Assignment-1

1. Pollution due to industrial, agricultural and municipal wastes.

INDUSTRIAL WASTES

 Industries and factories give off various pollutants into the environment including

the land, air, and waters. It is estimated that about 50% of all pollution is as a

result of industrial and manufacturing activities.

*Causes of Industrial Pollution

1. Lack of Policies to Control Pollution: Lack of effective policies and poor

enforcement drive allowed many industries to bypass laws made by pollution

control board which resulted in mass scale pollution that affected lives of many

people.

2. Unplanned Industrial Growth: In most industrial townships, unplanned

growth took place wherein those companies flouted rules and norms and
polluted the environment with both air and water pollution.

3. Use of Outdated Technologies: Most industries still rely on old technologies

to produce products that generate large amount of waste. To avoid high cost
and expenditure, many companies still make use of traditional technologies to
produce high end products.

4. Presence of Large Number of Small Scale Industries: Many small scale

industries and factories that don’t have enough capital and rely on government
grants to run their day-to-day businesses often escape environment regulations
and release large amount of toxic gases in the atmosphere.
5. Inefficient Waste Disposal: Water pollution and soil pollution are often
caused directly due to inefficiency in disposal of waste. Long term exposure to
polluted air and water causes chronic health problems, making the issue of
industrial pollution into a severe one. It also lowers the air quality in surrounding
areas which causes many respiratory disorders.

6. Leaching of Resources From Our Natural World: Industries do require

large amount of raw material to make them into finished products. This requires
extraction of minerals from beneath the earth. The extracted minerals can cause
soil pollution when spilled on the earth. Leaks from vessels can cause oil
spills that may prove harmful for marine life.

*Effects of Industrial Pollution:

1. On human health:
(i) It causes irritation of eye, nose, throat respiratory tracts, etc.

(ii) It increases mortality rate and morbidity rate.

(iii) A variety of particulates mainly pollens, initiate asthmatic attacks.

(iv) Chronic pulmonary diseases like bronchitis and asthma are aggravated by
high concentration of SO2, NO2, particulate matter and photo-chemical smog.
(v) Certain heavy metals like lead may enter the body through lungs and cause
poisoning.

2. On animal health:
In case of animals, the pollutants enter in two steps.

(i) Accumulation of the airborne contaminants in the vegetation forage and prey
animals.

(ii) Subsequent poisoning of the animals when they eat the contaminated food.
In case of animals, three pollutants namely fluorine, arsenic and lead are
responsible for most livestock damage.
 3. On plants:
Industrial pollution have been shown to have serious adverse effects on plants.
In some cases, it is found that vegetation over 150 Km. away from the source
of pollutants have been found to be affected. The major pollutants affecting
plants are SO2, O3, MO, NO2, NH3, HCN, Ethylene, Herbicides, PAN (Peroxy
Acetyl nitrate) etc. In the presence of pollutants, the healthy plants suffer from
neurosis, chlorosis, abscission, epinasty etc.

AGRICULTURAL WASTES

 Agricultural waste is waste produced as a result of various agricultural

operations. It includes manure and other wastes from farms, poultry houses and
slaughterhouses; harvest waste; fertilizer run- off from fields; pesticides that
enter into water, air or soils; and salt and silt drained from fields.

MUNICIPAL WASTES

 Municipal waste is defined as waste collected and treated by or for

municipalities. It covers waste from households, including bulky waste, similar
waste from commerce and trade, office buildings, institutions and small
businesses, as well as yard and garden waste, street sweepings, the contents
of litter containers, and market cleansing waste if managed as household waste.
The definition excludes waste from municipal sewage networks and treatment,
as well as waste from construction and demolition activities. This indicator is
measured in thousand tonnes and in kilograms per capita.

2 BOD consideration in streams.

The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) concentration, the BOD removal
coefficient, and the average daily photosynthesis minus respiration term of a
polluted stream model can be determined by using only measurements of the
dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration taken at discrete locations and the values
of the remaining parameters. The mathematical model used is a modified
Streeter-Phelps relationship describing the average daily DO and BOD
concentrations for a polluted stream under steady state conditions. The
procedure provides a least squares fit to the DO measurements

3 Oxygen Sag Curve.

The oxygen deficit D at any time in a polluted river stream is the difference
between the actual DO content of water at that time and the saturation DO
content at the water temperature.
Oxygen Deficit = DOsat–DOactual

In order to maintain clean conditions in a river stream, the oxygen deficit must
be nil and this can be found out by knowing the rates of deoxygenation and
reoxygenation.

BY-
SHASHI SHANKAR
6th sem B.Tech +M.Tech (civil)
Pollution Control and Monitoring (CLE373)