1)bootstrap

COMPUTING

a technique of loading a program into a computer by means of a few initial instructions which enable
the introduction of the rest of the program from an input device.

Also it is called Front-end-framework. Bootstrap is a free collection of tools for creating a websites and
web applications.

2)Bootstrap is responsive, mobile-first, prevailing, and front-end framework, which is developed along
with CSS, JavaScript, and HTML. Bootstrap has many benefits from scratch for every web development
project, and one such reason is the huge number of resources accessible for Bootstrap.

1. Speed of Development

Undoubtedly one of the biggest advantages of using Bootstrap is the speed of development. If you’re
looking to push out a new website or application quickly, you should definitely consider using Bootstrap.

Rather than coding from scratch, Bootstrap enables you to utilize ready made blocks of code to help you
get started. Combine that with cross-browser compatibility and CSS-Less functionality, many hours of
coding can be saved. To achieve the fastest route possible, you can also purchase ready-made Bootstrap
themes and modify them to suit your needs.

2. Responsiveness

Mobile devices continue to grow in popularity year after year. Cisco predicts that global mobile data
traffic will increase nearly 11-fold between 2013 and 2018. The need to have a responsive website is
becoming increasingly important.

Creating mobile ready websites is a breeze with Bootstrap thanks to the fluid grid layout that
dynamically adjusts to the proper screen resolution. There is virtually no work that needs to be done to
achieve proper responsiveness.
Using Bootstrap’s ready made classes, you can specify how many spots in the grid system you want each
column to occupy. Then, you can specify at which point you want your columns to stack horizontally
rather than vertically to display properly on mobile devices.

3. Consistency

Bootstrap was actually founded on this principle. It was originally developed by a few Twitter employees
as a framework to encourage consistency across internal tools. Co-Founder Mark Otto later realized it
had potential beyond just an internal toolkit and released the first open-source version in August 2011.

Mark also describes how Bootstrap was built using one core concept: pairing designers with developers.
Doing so is what made Bootstrap successful at Twitter, and why it continues to be successful on the
web.

Put simply, Bootstrap ensures consistency regardless of who’s working on the project. In addition,
results are uniform across platforms so output remains the same whether you’re using Firefox, Chrome
or Internet Explorer.

4. Customizable

Bootstrap can be tailor made according to the specifications of your project. Developers have the ability
to pick and choose the features that are needed and the rest can be tossed. This is easily accomplished
using the Bootstrap customize page. Simply tick off all the features you don’t need and your custom
version of Bootstrap will be ready for download. How cool is that?

5. Support
Bootstrap has a huge support community behind it so you can usually get help when you run into issues.
Furthermore, Bootstrap itself is being continuously updated and the creators have been really good
about putting out timely updates. It’s currently being hosted, developed and maintained on GitHub with
over 9,000 commits and over 500 contributors.

Conclusion

As you can see, there are several benefits to using Bootstrap. The framework allows for rapid,
responsive development that is consistent and well supported by the development and design
community.

As the framework continues to develop, the reasons to use Bootstrap keep mounting. If you’ve
overlooked this framework, it’s probably time to give it a try.

3)Ajax is a client-side script that communicates to and from a server/database without the need for a
postback or a complete page refresh. The best definition I've read for Ajax is “the method of exchanging
data with a server, and updating parts of a web page – without reloading the entire page.”

JSON, short for JavaScript Object Notation is a lightweight data interchange format. Its main application
is in AJAX web application programming, where it serves as an alternative to the use of the XML format
for data exchange between client and server.

AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. AJAX is a new technique for creating better, faster,
and more interactive web applications with the help of XML, HTML, CSS, and Java Script. Ajax uses
XHTML for content, CSS for presentation, along with Document Object Model and JavaScript for
dynamic content display.

5)Advantages of AJAX. Reduce the traffic travels between the client and the server. Response time is
faster so increases performance and speed. You can use JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) which is
alternative to XML.
Advantages

Better interactivity

This is pretty much the most striking benefit behind why several developers and webmasters are
switching to AJAX for their websites. AJAX allows easier and quicker interaction between user and
website as pages are not reloaded for content to be displayed.

Easier navigation

AJAX applications on websites can be built to allow easier navigation to users in comparison to using the
traditional back and forward button on a browser.

Compact

With AJAX, several multi purpose applications and features can be handled using a single web page,
avoiding the need for clutter with several web pages. For our use of AJAX on goedkope-
zomervakantie.com, it took just a few lines of code!

