Answers (c) (i) (−1, 3)

(d) (i) (−2, −4)

(ii) (−7, −3)
(ii) (−1, 5)
For answers that require a proof (normally indicated 2. (a) (i) ( x − 3) − 5 ( x − 5)2 − 4
2
(ii)
by: ‘prove’, ‘show’, ‘verify’ or ‘explain’) no answer has
(b) (i) ( x + 2) − 3 ( x + 3)2 − 12
2
been provided. (ii)
(c) (i) 2 ( 3) − 13 3 ( 1) + 7
2 2
(ii)
Chapter 1 (d) (i) − ( x − 1) − 4
2
(ii) − ( x + 2) + 5
2

(e) (i) ( x + 1.5) − 1.25 ( x − 2.5)2 + 3.75

2
(ii)
Exercise 1A
(f) (i) 2 ( x 1.55)
2
10.5
1. (i) A1, B3, C2 (ii) A3, B1, C2
25) − 4.125
(ii) 2 ( x 1.25
2

2. (a) (i) 2 x 2 88xx − 10 (ii) 5x 2 20 x 15

4 x 2 8 x − 32 − x 2 + 3x − 2 2 ( x − 2) + 4 3 ( x + 1) − 5
2 2
(b) (i) (ii) 3. (a) (i) y (ii) y
(c) (i) 3x 2 66xx + 6 (ii) 4 x 2 166 x 11
(b) (i) y 2 ( x + 1) + 3 (ii) y
2
3( x − )2 + 1
(d) (i) −4 x 2 + 8 x − 5 (ii) −2 x 2 − 8 x − 11
4. (a) ( x − 3) + 2
2
3. (a) (i) (0, −6) (ii) (0, −3)
(b) (i) (0, 0) (ii) (0, 0)
(b) 2
(c) (i) (0, 2) (ii) (0, 6)
(d) (i) (0, 19) (ii) (0, 2) 5. (a) b = −3, c = 6
answer hint
4. (a) (i) 5 (ii) 2 (b) a = 2
(a) Did you notice that
(b) (i) −3 (ii) −1
6. (a) 2 ( x 1) − 3 2 inside the bracket we
(c) (i) −2 (ii) 2
(b) x = −1 had x b ?
5. (a) (i) 3 (ii) 2
(b) (i) 2 (ii) 5 3
(c) x = −1 ±
(c) (i) −3 (ii) −1 2
6. (a) (i) a , b = −8, c = 6
(ii) a , b = 5, c = −10 Exercise 1C
1 3
(b) (i) a ,b = ,c =1 1 (a) (i) −2, 3 (ii) −1, 5
4 4 (b) (i) −3, 0 (ii) 0, 2
(ii) a , b = 0, c = 1 (c) (i) −2, 5 (ii) −1, 1
1 5 3 1
⎛ 2 1⎞ ⎛ 1 33 ⎞ (d) (i) , − (ii) , −
7. (a) (i) ,− (ii) − ,− 2 3 4 3
⎝ 3 3⎠ ⎝ 4 8⎠
(b) (i) (0.2, 10.2) (ii) (2, −1) 2. (a) (i) −5, 1 (ii) 2, 4
3 5
8. (a) (i) −0.535, 1 87 (ii) −1, 0.75 (b) (i) , −2 (ii) 2, −
2 3
(b) (i) −0.449, 4.45 (ii) −1.35, 1.85 3 1 5 1
(c) (i) 3 (ii) 1.5 (c) (i) , − (ii) , −
2 3 4 2
1 (d) (i) −4, 3 (ii) −5, 2
9. (a) (i) x = 2 (ii) x = −
4
3 1 3. (a) (i) y 3x 2 − 15x + 12 (ii) y 4x2 + 4x − 8
(b) (i) x = (ii) x =
4 6 (b) (i) y 2 x 2 − 2 x + 4 (ii) y x 2 − 6x − 5
10. (a) (i) −3.46, 2.12 (ii) −2.56,1.56 4. (a) (2 x 3) ( x + 4 )
(b) (i) −0.387, 1.72 (ii) −5.19, 0.193
⎛3 ⎞
(b) (−4, 0) and ,0
⎝2 ⎠
Exercise 1B
3 9
1. (a) (i) (3, 4) (ii) (5, 1) 5. a ,b = − ,c = 3
10 10
(b) (i) (2, −1) (ii) (1, −5)

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Exercise 1D ⎛ 11 8 ⎞
2. (a) (i) − , − , (3, 1) (ii) (−3, 3), (5, −1)
⎝ 5 5⎠
1. (a) (i) 36 (ii) 68 (b) (i) (1, 3), (3,1) (ii) (−3, −5), (−5, −3)
(b) (i) −47 (ii) −119 (c) (i) (−1, 6), (2, 3) (ii) (1, −3), (−1, −5)
(c) (i) 0 (ii) 0
3. (−4, 12), (3, 5)
(d) (i) 49 (ii) 49
4. x = −0.25, y = 2.88 and x = 1, y = 1
2. (a) (i) (ii) Two (b) (i) (ii) None
(c) (i) (ii) One (d) (i) (ii) Two 6. −1 ± 2 6
3± 5 1± 5
3. (a) (i) x = (ii) x = Exercise 1F
2 2
2 3± 7
(b) (i) x = −1, (ii) x = 1. 1.5, 6.5
3 2
4 1 2. Area = x(6 − x); 9 cm2
(c) (i) x = , −1 (ii) x = , −1
3 2
3 3. (a) 210 x 2 x 2 (b) x 52 5 y = 105
(d) (i) x = 2 ± 7 (ii) x = 1, −
2 4. (a) 1.63 s (b) 3.27 m
1 25 24 2 y = 7.38
4. (a) (i) k< (ii) k>− 5. (c) x
24 12
3 17 6. 25
(b) (i) k= (ii) k=−
5 24
5 1 Mixed examination practice 1
(c) (i) k≥− (ii) k≤
4 16
3 25 Short questions
(d) (i) k> (ii) k<−
8 12
17 55 1. (a) ( x + 7 )(x − 2) (b) x = −7, 2
(e) (i) k= (ii) k=
4 32 2. (a) Minimum (b) a ,b = 7
1
(f) (i) k = 1 (ii) k= 3. a , b = 2, c = 48
32
(g) (i) k < 0 (ii) k < 0 4. k + 2
1 3
2± 7 5. (a) p q=2 (b)
5. x = 2 4
3
6.
7. m = ± 2 Expression Positive Negative zero

11 ± 2 30 a 9
8. k =
2 c 9
9 b2 – 4ac 9
9. k >
2
b 9
17
10. c ≥
16 1
7. (a) ( x − 5) + 10
2
9 (b)
11. m < − 1000
16
8. 3 ± 2 2
12. k = ±9
9. k > 4 5
Exercise 1E 10. k = −1 ± 2 3
1. (a) (i) (−2, −3), (1, 0) (ii) (3, 0) 11. (a) α β =1 (a) −3, 5
(b) (i) (−3, −9), (4, 5) (ii) No intersection

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 5x 2 y 4 ab5
Long questions (f) (i) (ii)
9 8
1. (a) (i) 4x (ii) 2π y p3 27 310
(g) (i) (ii)
π 2q 2 x7
(b) x 2 y
2 3 7
6. (a) (i) (ii)
(d) 44.0% 4 81
1 1
(b) (i) (ii)
2. (b) 6 km 36 1000
3. (a) 9 9
(c) (i) 40 (ii)
64
1 2 4 21
(b) y x − x+ 3 4
5 5 25 (d) (i) (ii)
4 27
⎛ 4 25 ⎞
(c) ,
⎝3 9 ⎠ 7. (a) (i) 2 (ii) 2
(b) (i) 100 (ii) 3
1 3
(c) (i) (ii)
5 4
Chapter 2 (d) (i) 4 (ii) 125
(e) (i) 100 000 (ii) 27
Exercise 2A (f) (i)
1
(ii)
32
32 243
1. (a) (i) 67 (ii) 58 1 1
(b) (i) a8 (ii) x9 (g) (i) (ii)
2 7
(c) (i) 7 −3 (ii) 55
3 64
(d) (i) x2 (ii) x5 (h) (i) (ii)
(e) (i) g −12 (ii) k −8 4 27

