingencies with theexpected wind
realization. By making effective use of intervalarithmetic,
the overall problem is linear and can be efficientlysolved.
The HHS-FL is further employed in an optimalwind
generator design problem, and it can yield a
superioroptimization performance by analyzing the wind
speed in Coimbatore region. Numerical results
demonstrate that the new approach is effective regarding
best power while wind changes, and simulation performed
through MATLAB.
Keyterms- Unit commitment, Transmission contingency,
Wind generation
I. INTRODUCTION
The reliable and cost-effective operation of power
systems with an abundant presence of wind and solar
power depends critically on the competence of
optimization methods to effectively manage their
uncertainty. The most crucial decision process that faces
this challenge is the unit commitment (UC) problem [1],
which schedules generating capacities forthe next day and
prepares the power system for potentially strong
variations in the availability of intermittent renewable
resources.
Many efforts within the realm of optimization under
uncertainty have been developed for the UC problem.
Two main types of methods are stochastic programming
and robust optimization. Typically, stochastic
programming methods involve scenario trees for
modeling uncertain parameters. The stochastic
programming framework is versatile, however, it may
induce substantial computational difficulties for large-
scale problems, and it is difficult to properly represent
temporal and spatial correlations within scenario trees.
Robust optimization relies on the uncertainty set concept,
specifically, realizations of uncertain deterministic set of
parameters, which directs to basic models and enhanced
computational tractability [2].
The fuzzy logic usage has obtained greater attention
in last decades as its effectiveness in the complex
mathematical models reducing in problem solving. Fuzzy
logic utilizes linguistic terms [3], which pact with the
causal association among input and output variables. For
this cause, the method makes it simpler to influence and
solve numerous problems, chiefly where the mathematical
model is not clearly known or if known is complex to
formulate. It attempts to quantify linguistic terms so that
the variables can be treated as continuous rather than
discrete. Furthermore, Fuzzy logic is a technique, which
approximates reasoning, while allowing decisions to be
made efficiently.
Wind power is highly uncertain in nature as it
depends on the c1imatic conditions, location, wind speeds
etc. of the area where the wind turbine setup has been
commissioned [4]. The total cost of the system gets highly
affected due to the uncertain nature of wind power as a
result it has to be incorporated into the system. Wind
power available from a wind turbine isgiven in equation
(1) as:
Pw= ρAV3/2 (1)
where, P is air density in kg/m3, A is area of the blades in
m2 and V is the speed of wind blowing in the area in m/s.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: In
section II, UC problem formulation is given. Section III
gives brief overview of IBPSO and DPSO. Section IV
presents numerical case study for UC problem with and
without wind units. Finally conclusions are included in
section V.
II. UC PROBLEM FORMULATION
A. OBJECTIVE FUNCTION
The objective function of unit commitment
problem[5][6] is to minimize the total production cost
(TC) while satisfying several constraints as given in
equation (2).
Min TC = [F(Pi,t + Sci(1 − Ii,t−1))] Ii,t (2)
where F(Pi,t) = a + b.Pi,t + c.P2i,t, is the quadratic fuel cost
function of Pi,t which is the thermal power output of unit
I at hour t, Ii,t is the status of i-th unit at hour t, N and T
are the number of production units and time horizon,
respectively.
B. CONSTRAINTS
Generation limit: The power output of each generating
unit must be limited within a specified range as in
equation (3).
Pimin≤ Pi,t ≤ Pimax (3)
Where Pmin /max i is the minimum/maximum power
output limit for unit i.
4) System spinning reserve requirements: In order to
ensure reliability, the system spinning reserve
requirement must be satisfied. The spinning reserve
requirement is expressed byfollowing equation (4)
∑N I i,tPi,tmaxi=1 ≥ Dt + SRt (4)
Where SRt is the required spinning reserve for hour t.
Unit minimum up/down time: Due to operational
limitations, once a unit is committed/decommitted it
should be kept stable for a minimum period of time before
a transition. This scenario can be expressed as (5)
T oni≤ Xoni,tToffi≤Xoffi,t (5)
Emission constraint: Burning fuel emit contaminatedgases
which should be limited by the following equation (6)
E=Hi(Pi,t) ≤Elimit (6)
where Hi(Pi,t) is a quadratic function associated with
several emission types and Elimit is the emission limit.
III. FUZZY LOGIC FORMULATION
In thermal UC, the constraints related to the
imprecisehourly load demand the system load balance,
spinning reserverequirement invite uncertainty. Therefore,
they can be treatedas fuzzy constraints instead of crisps
constraints [7][8]. Moreover,the solar power generation,
which is directly related to thesolar radiation, is also a
contender of fuzzy representation.The following
subsections describe the fuzzy constraints withassociated
membership functions.
The forecasted load demand is imprecise and can
varywith the actual load demand. Therefore, the crisp
notation ischanged into the fuzzified load demand. The
predicted loaddemand usually deviates (Δd) from the
actual one by ±2% to±5%. The membership function for
fuzzy load percentage (Δdvs. μLD ) erroris shown in
Figure 2. The load deviation erroris equally distributed in
±5%. Five linguistic values (NE2,NE1, ZE, PE1, PE2) are
defined for negative, zero and positiveerrors. The load
demand error thus can be represented as the following
fuzzy equality relation Df,t∼=_Ni=1Pi,t.where Df,t is the TABLE II. REPRESENTATION OF
calculated forecasted load demand for tth hour. GENERATOR/WIND DATA