Backed by reputed brands

Another assuring reason to use AJAX on your websites is the fact that several complex web applications
are handled using AJAX, Google Maps is the most impressive and obvious example, other powerful,
popular scripts such as the vBulletin forum software has also incorporated AJAX into their latest version.

6)Javascript is a dynamic computer programming language. It is lightweight and most commonly used as
a part of web pages, whose implementations allow client-side script to interact with the user and make
dynamic pages. It is an interpreted programming language with object-oriented capabilities.

7)Every RDBMS is a DBMS, but the opposite is not true: RDBMS is a DBMS which is based on the
relational model, but not every DBMS must be relational.
The key difference is that RDBMS (relational database management system) applications store data in a
tabular form, while DBMS applications store data as files. Does that mean there are no tables in a
DBMS? There can be, but there will be no “relation” between the tables, like in a RDBMS.

8)Some DBMS examples include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft Access, SQL Server, FileMaker, Oracle,
RDBMS, dBASE, Clipper, and FoxPro. Since there are so many database management systems available,
it is important for there to be a way for them to communicate with each other.

9)A computer network is a set of computers connected together for the purpose of sharing resources.
The most common resource shared today is connection to the Internet. Other shared resources can
include a printer or a file server.

10)CSS properties and values that trigger reflows are particularly expensive. They can slow user interface
responsiveness―page rendering, animation smoothness, and scroll performance―especially on low-
powered devices such as phones and smart TVs.

11)Two-Tier Architecture:

The two-tier is based on Client Server architecture. The two-tier architecture is like client server
application. The direct communication takes place between client and server. There is no intermediate
between client and server. Because of tight coupling a 2 tiered application will run faster.

Two-Tier Architecture

Two-Tier Architecture

The above figure shows the architecture of two-tier. Here the direct communication between client and
server, there is no intermediate between client and server.

Let’s take a look of real life example of Railway Reservation two-tier architecture:
Let’s consider that first Person is making Railway Reservation for Mumbai to Delhi by Mumbai Express at
Counter No. 1 and at same time second Person is also try to make Railway reservation of Mumbai to
Delhi from Counter No. 2

If staff from Counter No. 1 is searching for availability into system & at the same staff from Counter No.
2 is also looking for availability of ticket for same day then in this case there is might be good change of
confusion and chaos occurs. There might be chance of lock the Railway reservation that reserves the
first.

But reservations can be making anywhere from the India, then how it is handled?

So here if there is difference of micro seconds for making reservation by staff from Counter No. 1 & 2
then second request is added into queue. So in this case the Staff is entering data to Client Application
and reservation request is sent to the database. The database sends back the information/data to the
client.

In this application the Staff user is an end user who is using Railway reservation application software. He
gives inputs to the application software and it sends requests to Server. So here both Database and
Server are incorporated with each other, so this technology is called as “Client-Server Technology“.

The Two-tier architecture is divided into two parts:

1) Client Application (Client Tier)

2) Database (Data Tier)

On client application side the code is written for saving the data in the SQL server database. Client sends
the request to server and it process the request & send back with data. The main problem of two tier
architecture is the server cannot respond multiple request same time, as a result it cause a data integrity
issue.
Advantages:

Easy to maintain and modification is bit easy

Communication is faster

Disadvantages:

In two tier architecture application performance will be degrade upon increasing the users.

Cost-ineffective

Three-Tier Architecture:

Three-tier architecture typically comprise a presentation tier, a business or data access tier, and a data
tier. Three layers in the three tier architecture are as follows:

1) Client layer

2) Business layer

3) Data layer

1) Client layer:

It is also called as Presentation layer which contains UI part of our application. This layer is used for the
design purpose where data is presented to the user or input is taken from the user. For example
designing registration form which contains text box, label, button etc.

2) Business layer:
In this layer all business logic written like validation of data, calculations, data insertion etc. This acts as a
interface between Client layer and Data Access Layer. This layer is also called the intermediary layer
helps to make communication faster between client and data layer.

3) Data layer:

In this layer actual database is comes in the picture. Data Access Layer contains methods to connect
with database and to perform insert, update, delete, get data from database based on our input data.

Three-tier Architecture

Three-tier Architecture

Advantages

High performance, lightweight persistent objects

Scalability – Each tier can scale horizontally

Performance – Because the Presentation tier can cache requests, network utilization is minimized, and
the load is reduced on the Application and Data tiers.

High degree of flexibility in deployment platform and configuration

Better Re-use

Improve Data Integrity

Improved Security – Client is not direct access to database.

Easy to maintain and modification is bit easy, won’t affect other modules

In three tier architecture application performance is good.

Disadvantages

Increase Complexity/Effort