2. (a) (i) 61 (ii) 5−2 8. (a) (i) x 3 (ii) x12

(b) (i) a −2 (ii) x3 1
(b) (i) 2 x 5 (ii)
(c) (i) 59 (ii) 715 2x 4
(d) (i) x6 (ii) x11 4 y12
(e) (i) 22 (ii) 3−14 (c) (i) (ii)
3x 3 x6
(f) (i) g6 (ii) k −8
3. (a) (i) 212 (ii) 314 5 3
9. (a) (i) (ii) −
(b) (i) 5−4 (ii) 7 −6 3 2
(c) (i) 112 (ii) 1315 1 3
(b) (i) − (ii) −
(d) (i) 217 (ii) 33 2 4
(e) (i) 612 (ii) 36 (c) (i) 4 (ii) 2

4. (a) (i) 210 (ii) 314 10. 5 10 −4

(b) (i) 29 (ii) 220 11. 8 cm
(c) (i) 213 (ii) 34
(d) (i) 29 (ii) 311 1
12. (a) (b) 16 cm2
(e) (i) 2 −6 (ii) 3−6 3
(f) (i) 22 (ii) 310 13. 4
6 8
5. (a) (i) 8 x (ii) 9 x 14. 0
(b) (i) 2 x 6 (ii) 3x 8
15. 11
(c) (i) 9a10 (ii) 2
1 y2 16. 4
(d) (i) (ii)
2x 9 17. 3
2
(e) (i) (ii) 3 y 2 18. 3
x

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Exercise 2B (d) (i) y
6
1. (a) (i) y = 0 y
y=5

x
1 (ii) y
x
9
(ii) y = 0 y y=8

x
(e) (i) y
1 y=6
x 5

(b) (i) y = 0 y
x

2 (ii) y
y=1
x
x
0
(ii) y = 0 y

6
x 2. 13.31 m2
3. (a) h
(c) (i) y = 0 y
1.8

1
x
(ii) y = 0 y
0
m

(b) 1.8 m
(c) 1.60 m
1 (d) The branch might break before reaching the
x ground.

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4. (a) y Exercise 2D
17 1. (a) (i) 3 (ii) 2
(b) (i) 1 (ii) 1
(c) (i) 0 (ii) 0
(d) (i) −1 (ii) −3
1 1
(e) (i) (ii)
2 3
1 1
(f) (i) (ii)
2 2
1
x 2 3
0 (g) (i) (ii)
3 4
3 5
answer hint 4(a) (h) (i) (ii)
2 4
This is not a graph you are expected 3 9
to know. Use your calculator to (i) (i) (ii)
4 4
sketch unfamiliar functions.
1 1
(j) (i) − (ii) −
2 2
(b) x = ±0.866 2. (a) (i) 1 70 (ii) −0.602
(b) (i) −2 30 (ii) 2 30
5. 41.2°C
3. (a) (i) 5log x (ii) 5log x
6. (a) 0 m/s
(b) 40 m/s l y − log y
(b) (i) log x log l x −3
log
7. (a) A 5, B = 100, k = 3
(b) 26.0°C
(ii) ( log )2 l gx +4
log
(c) ◦ 1 1
C
(c) (i) + (ii) log a +1
125
log log
l ga

4. (a) (i) x = 3 y (ii) x = 16 y

2
(b) (i) x a y+1 (ii) x a y
75 (c) (i) x 3 3 y (ii) x y
5. (a) (i) 32 (ii) 16
(b) (i) 0.4 (ii) 0.25
25 (c) (i) 6 (ii) 100

0 x 6. x = 111
3
7. x = −3
Exercise 2C e2 + 1
8. x =
3
1. (a) (i) 3 72 (ii) −1.28 1
9. 9,
(b) (i) 8.15 (ii) 1.36 9
(c) (i) 7 39 (ii) 0.0498 10. x = 101 5 = 31.6
(d) (i) 8 24 (ii) 0.00274
11. x = 9 4 = 1.17
2. 2.718281809…
12. x 81 y = 25
4
3. e 4 + 4 + 4
e 13. 5.50

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Exercise 2E (ii) y

1
1. (a) (i) 4 (ii)
2
3
(b) (i) 6 (ii)
2
2. (a) (i) y+z (ii) z x x
(b) (i) 3x (ii) 5y 1
(c) (i) z + 7y (ii) 2x + y
(d) (i) x + 2y − z (ii) 2 y 3z
(e) (i) 2 y 5z (ii) 1 y 2z

13
3. (a) (i) x = (ii) x = 4
7
(b) (i) x = 9 (ii) x = 2 (b) (i) y
1
(c) (i) x = (ii) x = 8
4
12
(d) (i) x = 2 = 5.28 (ii) x = 210 = 1024
(e) (i) x = 8 (ii) x = 4
1
(f) (i) x = (ii) x = 8 1
x
3 4

1 3
4. x = e 2
3
5. (a) a b (b) 2(a b)
1
6. x = 2,
2 (ii) y
7. (a) x 4 y (b) 2 + 2 x + y + 2z
8. −1
y x + 2z
9. (a) 2 + (b)
x x+ y
x y−z x z y x
10. (a) = −1 (b) ×10 x y 1
2
y y x

Exercise 2F
1. (a) (i) y

(c) (i) y

x
−1 1

x
2 3

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 (ii) y
answer hint
Sketch the graph.

9. (b) x = 0.742
x
−1 0

Mixed examination practice 2

Short questions
1. x = 24
Exercise 2G b
2. (a) 2a + − c
1. (a) (i) 2.45 (ii) 116 2
(b) (i) −0.609 (ii) 4 62 a −1
(b)
(c) (i) −1.71 (ii) 0.527 2
(d) (i) 1.11 (ii) −2 98 b c
(c)
2
ln 5 ln 7 3. 1.68
2. (a) (i) (ii)
2 ln
l 3 3 ln
l 10
ln 4
ln 2 2l 5 4.
(b) (i) (ii) ln 5 2 ln 3
ln 5 ln l 2 ln 5 l 3 4 10

(c) (i)
ln 3
(ii)
ln 5 5. x 3 3 79 y = e 3 = 28 0
l 2 −1
3 ln 2 ln l 2
3. (a) 100 6. x = 1 ± 1 − e y
(b) 48 299 ln 8
(c) 2.24 hours 7. x =
ln12
4. (a) 18 8. a = b −2
(c) 64
(d) 1:58 p.m. 9. x = e2 or e −2

5. (a) k
(b)
Long questions
M
1. (a) V
V = 42
k
t

(c) 2.31 minutes

log 15
6. t
log 45
7. x = 10 + log 7 3 (b) 0 ms −1
(c) 42 ms −1
ln ⎛ ⎞
5 (d) 3.71 s
⎝4 ⎠
8. x = 2. (a) (i) k = 37000
ln ⎛ ⎞
1
⎝ 36 ⎠ (b) 2750
(c) 2039
(d) T = 7778 × 1.025m
(e) 2.5%

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3. (a) (i) $2070 (ii) $2375.37 4. x = 0, 2
(b) 20 years log 5
(c) y 5. x = 0,
log a
6. x = 2, 32

3979.58
Exercise 3C
1. (a) (i) y

y = 2000 × 1.035x

2000 x
20 y = x4 − x3 + 1

(d) 28
(e) $2678.14

Chapter 3
Exercise 3A
1 (0.75, 0.894)
x
1. (a) (i) x = 3 (ii) x = −1
1 3 (ii) y
(b) (i) x = , − (ii) x = 3, −3
2 5
1
(c) (i) x = 27,1 (ii) x = 16,
81
6
(d) (i) x = 7, ± 3 (ii) x = , −1, −4
5
y = x4 − x2
2. x = 2
log − llog
og 7
3. x =
log 2 −1 1
1 0 x
4. x = , ±2 (− √12 , − 14 ) ( √12 , − 41 )
3

Exercise 3B
(b) (i) y
1. (a) (i) a = ± 3 , ± 7 (ii) x = ±2, ± 3
(b) (i) x = − 3 5,
5 3 1. 5 (ii) a = 1, − 2
(c) (i) x = ± 2 + 6 (ii) x = ± 6
(d) (i) x = 4,16 (ii) x = 16, 36

2. (a) x = ln 4
1
(b) x = 1,
log 5
(c) x = 1, 2
3. (a) x = ln 4, ln
l 5 y = (x − 1)ex
x
log 3 1
(b) x = 2,
log 2 (0, 1)
(c) x = 3, 9

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 (ii) (ii)
y y
|x2 −4|
4 y= x+1

−2 −1
0
x
2

y = (ex − 1)2 1

0
x

y
(c) (i) y
2.