IV. CASE STUDY BUS V(kv) P(pu) Q(pu)

1 33 2.163 0
All the three-bus systems are used for testing the 3 33 2.0 0.4
proposed algorithm. The results with optimal intervals of
wind power uncertainty are analyzed based on economic
indices and system reliability. The comparisons of the TABLE III. REPRESENTATION OF LOAD DATA
optimal intervals with predefined intervals are presented.
BUS Type P(MW) Q(Mvar)
All simulations were run on a personal computer with 1 PV 0 0
an Intel Core i5 2.60 GHz and 8 GB of memory, and
2 PQ 100 1
programs were developed using MATLAB R2012a.
Relevant problems were solved. The scheduling 3 PV 0 0
periodwas 24 h. The optimality gap was set as 1e-6. The
generating unit's cost curve was in 4- piecewise linear TABLE IV. ANALYSIS OF WIND SPEED
segments. JANUARY 2017-AUGUST 2017 IN COIMBATORE

a. Three-Bus System MONTH KM/Hr M/Sec

Jan 7.7 2.13
The three-bus system depicted in Figure is used Feb 8.9 2.47
to illustrate the proposed method. The system has three Mar 8.2 2.27
thermal units, a 100 MW wind farm and three 10.0 2.78
Apr
transmission lines. The parameters of thermal units,
May 13.1 3.64
transmission lines and wind power forecast are the same.
Jun 18.5 5.14
The probability of the wind power forecast error is
assumed to follow a normal distribution, and the standard July 18.1 5.03
deviation of the wind forecast error is approximated. The Aug 16.2 4.5
value of R with respect to pu are 0.040, 0.030, 0.025, as
well The value of X with respect to pu are 0.0200,
0.0100, 0.0125 respectively. Note that the algorithm could The impacts of different uncertainty levels on the
use any new solution for forecast uncertainty[9][10]. economics and reliability of power systems are critical,
TABLE I, II & III shows the schematic representation of especially when more and more variable and uncertain
Transmission Line data, Generator/Wind Data and Load renewable resources are integrated into existing power
data respectively. With 33kV, bus 1 and 3 provides P(pu) systems[11][12]. The analysis of wind speed from
of 2.163, 2.0 and load data for bus 1 and 3 is 0 and bus 2 January to August 2017 in Coimbatore is demonstrated in
is 100 MW and1 Mvar respectively. Table IV. This paper proposes a co-optimized model for
wind power intervals and UC as shown in figure 1. The
TABLE I. REPRESENTATION OF proposed UC model is based on IUC, and minimizes the
TRANSMISSION LINE DATA costs of generator operation.

From To MVA R(pu) X(pu)

1 2 100 0.040 0.0200
1 3 100 0.030 0.0100
2 3 100 0.025 0.0125
 where xi;j is the dimension j of HM i; uj and lj are the
minimum and maximum limits of dimension j; random
generates random numbers uniformly between zero and
one.

Generating a new harmony [14] for each

individual in HM The procedures for obtaining the I th
harmony are described as following: The jth dimension of
the I th new harmony vi;j, is selected from the harmony
memory with a probability of memory choice probability
ð HMCRÞ. With a probability of 1 HMCR, it is generated
randomly.

/* Hybrid Search Initialization */

For(i=1; i< HHS; I++)
For(j=1;j<n;J++)
FIG 1. REPRESENTATION OF PROPOSED Randomly initialize xji in HM
MODEL OUTPUT Endfor
Endfor
V. KEY STEPS OF HYBRID
/* End of HHS initialization*/
ALGORITHM
Repeat
/*Construction and evaluation of new solution candidate
The harmony search algorithm generates a new
x */
harmony through harmony memory selection, pitch
For (j=1; j<n; j++)
adjustment and random search. The evolution is updated
If(rand(0,1)<HMCR)
through the comparisons between the new generated
Let xj in X be the jth dimension of a randomly selected
harmony and the worst one in the harmony memory. But
HM member.
the method of randomly generating new element
If(rand(0,1)<PAR)Apply pitch adjustment distance bw to
sometimes is not efficacious, and in that case it can’t
mutate xj;
generate an effective harmony.
Xj-xj+ rand(0,1) X bw
Endif
DE obtains new individual through the
Else
difference between any two individuals in the population,
Let xj in x be a random value
and it can obtain the effective element of a new
End iif
individual, but it usually needs a considerable population
Endfor
size to ensure the diversity of the searching.
Evaluate the fitness of X.F(x)
/* End of construction and evaluation of new solution
A hybrid harmony search algorithm with
candidate x */
differential evolution can integrate the advantages of the
/* HHS update */
two algorithms and obtain competitive results. Here in
If (f(x) is better than the fitness of the worst HHS member)
this section a hybrid harmony search with differential
Replace the worst HHS member with X.
evolution (HSDE) algorithm is proposed [13] for the
Else
solution of the problem described.
Disregard x
Endif
Initialize of N individuals randomly as the HM at the start
/* End of HHS update */
of the algorithmas given in equation (7)
Until a presser termination criterion is met.
xi;j¼ lj+ rand(). (uj-lj) (7)
 The optimization issues concerning power
systems, such as cost minimization. A hybrid HS
algorithm[15] is proposed to handle non convex economic
load dispatch of real-world power systems. The economic
load dispatch and combined economic and emission load
dispatch problems[16] can be converted into the
minimization of the cost function. Sinsuphan et al.
combine the HS with sequential quadratic programming
and GA to solve the optimal power flow problems[17].
The objective function to be optimized is the total
generator fuel costs in the entire system. The chaotic self-
adaptive differential HS algorithm, proposed by Arul et
al., is employed to deal with the dynamic economic
dispatch problem
VI. IMPROVED HYBRID HARMONY
SEARCH ALGORITHM
Harmony search algorithm was obtained by
accepting the prevailing meta-heuristic algorithms
concepts are found in the standard of natural phenomena.
The algorithm was newly constructed in an analogy with
music improvisation method [18], where music players
manage the pitches of their instruments to attain enhanced
harmony. The pitch of every musical instrument
establishes the aesthetic quality, just like the function
value objective is resolute by the set of values allocated to
every decision variable. Optimization steps procedure of
HHSA are as follows:
Step 1: Initiate the optimization crisis and
algorithmfactors.
Step 2: Initiate the harmony memory (HM).
Step 3: Enhance a novel harmony from the HM.
Step 4: Revise the HM.
Step 5: Repeat steps 3 and 4 till the termination standard