(1.59, 2.46)

1
x−1 y = x ln x
y= 2
x−1
(0.693, 0)
1
x 0
x
1
(0.368, −0.368)
(ii) y
3. y

y = ln( x+2
x−1
)2
x
y = lne x

1.386
x
−2 1
− 12

(1.76, 10.3)

0
x
1

y
(d) (i)
4. y
x2 (x2 −9)
y= ex
(−3.73, 7.46) (5.07, 2.70)
0 3
x
−3 (1.42, −3.40)
2
y = | xx+2
−1
|

(not to scale)
(−0.268, 0.536)
0.5
x
−2 −1 1
(−2.50, −209)

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Exercise 3D (e) (i) −x (ii) 57 x 2 11x

1. (a) (i) x = −1.88, 0.347,1 53 3−x

(f) (i) (ii) 3x x
x2
(ii) x = −4.49
(b) (i) x = 0 (ii) x = −1.74 2. (a) (i) 3 (ii) 7
(c) (i) no solution (ii) x = 1, 1.43 (b) (i) 0 (ii) 1
2. x = 1.53 (c) (i) 1 + log10 y (ii) 1 + log10 z
3. (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) (i) 2 + log10 x (ii) 3 + log10 y
4. anything between 0.00125 and 0.00222 (e) (i) 2 3 log10 x (ii) 1
3. (a) (i) 4 (ii) −8
Mixed examination practice 3 (b) (i) 3x 1 y (ii) 6 x 4 + 2 x
1. (a) y (c) (i) 24 x + 2 6 x (ii) 6 2 2
1
y = 2x

Exercise 4B
1. (a) Domain: R; range: ]0,∞[
x
Domain: R; range: ]0,∞[
0
(b)
(c) Domain: ]0,∞[ ; range: R
(d) Domain: ]0,∞[ ; range: R
y = 1 − x2 2. (a) (i) x ≠ −2 (ii) x ≠ 7
(b) (i) x ≠ 2 − 4 (ii) x ≠ ±3
(b) 2 (c) (i) y ≥ 1 (ii) x ≥ −3
2. 0.541 2
(d) (i) a > 1 (ii) x <
3. x = e3 5
b (e) (i) x ≠ 0 − 1 (ii) x ≥ −1
4. x = − and x c
a (f) (i) x ≤ 5 x ≥ 5 (ii) x ≤ 3 x ≥1
5. (a) y 3
(g) (i) x ≥ 0 (ii) x ≥ −
2
3. (a) (i) y≤7 (ii) y≥3
(b) (i) y ≥ 12 (ii) y ≥ y ∈Z
x (c) (i) y≥0 (ii) y≥0
(d) (i) y≤ 1 y>0 (ii) y>0
−1
4. x ≥ 5
x = ln 2
5. x ≥ , x ≠ 2, x ≠ 3
(b) x = ln2
6. x < 2 x > −1
6. (a) x = ±2, ±3 1
7. x ≤ x > 12
7. x = 1 2
8. (a) (i) a ≤ x < b (ii) ∅
Chapter 4 ⎧ ln(b a) for a b
(b) f a) = ⎨
⎩undefined for
f a b
Exercise 4A
1. (a) (i) 24 (ii) 140
Exercise 4C
(b) (i) 14 (ii) 4
1. (a) (i) 5 (ii) 26
(c) (i) 3z 2 z (ii) 3a2 a
(b) (i) 9 8
(d) (i) 3x 2 55xx + 2 (ii) 3x 2 13x 14 2
(ii) 9 12 x 5

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 (b) y
(c) (i) 9 17 4
(ii) y 4 y 3 8 y 2 88yy 5 3
(d) (i) 9 y 2 17 (ii) 27 z 2 + 36z
36z + 17 2
1
2 3
2. (a) (i) x (ii) x x
(b) (i) 3 5 (ii) x 2 + 5x
5x 6 −1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2
−2
(c) (i) x + 4 (ii) x 3
−3
⎛ x + 1⎞
(d) (i) ln(ln ) (ii) ln −4
⎝ 3 ⎠
3. x = 0, −2 (c) y

1
4. x = − 4

3 3

5. (a) y ≠ 2 2

(b) x = 1 5 1

(c) Domain: x < 1 x ≥ 1.5; range: y > 0 dy≠ 2 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4

x
−1
3
6. (a) 2 3 (b) 2 3 3 −2
−3
4 2
7. (a) a = − , b = − −4

3 3 (d) y
(b) y ≥ 0
4
8. (a) x2 is not always greater than 3 3

(b) x ∈] −∞, − 3 [ ∪ ] 3 , ∞[ 2
1
x 1 −4 −3 −2 −1
9. − 1 2 3 4
x
6 3 −1
−2
Exercise 4D −3

x −1 x+3 −4
1. (a) (i) (ii)
3 7 3. (a) −1 (b) 1
2x x 4. −23
(b) (i) (ii)
3 2 1 2x 1 ⎛ x⎞
bx − a x −1 5. f (x ) = ln
(c) (i) (ii) , 2 ⎝ 3⎠
x −1 bx − a
x −3
x −2 (f g) (x ) = 3
−1
(d) (i) 1 − x (ii) 6.
3 2
x2 + 2 2 − x2 7. (a) ln3
(e) (i) (ii)
3 5
1 − ex ex − 2 8. x = −1
(f) (i) (ii)
5 2 9x + 4
9. f (x ) = − , x ≠1
⎛ x⎞ 1 ⎛ x⎞ 1− x
(g) (i) 2 ln (ii) ln
⎝ 7⎠ 10 ⎝ 9 ⎠
ex
(h) (i) 5 19 (ii) −3 + + 10 10. (a) f (x ) = +1
3
y
(b) 3 3
2. (a)
4
11. (b) k = −3
3
2
Exercise 4E
1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞
−1 1. (a) (i) − , 0 , 0, (ii) − , 0 , (0, 5)
−2
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
−3
⎛3 ⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛5 ⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
−4 (b) (i) , 0 , 0, − (ii) , 0 , 0, −
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 7⎠ ⎝3 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

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2. (a) (i) x 1 y = 4 (ii) x 7 y=2 (c) (i) y
1 3 5 4
(b) (i) x y= (ii) x y=
2 2 3 3
5 1 2 2
(c) (i) x y=− (ii) x y=−
2 2 3 3 2
3
1 y=0
x
(d) (i) x 2 y=0 (ii) x y=0
2
3. (a) (i) y

x = −3

(ii) y

y=2

x
− 12 − 21

y=0
x=2 x
− 21

(ii) y

x=2

y
(d) (i)
y=3

− 13
x
− 13
x
x=3 y=0

(b) (i) y
x=0

y
x (ii)
− 43 3 y = −1

x=4 x
y=0

y
(ii)
x=0

3
x
4. (a) (i) x ≠ 0 y ≠ 0, f (x ) =
5
x
7
(ii) x ≠ 0 y ≠ 0, f ( x ) =
y = −1

− 25
x
3x + 2
(b) (i) x ≠ 3 y ≠ 0, f ( x ) =
x
x=2
5−x
(ii) x ≠ 1 y ≠ 0, f (x ) =
x

© Cambridge University Press 2012. Answers 599

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 1 2 x +1
(c) (i) x ≠ y≠ ,f (x ) = Mixed examination practice 4
3 3 3x − 2
1 −x − 5
(ii) x ≠ y ≠ 2, f (x ) = Short questions
2 2x − 4
5 − 2x
(d) (i) x ≠ 2 y ≠ −2, f (x ) = 1. 4 x 2 44xx + 2
x+2 1
3 3 3x − 1 2. x = −
(ii) x ≠ y≠ ,f (x ) = 2
4 4 4x − 3 3. 0.549

5. x
4
y=−
3 4. (a) x 5 y = −4
5 5
5x + 3
6. (a) x ≠ 3 y ≠ 0 (b) f x) =
x+4
1 − 3x
(b) f (x ) = 5. (a) f x ) = 3x − 3
x
⎛ x⎞
7. (a) y (b) f x ) = 3 ln +1
⎝ 3⎠

6. (a) y l x (b) (1, 0)

7. (a) ( x − 3) + 1
2

y=0
x (b) x −1 + 3
(c) x ≥ 1

8. (a) y ∈R, y ≠ −1
x=0 (b) y

3 x = −1
(b) f (x ) = − 3
x

8. y
3
x
y = −1

y=3

1
5
x
1
3
3−x
x=5 (c) f (x ) = , x ≠ 1 y ≠ −1
x +1
a 9. (a) ( x − 3) − 7
2
9. (a) y ∈ R y ≠
2 (b) y > −7
8x + 3
(b) f ( x ) = (c) x+7 +3
2x a
(c) 8 10. (a) a ,b = 1
(b) y ≥ 0

600 Answers © Cambridge University Press 2012.

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Long questions Chapter 5
1. (a) 10
(b) − x 2 Exercise 5A
(c) Reflections of each other in the line y x
1. (a) (i) y
(d) (i) x −1 (ii) y ≥ 3 (iii) x ≥ 10
(e) x = −4,1 (3, 6)
2. (a) (i) 15 (ii) y ∈R (iii) 2z 1
(−1, 2)
3 5 x
(iv) (v) 4 3
x −1
(b) f xx) can be 1, which is not in the domain of g
x+3
(c) (i) (ii)
x −1 y (3, 8)
(ii) Reflections of each other in the line y x
(iii) x ≠ 1 (iv) y ≠ 1
(−1, 4)
3. (a) ( x + 2) + 5
2
x
(b) y
x = −1
3

(b) (i) y
3
x
y = −1

x
(3, −4)

(−1, −8)
(c) Range of f is y ≥ 5; range of g is y > 0
(d) y > 9 (ii) y
8x
4. (a) y =
2x + 3 (3, 2.5)
(b) y
x
(−1, −1.5)

y=4
(c) (i) y

(1, 3)
x
x = − 23
x
16 x 8k (−3, −1)
(c)
4 x 2k + 3
2k + 3
(d) x = − ,y = 4
4
16 x − 76
(e) (hg ) ( x ) (hg )−1 ( x ) =
4 x − 16

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 (ii) (ii) y
y
(3, 15)

(−1, 3)
x
x
(−5, −1) (−1, −5)

(b) (i) y
(d) (i) y
(3, 34 )
(4.5, 3)
x
x (−1, − 14 )
(0.5, −1)

(ii) y
(ii) y
(3, 32 )
(5, 3)
x
x (−1, − 12 )
(1, −1)

(c) (i) y
2. (a) (i) y 3x 2 + 3 (ii) y 9x 3 − 7
(b) (i) y 7 x 3 − 3x + 4 (ii) y 8x 2 − 7 x + 6 ( 32 , 3)

4 ( x − 5) 7 ( x + 3)
2 2
(c) (i) y (ii) y x
(− 12 , −1)
3(x + 4) − 5(x + 4) + 4
3 2
(d) (i) y
(ii) y ( x − 3)3 + 6 ( x − 3) + 2
3. (a) (i) Vertically down 5 units (ii) y
(ii) Vertically down 4 units
(b) (i) Left 1 unit (ii) Left 5 units
(c) (i) Right 4 units (ii) Right 5 units ( 12 , 3)
(d) (i) Left 3 units (ii) Right 2 units
x
(− 16 , −1)
Exercise 5B
1. (a) (i)
y (d) (i)
(3, 9)
y

(4 12 , 3)
x
x
(−1, −3) (−1 12 , −1)

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 (ii) y 2. (a) (i) y 3x 2 (ii) y 9x 3
(b) (i) y 7 x 3 + 3x − 6 (ii) y 8x 2 + 7 x − 1
(c) (i) y 4x2 (ii) y 7x3
(3.6, 3) (d) (i) y 3x 3 − 5x 2 + 4 (ii) y x 3 − 6x + 2
x 3. (a) (i) Reflection in the x-axis
(−1.2, −1) (ii) Reflection in the x-axis
(b) (i) Reflection in the y-axis
(ii) Reflection in the y-axis
(c) (i) Reflection in the y-axis
2. (a) (i) y 21x 2 (ii) y 18 x 3 (ii) Reflection in the x-axis
(d) (i) Reflection in the y-axis
1 4
(b) (i) y ( x − x+ ) (ii) y ( x − x+ ) (ii) Reflection in the y-axis
3 5

x 2 ⎛ x⎞
2
Exercise 5D
(c) (i) y = 4 ⎛ ⎞ (ii) y = 7
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 5⎠ ⎛x ⎞
1. (a) y p( f (x ) + c) (b) y f + d⎟
3 (2 x ) − 5 (2 x ) + 4
3 2
(d) (i) y ⎝q ⎠
3
⎛ 3x ⎞ ⎛ 3x ⎞
(ii) y = +6 +2 2. (a) (i) y
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 6
5
3. (a) (i) Vertical stretch, scale factor 4 4
3
(ii) Vertical stretch, scale factor 6
2
1 1
(b) (i) Horizontal stretch, scale factor
3 x
6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
1 −2
(ii) Horizontal stretch, scale factor
4 −3
−4
(c) (i) Horizontal stretch, scale factor 2 −5
(ii) Horizontal stretch, scale factor 5
1 (ii) y
(d) (i) Horizontal stretch, scale factor (2, 5.5)
3
(ii) Horizontal stretch, scale factor 2
(−5, 3)
y=3
Exercise 5C
(−2.5, 1)
x
1. (a) y

(−1, 1)
x
(b) (i) y
(3, −3) 6
5
4
3
(b) y 2
1
x
6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
(−3, 3) −2
−3
x −4
(1, −1) −5

© Cambridge University Press 2012. Answers 603

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 (ii) y (ii) y

(−2.5, 10) (−0.5, 5)

y=2 (−4, 0)
(−5, 2) x
x

(−2.75, −4)
(2, −8)

(e) (i) y
6
(c) (i) y 5
6 4
5
4 3
3 2
2 1
1
x 0
x
6−5−4−3−2−10 1 2 3 4 5 6 −28−24−20−16−12−8
−1
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36

−2 −2
−3
−3
−4
−5 −4
−6 −5
−7 −6
−8
−9
−10 (ii) y
−11
−12 (7, 5)
(ii) y
(−2.5, 2.5)

(−7, 0)
x

y = 0.5
(−5, 0.5)
x
(−2, −4)

(2, −2) 3. (a) (i) k ( x ) = 2 f ( x ) − 6; vertical stretch with

⎛ 0⎞
scale factor 2 and then translation ⎜ ⎟
⎝ −6⎠
(d) (i) y (ii) k ( x ) = 5 f ( x ) + 4 ; vertical stretch with
12
10 ⎛ 0⎞
scale factor 5 and then translation ⎜ ⎟
8 ⎝ 4⎠
(b) (i) h ( x ) = 5 − 3 f ( x ); vertical stretch with
6
4
2 scale factor 3, reflection in x-axis and
x ⎛ 0⎞
−10−8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 translation ⎜ ⎟
−2
⎝ 5⎠
−4
−6 (ii) h ( x ) = 4 − 8 f ( x ); vertical stretch with
−8 scale factor 8, reflection in x-axis and
−10
⎛ 0⎞
−12 translation ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4⎠

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 answer hint (3) (b) (i) g ( x ) = 8 x 2 + 64 x + 124
9x 2 1
There are alternative answers; for (ii) g ( x ) = − 9x +
example, (a)(i) could be translation 2 2
⎛ 0⎞ (c) (i) g ( x ) = 2 x 2 12 x + 14
⎜⎝ −3⎟⎠ followed by vertical sketch
(ii) g ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 12 x + 14
with s.f.2. ⎛ −1⎞
7. (a) (i) g ( x ) = 2 f ( x + 1) − 2; translation by ⎜ ⎟ ,
⎝ −1⎠
then vertical stretch with scale factor 2
(ii) g ( x ) = 3 f ( x − 4 ) − 40; vertical stretch
4. (a) (i) g ( x ) = 6x
6x 2 − 6 g (x ) = x2 + 1
(ii) with scale factor 3, then translation
(b) (i) g (x ) = x2 + 4 g ( x ) = 7x
(ii) 7x2 − 4 ⎛ 4 ⎞
g ( x ) = 4 − 2x 2 g ( x ) = 6 − 2x 2 by ⎜
⎝ −40⎟⎠
(c) (i) (ii)
(d) (i) g (x ) = 5 − x2 g ( x ) = −3 − 3x 2
(ii) ⎛ 3⎞
(b) (i) g ( x ) = f ( x − ) − 4 ; translation by ⎜ ⎟
⎛ −1⎞ ⎝ −4⎠
5. (a) (i) f ( x + 1); translation ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0⎠ (ii) g ( x ) = −4 f ( x − 1) + 8; vertical stretch
⎛ 3⎞ with scale factor 4, then translation
(ii) f ( x − 3); translation ⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 8⎞
⎝ 0⎠ by ⎜ ⎟
(b) (i) f ( x ); horizontal stretch with scale ⎝ 1⎠
1
factor ; or 4 f (x); vertical sketch with 8. h ( x ) = 4 x+
x +1
+ 16 x − 4
2
scale factor 4 9. (a)
y
⎛ x⎞
(ii) f ; horizontal stretch with scale
⎝ 3⎠
1
factor 3; or f ( x ); vertical sketch with
9
1
scale factor
9 y = ln x
⎛ −2⎞ x
(c) (i) f ( x 2); translation ⎜ ⎟ and then
⎝ 0⎠ 1
1
horizontal stretch with scale factor or
2
1
horizontal stretch with scale factor and
2
⎛ −1⎞
then translation ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0⎠ (b) y
y = 3 ln(x + 2)
⎛ 1⎞ x = −2
(ii) f ( x 1); translation ⎜ ⎟ then horizontal
⎝ 0⎠
1
stretch with scale factor or horizontal
3
1
stretch with scale factor and then x
3
−1
⎛ 1 3⎞
translation ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