is satisfied.
Researchers have shown that the values of
scaling factor F and crossover probability factor CR have
a direct impact on population diversity. The simulations
indicate that the larger scaling factor and the lower
crossover probability factor will be helpful to global
searching and to obtain good population diversity.
However, they decrease the convergence speed
of the algorithm while enhancing the global searching
ability. Instead, the individual difference of population
will decrease with the decreasing scaling factor and
increasing crossover probability factor. It tends to emerge
premature convergence as well as improve the local
searching ability. The appropriate parameters would
directly influence the results of the algorithm. Test results
have shown that the algorithm will obtain better results
when F and CR are changing in a linear fashion[19]. The
dynamic F and CR are set up in a linear relation as in
equation (8) and (9):
Ft = Fmax–(Fmax-Fmin).t/Tmax (8)
CRt= Crmin+(Crmax-Crmin). t/Tmax (9)
wheret C is the current iteration and T max is the maximum
number of iterations.
Most of the practical optimization problems are
indeed constrained optimization problems, whose goal is
to find the optimal solution that satisfies a set of given
constraints. In general, a constrained optimization
problem is described as follows.
Find x⃗ =(x1,x2,…,xn) to minimize f(x⃗ ),
subject to gi (x⃗ )≤0, i = 1,2,…, M, and hj(x⃗ )=0, j =
1,2,…, N, where f(x⃗ ) is the objective function
and gi(x⃗ ) and hj(x⃗ ) are the inequality and equality
constraint functions, respectively. As a matter of fact, the
equality constraint functions can be transformed into the
inequality constraint functions as shown in equation (10):
|hj(x⃗ )|−ε≤0, (10)
where ε is a small enough tolerance parameter. Therefore,
we only consider the inequality constraint
functions gi(x⃗ )≤0, i = 1,2,…, M, here.
The inequality constraints [20] can be described as
follows:
(i) load bus voltage constraints:
(ii) thermal limits:
(iii) Generation output limits:
After the HM has been ranked, the worst HM
member x⃗ # can be selected and compared with the new
solution candidate x⃗ ∗. Note that x⃗ ∗ does not need to be
feasible. When x⃗ # is compared with x⃗ ∗, x⃗ ∗ will
replace x⃗ # only in one of the following three cases:
 1. x⃗ ∗ is feasible, and x⃗ # is infeasible, (iii) Competition selection mechanism is
2. both x⃗ ∗ and x⃗ # are feasible, established to improve solution precision
and f(x⃗ ∗)<f(x⃗ #), and enhance the ability of escaping local
3. both x⃗ ∗ and x⃗ # are infeasible, optima.
and x⃗ ∗ dominates x⃗ #.
The LHS algorithm performance based on harmony
To assess the constrained optimization capabilities of memory size (HMS) and harmony memory in view of rate
these two HS methods, the Number of Constraint (HMCR) are also examined.
Evaluations (NCEs) is used as the performance criterion
here. Similarly, the smaller the NCEs are, the more VII. FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER
proficient the optimization technique is. The evolution
procedures of the two HS approaches [21] are completed, In this investigation, the fuzzy logic controller is
when a predetermined optimization plan goal is met, and offered to follow the maximum power from the wind by
the NCEs utilized are in contrast with each other. means of the wind’s rotor speed. Fuzzy logic [23] is the
best controller to track the maximum power point. The
150
inputs of the fuzzy controller are the error between the
100 actual rotor speed and the estimated rotor speed and
P(MW)

change in this error. Output of the fuzzy controller is the

50
duty cycle of the boost converter. By adjusting the duty
0 cycle of the boost converter the maximum power will be
1
Best Power achieved. The rotor speed is found out using the equation
150 (3). At first, the various terms are selected to form the
fuzzy rules[24]. Based on these terms, the different rules
100
P(MW)

are formed. The linguistic terms used here are:

50

1. Error (Very Negative, Negative, Small Negative, Zero,

0
1 2 Small Positive, Positive, Very Positive)
Min / Max Power(MW)
2. Derivative of error (Negative, Zero, Positive)
FIG 2. BEST POWER OUTCOME BASED ON HHS
AND FL CONTROLLER For example, if the error is positive and change
in error is negative then the duty cycle will be positive.
The rules formed process is called as fuzzification.
The Hybrid HS method [22] makes use of less
Subsequent to fuzzification method, De-fuzzification as a
NCE than the novel HS for attaining the similar optimal
plant typically necessitates a control over non- fuzzy
design objective. Explicitly, the former is highly
value, as de-fuzzification phase is required.
proficient than the latter in managing with the specified
constraints in this optimal wind generator design crisis. It
To calculate the output alters the fuzzy logic
is also worth noting that the improvement of the NCEs
controlled technique is utilized and the fuzzy logic
usage grows with the increase of the optimization goal as
controller manages the inverter switch. In UPQC, the
displayed in figure 2.
reactive power, active power, capacitor voltage and
terminal voltage of the line are essential to be sustained
We propose an improved harmony search algorithm
[25]. So as to manage these factors, they are compared
named LHS with three key features:
and sensed with the reference values. To accomplish this,
the fuzzy controller membership functions is provided
(i) adaptive global pitch adjustment is designed
below in equation (11)
to enhance the exploitation ability of
solution space;
U= -[Αe+(1-α)*C] (11)
(ii) opposition-based learning technique is
blended to increase the diversity of solution;
Where α is self –adjustable factor which can regulate the •De-fuzzyfication interface provides non-fuzzy control
whole operation the de-fuzzification is performed which action from a conditional fuzzy control action.
converts the fuzzified value into de-fuzzified value [26].
It gives the final output value. The de-fuzzification is
shown in table V.Figure 2 shows the representation of
rule table for Fuzzy controller.

TABLE V. RULE TABLE FOR FUZZY

CONTROLLER

E/dE VLE LE ME HE

VLE HE HE LE ME

LE HE ME VLE ME

ME ME ME LE VLE

HE HE ME VLE VLE FIG 4. SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF

PSEUDO COLOR

FIG 3. REPRESENTATION OF RULE TABLE FOR

FUZZY CONTROLLER

• The Fuzzyfication boundary will transfers its input data FIG 5. SURFACE REPRESENTATION
into appropriate linguistic values.

• The Knowledge Base is comprises of a data base with

the essential linguistic descriptions and control rule set
[27].

• A Decision Making Logic will, replicates a human

decision procedure, and bound the fuzzy control action
from the control rules knowledge and the linguistic
variable definitions.