6. (a) (i) g ( x ) = 32 x 2 16 x − 2
(ii) g ( x ) = 8 x 2 + 16 x + 4

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 (c) y 3. (a) y
1 6
x= 2
5
4
3
f (x − 1) + 2
2
1
x
x −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
1
−2
−3
−4
−5
−6
y = ln(2x − 1) (b) (−2, −3) and (4, −3)
10. (i) a , b = −1 ⎛ 3⎞
4. Translation by ⎜ ⎟ and vertical stretch with scale
(ii) a , b = 0, c = −25 factor 3 ⎝ 0⎠

5. (a) Vertical stretch with scale factor 3; horizontal

Mixed examination practice 5
stretch with scale factor 2
Short questions y
(b)
1. (a) y

y = 3 ln( x2 )

(2, 0) x
x (2, 0)
(6, 0)

f (x)
(c) y
(b) y
x = −2
y = 3 ln( x2 + 1)

x
x
−6 (5, 0)
f ( x3 ) − 2
(12, −2)

2. y 2 x 2 − 12x
12 x 2 + 24 x − 18

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6. y Chapter 6
Exercise 6A
y=2
y = f (x) 1. (a) (i) 3.1, 8.1,13.1,18.1, 23.1
(ii) 10, 6.2, 2.4, −1.4, −5.2
(0, 0)
x (b) (i) 0,1, 4,13, 40
(ii) 1, 1, 19, −181, −1639
1 1
(c) (i) 2, 3, 6,18,108 (ii) 2,1, , ,1
2 2
(d) (i) 3, 4, 8, 9,13 (ii) −3, 3, −5, 7, −9
(e) (i) 0, 4, 8,12,16 (ii) 13,11, 9, 7, 5
2. (a) (i) 5, 8,11,14,17
Long questions (ii) −4.5, −3, −1.5, 0,1 5
⎛ 2⎞ (b) (i) 0, 7, 26, 63,124 (ii) 5, 20, 45, 80,125
1. (a) Translation by ⎜ ⎟ and vertical stretch with 1 1
⎝ 0⎠ (c) (i) 3, 9, 27, 81, 243 (ii) 4, 2,1, ,
scale factor 3 2 4
(d) (i) 1, 4, 27, 256, 3125 (ii) 1, 0, −1, 0,1
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 0⎞
(b) Translation by ⎜ ⎟ and translation by ⎜ ⎟ 3. (a) (i) un = un + 3 u1 = 7
⎝ ⎠
0 ⎝ 10⎠
(ii) un un − 0 8 u1 = 1
⎛ 5⎞
(c) Translation by ⎜ ⎟ and vertical stretch with (b) (i) un 2un u1 = 3
⎝ 10⎠
(ii) un 1 5un u1 = 12
scale factor 3
(c) (i) un = un + n + 1 u1 = 1
⎛ −2⎞ (ii) un (n + ) un u1 = 1
2. (a) Translation by ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0⎠
4. (a) (i) un 2n (ii) un 2n − 1
(b) y (b) (i) un = 2n (ii) un = 5n
x = −2 (c) (i) un n2 (ii) un n3
y = ln(x2 + 4x + 4)
n 2n − 1
(d) (i) un = (ii) un =
n +1 2n
⎛ 1⎞
y = ln(x + 2) 5. (a) 2 (b) 2 1 +
x ⎝ n⎠

6. (a) 4, 8, 16 (b) (i) un = 2n

Exercise 6B
1. (a) (i) 27 (ii) 39
⎛ 2⎞ 665
(c) (i) ⎜ ⎟ (ii) a , b = 6, c , d = −1 (b) (i) 116 (ii)
⎝ 0⎠ 48
(c) (i) 14b (ii) 19p
3. (a) y = 3
43 30
(b) p 3 q = 1
⎛ 2⎞
2. (a) (i) ∑r (ii) ∑ 2r
2 3
(c) Translation with vector ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠ 6
1 5
2
2x − 5
(b) (i) ∑2 r +1
(ii) ∑3
(d) f ( x ) =
r
,x ≠ 3 1 0
x −3 10 19

(e) Reflection in the line y x (c) (i) ∑ 7ra (ii) ∑r b

r =2 r =1

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Exercise 6C (c) (i) un = ( −2)
n −1
(ii) un = 5 × ( −1)
n −1

3 × (2 x )
n −1
1. (a) (i) un 9 + 3 (n − 1) (ii) un 57 + 0 2 (n − 1) (d) (i) un ax n−1 (ii) un
1 2. (a) (i) 13 (ii) 7
(b) (i) un 12 (n − 1) (ii) un 18 (n − 1) (b) (i) 10 (ii) 10
2
(c) (i) 10 (ii) 8
(c) (i) un 1 + 3 (n − 1) (ii) un 9 + 10 (n − 1)
3. (a) (i) 15 (ii) 31
(d) (i) un 4 4 (n − 1) (ii) un 27 7 (n − 1)
(b) (i) 33 (ii) 17
(e) (i) un 17 + 11(n − 1)
4. 39366
(ii) un 32 + 10 (n − 1)
5. 10th
2. (a) (i) 33 (ii) 29 6. 16th
(b) (i) 100 (ii) 226
7. 2.5
3. (a) an 5 + 8(n −1) (b) 50 8. ±384
4. 121 9. 7 or −3.5
5. 25th 10. a ,b = 4
6. 17 11. 7
7. a , b = −3
Exercise 6F
8. (b) 456
1. (a) (i) 17089842
Exercise 6D
36855
(ii) ≈ 2300
1. (a) (i) 3060 (ii) 1495 16
(b) (i) 9009 (ii) 23798 (b) (i) 515 (ii) 9.49
(c) (i) −204 (ii) 1470 (c) (i) 39400 (ii) 9840
(d) (i) 667.5 (ii) 14.25 (d) (i) 192 OR 64.0
2. (a) (i) 13 (ii) 32 (iii) 53 (ii) 2.44 × 107 or 1.63 × 107
x 2. (a) (i) 3 (ii) 0.2
(b) (b) (i) −6 (ii) −0.947
2
375 ( n
− )
3. a , d = −8 3. (a) 5 (b) Sn =
4
n
4. (a) Sn = (3n + 1) (b) 30 4. a = 5, r = 1.5
2
5. (a) 1, 5, 9 (b) un 4n − 3 5. 0.8 or –1.16
6. 559
6. (a) 1.5 (b) 160
7. a , d = −8
8. 55 Exercise 6G
9. un 6n − 5 27 196
1. (a) (i) (ii)
10. 20° 2 3
11. 10300 1 26
(b) (i) (ii)
3 33
12. 23926
(c) (i) Divergent (ii) Divergent
Exercise 6E (d) (i)
25
(ii)
18
3 5
(ii) un = 12 × (1 5)
n −1
1. (a) (i) un = 6 × 2n−1 7
(e) (i) Divergent (ii)
n −1 3
⎛ 1⎞
(b) (i) un = 20 × (0 25)
n −1
(ii) un =
⎝ 2⎠
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2. (a) (i) x < 1 (ii) x < 1 Mixed examination practice 6
1 1
(b) (i) x < (ii) x <
3 10 Short questions
1 1
(c) (i) x < (ii) x < 1. 97.2
5 3
(d) (i) x < 4 (ii) x < 12 2. 13th

4 3. 2
(e) (i) x < 3 (ii) x <
5 4. 4.5
1
(f) (i) x > 2 (ii) x > 5. 19264
2 1
(g) (i) 1 x 2 (ii) 0 4 6. 0, −
4
1
(h) (i) < x < 1 (ii) x < −0 5 ⎛ a69 ⎞
2 7. ln ⎜ 138 ⎟
1 ⎝b ⎠
(i) (i) x < 1 (ii) x < 3
4
Long questions
54
3. −
5 1. (a) 10000 + 800n
18 ( − − (b) 10000 × 1 05n
4. (a) Sn =
n
) (b)
27
(c) n < 19 years
4
3 2
5. (a) 3 (b) Divergent 2. (a) 2n − 1
2 (b) 6
6. (a) (b) 9 (c) 64
3
1 3. (a) n
7.
8 n (n + 1)
3 (b)
8. (a) x < (b) 5 2
2
9. 9 n (n − 1)
(c) +1
5 2
10. (a) 1 < x < (b) 7 (e) 32
3
500000 × (1 06 1)
11. (a) x < 0 (b) x = −3 4. (b) 150000 × 1 06n −
3
(c) 40
Exercise 6H
1. (a) £34.78 (b) £1194.05
Chapter 7
2. (a) £60,500 (b) 22
Exercise 7A
3. (a) 5000 × 1.063 n

(b) $6786.35 1. (i) 792 x 5 y 7 (ii) 11 440a7 b9

(c) (i) 5000 × 1.063n > 10000 (iii) 10c 3d 2 (iv) 36a2b7
(ii) 12
(v) 15x 2 y 4
4. (a) 10 (b) 23.7%
5. (a) $265.33 (b) 235 2. (a) 12
(b) 9375
6. (a) 12 (b) Day 102 (c) 3125
7. (a) 0.8192 m (b) 15.32 m 3. 0
8. (b) 25000 (1 04 1)
(c) Year 29

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Exercise 7B
96z 5 + 216z 2 216z
13. 16z 8 96z 216z 1 + 81z
81z −4
1. (a) 1, 2, 1 14. (a) (1 − )
2 n
(b) 1 −10x
10 2 45x 4
(b) 1, 3, 3, 1
15. (a) 3
(c) 1, 5, 10, 10, 5, 1
(b) 27 x 6 y 3 + 135x 5 y + 225x 4 y −11 + 125x 3 y −3
2. (a) (i) 35 (ii) 36
16. 80
(b) (i) 1 (ii) 1
(c) (i) 8 (ii) 45 17. −672
3. (i) 4 (ii) 35 18. −945x 5
(iii) 7 (iv) 56 19. 79 200 000
4. 240 20. 126
5. (a) 5 (b) 80 21. a = 2, n = 5
6. (a) 10 (b) 180
Mixed examination practice 7
Exercise 7C
Short questions
1. (a) (i) 216 (ii) 20
(b) (i) 560 x 3 y 4 (ii) −280 x 3 y 4 1. −101376
(c) (i) −5 (ii) 78030 2. x 3
60xx 2 y +150 x −1 y 2 + 125 y 3
60
2. (a) (i) 32 − 80 x + 80 x − 400 x + 10 x − x
2 3 4 5
3. 232 − 164 2
(ii) 729 + 1458 x + 1215x 2 + 540 x 3
4. −32
+135
135x 4 + 18 x 5 + x 6
5. x 8 8 x 5 24 x 2 3 x 1
16 x −4
16
(b) (i) 243x 5 405x05x 4 y + 270 x 3 y 2
405
(ii) 16c 4 32c
3 c 3d 24c 2d 2
32 6. 5733
(c) 8 x 6 36 x 5 54 x 4 27 x 3 7. −5
3. (a) 81 − 540x
540 + 1350 x 2
(b) 80.4614
4. y 6
y + 135 y
7 8
y 9 Long questions
5. (a) 40 x 3 y 2 (b) −80 x 2 y 3 1. (a) y
6. −10500
7. 20412 x 2
8. 720
x
9. 56 −2

10. (a) 128 + 1344x

1344 + 6048 x 2
(b) (i) 322.88 (ii) 142.0448
(c) The answer in (ii) is more accurate; a
(b) x 3 6 x 2 12 x 8
smaller value of x means that higher-power
(c) 8.012006001
terms are much smaller and therefore less
(d) x = −4
important, so the error is less.
2. (a) 5
80 80 32
11. (a) e5 e3 + 40e + + + (b) 0.5
e e3 e5 (c) 40 x 4 y + 20 x 3 y 2 + 5x 2 y 3
32 x 5 40x
160
80ee +
(b) 2e5 80 (d) 3 240 200
e3
12. (a) 6 (b) 2

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 (b)
Chapter 8
(ii)

Exercise 8A
1. (a)
(i)

(ii)

(i)

(c)

(b)

(ii)

(i)

(d)

(i)
(ii)

(c)
(i) (i),(ii)
(ii)

3π π
3. (a) (i) (ii)
4 4
π 3π
(b) (i) (ii)
2 2
2. (a) 2π 5π
(ii) (c) (i) (ii)
(i) 3 6
5π 4π
(d) (i) (ii)
18 9

4. (a) (i) 5.585 (ii) 0.349

(b) (i) 4.712 (ii) 1.571
(c) (i) 1.134 (ii) 2.531
(d) (i) 1.745 (ii) 1.449
5. (a) (i) 60° (ii) 45°
(b) (i) 150° (ii) 120°

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 (c) (i) 270° (ii) 300° (d)
(d) (i) 69.9° (ii) 265.3° P, (i),(ii)

6. (a)
(i) P θ

θ θ

θ
7. (a)

(ii) Q
(ii)

θ θ
(b)
θ
P

(ii) (i)
θ
θ

(b)
θ
(ii)
Q
(i)
θ θ
θ
(c)
P
(i)
(i)
θ
θ

(c)
(i) (ii)
θ
(ii) Q
θ θ

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 (d) (b) (i) y

Q, (i),(ii)
− π2
π x
θ 2

(ii) y
−π 2π
π x
Exercise 8B
1. (a) sin cos x ≈ 0.5
0.85, cos 9. (a) (i) y
(b) sin 1, cos x ≈ 0
(c) sin cos x ≈ −0.95
0.35, cos −180◦ 180◦
x
2. (a) (i) 1 (ii) 0
(b) (i) 1 (ii) −1
(c) (i) −1 (ii) 0 (ii) y

3. (a) (i) 0 (ii) −1

(b) (i) −1 (ii) 1 180◦ 270◦
(c) (i) 0 (ii) 0 ◦
x
90
4. (a) −0.809 (b) 0.809
(c) 0.809 (d) −0.809
(b) (i) y
5. (a) −0.866 (b) −0.866
3π
(c) −0.866 (d) 0.866 π 2
x
6. (a) 0.766 (b) 0.766 − π2 π
2
(c) −0.766 (d) −0.766
(ii) y
7. (a) 0.766 (b) 0.766
(c) −0.766 (d) −0.766 −π π
x
2π
8. (a) (i) y

10. (a) 2π π
3 3
π
6
x
90◦ 180◦

(ii) y

360◦ (b) (i) 0.5 (ii) −0.5

x
90◦ 11. (a) (i) 0.315 (ii) 0.629
(b) (i) 0.752 (ii) −0.711
12. (a) (i) 0.669 (ii) −0.978
(b) (i) −0.766 (ii) −0.682

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13. −2cos x 6. (a) − tanθ ° (b) − tanθ °
14. sin x 1
(c) (d) tanθ °
tanθ °
Exercise 8C 7. (i) −π
2
y π
2
3π
2

0. 5 2

1. (a) tan x ≈ = 0. 59
0. 85 1
−0.5
(b) tan x ≈ = 0. 59
−0.85 π
x
−0.5
2π

(c) tan x ≈ = −0.59 −1

0. 85
−2
2. (a) (i) y
(ii) −π
2
y π
2
4

x 1
90◦ 270◦ x
−π π
−1

−2

−3
(ii) y −4

8. (i) 0, 180, 360 (ii) 57.9, 122

x 9. (i) max (0.805, 1.122); min (5.48, −1.122)

−90◦ 90◦ 270◦ (ii) max (−1.11, 2.24); min (2.03, −2.24)
10. (i) 1.87, 5.07 (ii) 0, 1.57, 3.14

(b) (i) y
Exercise 8D
2
1. (a) − (b) 0
2
π 3π 5π
x
2
2 2 2 (c) − (d) −1
2
1 1
(ii) y 2. (a) (b) −
2 2
1
(c) − (d) − 3
2
x 2 2
− π2 π
2
3. (a) (b)
2 2
2
(c) − (d) 1
2
3. (a) (i) 2.57 (ii) 80.71 1 3
(b) (i) −0.760 (ii) −1.62 4. (a) − (b) −
2 2
4. (a) (i) 0.625 (ii) −0.213
(b) (i) 0 (ii) 1.28 3 3
(c) (d) −
3 3
1
5. (a) − tan x (b) −
tan x
(c) tan x (d) tan x