FIG 6. BEST POWER OUTCOME
The competence of the anticipated technique of
state estimation is demonstrated in Figure 4, 5, 6 based on
the surface structure and the pseudo color. In a
distribution network the power injected at ith bus can be
expressed as in equation (12), (13), (14),(15):
Pinj,I= Vi ∑ Vj[ Gij(Cos ði–ðj) + BijSin (ði–ðj)] (12)
Qinj,I= Vi ∑ Vj[ Gij(Cos ði–ðj) - BijSin (ði –ðj)] (13)
The real power and reactive power flow from
bus i to j can be depicted as
Pij= ViVj(-Gijði–ðj) + BijSin (ði –ðj))+Vi2Gij (14)
Gij= ViVj(-Gijði–ðj) - Bij Sin (ði –ðj))+Vi2Gij (15)
Where,
G and B the line conductance and susceptance of the
distribution system;
Vi voltage magnitude of ith bus;
δi bus voltage angle of ith bus;
a. Equality Constraints
The equality constraints C(x) for the above
objective function at the zero injection buses can be
defined as in equation (16) & (17):
Pgi-PDI-Vi ∑Vj[ Gij (Cos ði –ðj) + BijSin (ði–ðj)] =0 (16)
Qgi-QDI-Vi ∑Vj[ Gij (Cos ði –ðj) + Bij Sin (ði –ðj)] =0
(17)
where PDi and QDi are the real and reactive load demands
at ith bus, PGi and QGiare the real and reactive power
injections at ith bus and n is the total number of buses in
the network.
b.Performance Indices
The performance of all the algorithms used in
this paper is evaluated based on these performance indices
given below:
Mean square error (MSE):
MSE=∑I=1n(|xitrue-xiest|2)/n (18)
where xitrue and xiest are the true and estimated value of
the ith measurement quantity; n is the number of
variables.
Power system transient stability is the capability of a
power system to return to a stable operating point after the
occurrence of a disturbance that changes its topology.
Instances of topology changes of a power system are
(i) Generator or a line tripping,
(ii) Change of a load suddenly, as well as a load
trip,
(iii) Faultoccurrence, that is, a short circuit.
To evaluate the transient stability performance of the
system, the easiest and extensively utilized test system is
accepted and a short circuit fault is replicated on one line
among Buses.
c. During The Fault
In case of fault instant, owing to short circuit, the
DFIG generator voltage terminal drops. This has obtained
numerous outcomes.Generator rotor and stator flux
reduction outcomes in generator demagnetizing method.
 The subsequent outcome is the electromagnetic torque
reduction and active generator power.
Owing to mechanical rotor frequency decouple
control from the grid frequency through power electronic
converters, as a segment of stored potential energy in the
rotating mass of the DFIG wind turbine shaft cannot be
abounding to the method [28].

S
t
Power
a com
from
r pens
Simulink
t ation
sour E d
MP=Mean ce (
(Power) E
Parameter VLE,LE )
s ,ME,HE
Population
Generate
, PAR, N
harmony Tmax If o
memory, VLE,L
Evaluate E≤
iteration count
objective
i=1 New BP==Ye
function ME s
harmo Sto
≤HE
ny Y re
New
genera e po
harmony
ted s U wer
En
betterN d
N than pd
i<T o
o stored ate VLE-Very
ma Y ha Low Error
harmony LE-low
xB es rm
on Error
P y ME-
Medium
Error
HE-High
Error
BP-Best
Power

FIG 7. FLOW DIAGRAM FOR THE ESTIMATION OF BEST POWER

It leads to exciting oscillations in the rotating mass of the

shaft in addition, which is harsh with greater time constant d. After Clearance of the Fault
and superior damping time. Figure 7 represents the best
power outcome.
 When the fault is rectified, the voltage cannot
recuperate totally instantly as RSC cannot supply essential
reactive power [29] to the generator for its magnetization
development.
The generator thus necessitates absorbing grids
reactive power and this achievement delays the recovering
method of the grid voltage [30].
The voltage recovers totally, the voltages and the
generator currents initiate to converge to their pre-fault
values, and the RSC maintains its control over the active
and reactive power.
VIII. CONCLUSION
The work, highlights the theory and applications the HHS
method and fuzzy logic controller. The basics of the HHS
are initially introduced. Subsequently, both the fundamental
HHS algorithm and certain distinctive variants are discussed
in detail. The HHS method application in a few applications
fields, like power systems, optimization, processing, are
also presented. In addition, as a case study example, a
Hybrid HS anticipated by the investigator for coping with
the constrained of Unit Commitment problems is confirmed.
Owing to the Pareto-dominance ranking of Hybrid HM
members, the provided constraints can be openly handled in
this novel Hybrid HS method. A real-world optimal wind
generator design crisis has been used to authenticate its
effectiveness.The fuzzy PI controller is better than certain
kind of fuzzy controllers in terms of the amount of fuzzy
sets for the input fuzzification, number of rules used, and
the number of coefficients to be optimized. The analysis of
wind speed has been examined from January to august in
Coimbatore region and the obtained results are 2.13, 2.47,
2.27, 2.78, 3.64, 5.14, 5.03, and 4.5 respectively. These
studies may contribute to more accurate simulation results
for finding out better strategies for best power with low
error, smooth, reliable, and uninterrupted operation of
power networks with the future penetration of wind energy
systems.
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