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 3 (c) (i) y
5. (a)
4
2 3 1 48.2◦ 312◦ 508◦ 672◦
(b) x
2
1 3
(c)
2

Exercise 8E (ii) y

1. (a) (i) y
−30◦ 1
−150◦ 210◦ 330◦
x
2. (a) (i) y
180◦
−180◦ 0◦
x ( π3 , 1)

3 , −1)
( 4π
(ii) y
(ii) y
(0, 1) (2π, 1)
30◦ 150◦ 270◦
90◦ 210◦ 330◦
x
x

(π, −1)
(b) (i) y
(b) (i) y
(45◦ , 2)

π π x (−135◦, −2)
2
(ii) y
(60◦ , 3)

x
(ii) y
(−120◦ , −3)

(c) (i) y
√
3 (−45◦ , 3) (135◦ , 3)
π 2π
x
6 3
x

(−135◦, −3) (45◦ , −3)

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 (ii) y Mixed examination practice 8
◦
(180 , 5)
Short questions
2π
1. (a) 1.4 m (b) = 2.09 m
3
(0◦ , 1) (360◦ , 1) x 2. (a) 78.5 s
π (b) 377 m
3. (a) Amplitude 3, period (c) 4.8 m/s
2
π 3. (a) π
(b) Amplitude ∞, period
3 ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ 4 π ⎞ ⎛ 11π , 0⎞
(b) ⎝ , 0⎠ , ⎝ , 0⎠ , ⎝ , 0⎠ , ⎝
2π 3 6 3 6 ⎠
(c) Amplitude 1, period
3 (c)
y
(d) Amplitude 2, period 2 3
4. p = 5, q = 2
5. a = 2, b = 20°
π 4π
6. (a) y 3 3
x
5π 11π
6 6
y = 1 + sin 2x

x
−3

y = 2 cos x π
4. a = 5, b =
(b) 2 4
(c) 8
Long questions
7. (a) y ⎛ 2π 3 ⎞ π 1
1. (a) (i) ⎝ , ⎠ (ii) k , c=
3 2 6 2
2π 8π
1 (b) − , − 2π,2π, − , − 4 π
30°
x 3 3
10π
210° (c) (i) 8 (ii) − α, 2π + α
3
2. (a) y
(b) max (300°, 2); min (120°, −2) π
x= 3π
(c) max (300°, 1); min (120°, −3) 2 x= 2

Exercise 8F
1. (a) 9 m, 23 m (b) 6 a.m.
π
2. a = 1.5, b = , m = 4.5 2π
x
6
π
3. (a) a = 5, k = (b) 6.02 s and 8.98 s
5
4. (a) 110 cm, 130 cm
π
(b) s
200
π
(c) s
400

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 (b) (i) π, 2π − x0 (ii) infinitely many 8. (a) (i) 0.644, 5.64, 6.93, 11.9
1 π π (ii) 0.841, 5.44, 7.12, 11.7
(c) (i) s,c (iii) 3, (iv) ,
3 6 3 (b) (i) −2.21, −0.927, 4.07, 5.36
(ii) −2.78, −0.358, 3.50, 5.93
3. (a) −1; π (c) (i) −0.588, 2.55 (ii) −1.25, 1.89
⎛ − π⎞
(b) (i) translation ⎜ 6 ⎟ and vertical stretch with (d) (i) 0, 6.28, 12.6 (ii) 1.57, 4.71, 7.85, 11 0
⎜⎝ 0⎟⎠
9. (a) (i) 30°, 150°, –330°, –210°
scale factor 2.
(ii) 45°, 135°, –315°, –225°
5π (b) (i) ±180° (ii) −90°
(ii) 2;
6 (c) (i) –300°, –120° (ii) –315°, –135°
(c) (i) No; cos(A)) so cos( ) + 3 ≥ 1, never 0. (d) (i) ±225°, ±135° (ii) ±210°, ±150°
(ii) [1, 5] 5π π π 11π
10. (a) (i) ± ,± (ii) ± , ±
3 3 6 6
Chapter 9 2π π 4 π 5π
(b) (i) − ,− , ,
3 3 3 3
Exercise 9A 3π π 5π 7 π
(ii) − ,− , ,
1. (a) (i) 0.927 (ii) 0.201 4 4 4 4
(b) (i) −1.25 (ii) −0.927 π 5π π 3π
π π (c) (i) − , (ii) − ,
6 6 4 4
2. (a) (i) (ii)
6 6 π 3π 5π
π 3π (d) (i) , , (ii) π, 2π
(b) (i) − (ii) 2 2 2
3 4
7 π 5π
π π (e) − ,−
(c) (i) − (ii) 4 4
2 4
11. (a) (i) 5.74°, 174.3° (ii) −14.5°, 194.5°
3. (a) (i) 44.4° (ii) 17.5°
(b) (i) 1.11, 5.17 (ii) 1.00, 5.28
(b) (i) 128.3° (ii) 138.6°
(c) (i) 1.03, −2.11 (ii) 1.14, 4.29
(c) (i) 81.1° (ii) −82.0°
π 5π
4. (a) (i) 0.6 (ii) −0.3 12. − , −
(b) (i) −2 (ii) −1 6 6

5. (a) (i) 30°, 150° (ii) 45°, 135° Exercise 9B

(b) (i) 60°, 300° (ii) 30°, 330°
(c) (i) 240°, 300° (ii) 210°, 330° 1. (a) (i) ±0.955, ±2.19
(d) (i) 45°, 225° (ii) 60°, 240° (ii) ±0.866, ±2.26
π 11π (b) (i) 48.2°, 132°, 228°, 312°
π 7π
6. (a) (i) , (ii) , (ii) 52.2°, 128°, 232°, 308°
6 6 4 4
2π 4 π 5π 7 π 2. (a) (i) 0°, 180°, 360° (ii) 90°, 270°
(b) (i) , (ii) , π
3 3 6 6 (b) (i) 0, ±π, 0.848, 2.29 (ii) ± , ± 1.91
π 3π π 2π 2
(c) (i) , (ii) ,
4 4 3 3 (c) (i) 0.944, 1.30, 4.09, 4.44
π 7π 3π 7 π
(d) (i) , (ii) , 3π 7 π
6 6 4 4 (ii) , , 0.464, 3 61
4 4
7. (a) (i) 26.7°, 153.3° (ii) 44.4°, 135.6° 7 π 11π
(d) (i) 0, π, , , 2π
(b) (i) ±138.6° (ii) ±101.5° 6 6
(c) (i) 18.4°, 198.4°, 378.4°, 558.4° π 3π
(ii) , , 0.983, 4.12
(ii) 53.1°, 233.1°, 413.1°, 593.1° 2 2
(d) (i) −138.2°, −41.8°, 221.8°, 318.2°
(e) (i) 60° (ii) No solutions
(ii) −165.5°, −14.5°, 194.5°, 345.5°

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 2 1
3. (a) (i) 35.3°, 145°, 215°, 325° 7. (a) 5 − (b)
(ii) 22.1°, 97.9°, 142°, 218°, 262°, 338° cos2 x 1 − 2 si 2 x + sin 4 x
(b) (i) 0.266, 1.45, 2.36 1 t2
8. (a) (b)
(ii) 0.706, 3.01, 3.85, 6.15 1+ t2 1+ t 2
(c) (i) −71.6°, 108° (ii) −132°, 48.4° 1− t2 2 3t 2
(c) (d)
π 5π 13π 17 π 1+ t2 t2
4. (a) (i) , , ,
12 12 12 12
Exercise 9D
7 π 11π 19π 23π 31π 35π
(ii) , , , , ,
18 18 18 18 18 18 1. (a) (i) 33.7° (ii) 59.0°
(b) (i) 67.5°, 112.5°, 247.5°, 292.5° (b) (i) 0.322 (ii) 1.89
(ii) ±20°, ±100°, ±140° (c) (i) 2.11, 5.25 (ii) 2.21, 5.36
(d) (i) −113°, 66.8° (ii) −101°, 78.7°
π π 7 π 5π π 7π
(c) (i) , , , (ii) , π 5π π 2π
12 3 12 6 12 12 2. (a) (i) , (ii) ,
12 12 6 3
2π
5. (a) (i) 270°, 330° (ii) 0, π 5π 4 π 11π π
3 (b) (i) , , , (ii)
π π 3 6 3 6 4
(b) (i) ,− (ii) 75°, 345°
6 2
3. (a) 0°, 135°, 180°, 315°, 360°
3π 7 π (b) −π, −2.55, 0, 0.588, π
(c) (i) , (ii) π
4 4 (c) 26.6°
6. 1.01, 2.13 π 3π
(d) , , 2.50, 5.64
1 2 2
7. (a) − (b) 210°, 330°
2 4. (a) (i) 45°, 135°, 225°, 315°
8. 0, ±π (ii) 54.7°, 125.3°, 234.7°, 305.3°
π 5π 13π 17 π (b) (i) 45°, 135°, 225°, 315°
9. ± , ± , ± , ±
6 6 6 6 (ii) 0°, 180°, 360°
5. ±41.8°, ±138.2°
Exercise 9C π 5π 3π
6. , ,
2 2 2 6 6 2
1. (i) cos , tan x = π
3 4 7. −0.253, −2.89, −
3 4 2
(ii) cos , tan x = 1
5 3 8.
2 2 3
2. (i) sinθ , tanθ = 8
3 1 2
9. (a) − ,
7 7 2 3
(ii) sinθ , tanθ = (b) 48.2°, 120°, 240°, 311.8°
4 3
π 3π
2 6 3 10. (b) , − , 0.464, − 2 68
3. (a) (i) − (ii) 4 4
5 2
4 Exercise 9E
(b) (i) − (ii) 0
3
3 1 7 1
4. (i) ± (ii) ± 1. (a) (i) − (ii)
13 5 8 9
5. (a) 3 (b) 1 2 2 4
(b) (i) (ii)
(c) −2 (d) −2 3 5
3 4 2 24
(e) 1 (f) (c) (i) (ii)
2 9 25

6. (i) 4 − sin2 x (ii) 2 cos2 x 1 2 2

2. (a)
4

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 7. 48.2°, 311.8°, 120°, 240°
2 3 π π 5π 3π
(b) , , ,
4 8.
6 2 6 2
2 3
(c)
4
Long questions
3. 2 1
4. (a) cos(6A) (b) 2 si 10 x 1. (a) 3π metres
(b) 5.05 m
5 ⎛ 2x ⎞ (c) 1.50 m
(c) 3cosb (d) sin
2 ⎝ 3⎠
2. (a) y
5. (a) 0, π, 2π (b) 90°
π 1.5
(c) ± , 0.305, 2.84 (d) 0°, 180°, 360°
2 x
2π −2π
6. ±0.955, ±2.19
(b) 2π (c) 0, ±π, ±2π
answer hint (d) 1.2 (e) (ii) 2π − x0
Did you use your GDC to solve this? 3. (a) ±4
π 5π
(c) (i) 1 (ii) ± , ±
3 3
8. (a) 8 4 θ 88cos2 θ + 1
(iii) 5 (iv) 7
(b) 8 i 4 θ 8s
8 in2 θ + 1
1 − cos x
9. (b)
1 + cos x
Chapter 10
2a b Exercise 10B
10.
4a
1. (a) (i) 6.04 (ii) 14.4
Mixed examination practice 9 (b) (i) 10.6 cm (ii) 23.3 cm
2. (a) (i) 49.7 (ii) 59.2
Short questions (b) (i) 74.6 or 105 (ii) 62.0 or 118
(c) (i) 50.9 (ii) 54.4
1. −31.8, 148.2 3. 21.0°, 29.0°, 8.09 cm
5 1 4. A = 49.9°, B = 95.1° and AC = 10.4 cm or
2. (a) (b)
3 9 A = 130.1°, B = 14.9° and AC = 2.69 cm
3. ±0.730, ±2.41
5. 9.94 cm
4. y
6. 23.3 m

Exercise 10C
π
2 π x
1. (a) (i) 5.37 (ii) 3.44
(b) (i) 8.00 (ii) 20.5
2. (a) (i) 60.6° (ii) 120°
(b) (i) 81.5° (ii) 99.9°
3. (i) 106° (ii) 36.3°
Period π
4. 6.12 km
π 3π 2 π 4 π
6. , , , 5. 7.95
2 2 3 3

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6. 4.4 4. 167°
7. 2 2 + 41 5. 90 = 9 49 cm
6. 11.3 cm
Exercise 10D 7. 5.14 cm2
8. 48.4 cm2
1. (a) (i) 10.7 cm2 (ii) 24.3 cm2
(b) (i) 27.6 cm2 (ii) 26.2 cm2 9. 2 cm or 1.5 cm

2. (i) 81.7°, 98.3° (ii) 60.9°, 119° 10. π − 0.6 = 2.54

3. LN = 17.7 cm, area = 29.7 cm2 Exercise 10H

4. 4 3
1. (a) (i) 0.935 cm (ii) 3.39 cm
(b) (i) 21.7 cm (ii) 15.8 cm
Exercise 10E
2. (a) (i) 1.89 cm (ii) 6.99 cm
1. (i) 134 = 11.6 cm (ii) 96 = 9 80 cm (b) (i) 52.5 cm (ii) 37.1 cm

2. Angles 47.6°, 59.7°, 72,7°; area 85.6 cm2 3. (a) (i) 0.0595 cm2 (ii) 1.21 cm2
(b) (i) 149 cm2 (ii) 70.1 cm2
3. 62.5° 25
4. (a) (θ θ ) cm2 (b) 2.08
4. 176 = 13.3 cm 2
5. (b) 70.1° (c) 3.67 cm2
5. (a) 145 = 12.0 cm (b) 290 = 17.0 cm
6. (a) 18.8 m (b) 28.1 m
Mixed examination practice 10
h h
7. (a) RA = RB =
tanα tan β Short questions
(b) 13 m
π
1. (a)
3
Exercise 10F (b) 28.9 cm2
(c) 23.8 cm
1. (i) 7.8 cm (ii) 1.8 cm
2. 80 cm2
2. (i) 82.2 cm (ii) 6.84 cm
3. 58.7°, 121.3°
3. 25 cm
4. (a) 8.09 m (b) 6.58 m
4. (a) 0.938 (b) 53.7°
2
5. (a) 10.2 cm (b) 18.8 cm
5. 2.53
6. (b) 7
6. 7.5 cm
7. 12.3 cm2
7. 6.69 cm
8. (a) 1.14 cm2 (b) 2 cm2
8. 15.7 cm π
9. 31.6 cm
9. (a) −θ (b) 47.7 cm2
2
⎛ 25π + 10⎞ cm 10. 4 cm or 13 cm
10. ⎝ ⎠
6 11. 2 43
11. 5 cm
6π 12. 7.23 cm2
12. 23
5 13. (a)
32
Exercise 10G 3 55
(b)
1. (i) 16.25 cm 2
(ii) 0.072 cm 2 32
2. (i) 463 cm 2
(ii) 4.79 cm2 15 55
(c) cm2
3. 0.8 4

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 1 1 1
Long questions (c) (i) a b (ii) b a
2 2 2
x2 4 1
1. (a) 25 + − 5x cosθ 2. (a) (i) a b (ii) a b
4 3 2
(c) 41.4° 3 1 1
(b) (i) − a + b (ii) − b + a
2. (b) r 2 2 2 2
πr 2 3 4 1
(c) (c) (i) a b (ii) − b + a
4 2 3 2
⎛π ⎞
(d) r 2 ⎝ − 1⎠ ⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 0⎞
2 3. (a) (i) ⎜ 0⎟ (ii) ⎜ −5⎟
1 2 ⎜⎝ 0⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0⎟⎠
3. (b) πr 2 rθ
2 ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 0⎞
(d) 2.50 (b) (i) ⎜ 0⎟ (ii) ⎜ 2⎟
4.42 ⎜⎝ 1⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ −1⎟⎠
4. (a)
3x 2 4. (a) b a
3x 2 2 x − 3 3 1 3 1 1
(b) = − − 2 (b) a b
2x 2 2 x 2x 2 2
(d) (i) 1.24, 2.94 (ii) 1.86, 0.172
(c) 4a 3b
3 3
5. (b) ≤ cosθ < 1 − 1 < cosθ ≤ −   ⎛ 1⎞   ⎛ 0 5⎞
2 2 5. (a) AB = ⎜ ⎟ , AC = ⎜ ⎟
(c) 0° θ ≤ 30° 150° ≤ θ < 180
80° ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 1⎠
(b) (10, −2)
6. (a) (ii) x 2 + 100
(c) 38.7° ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 35⎞
(d) 5.63 6. (a) ⎜ −3⎟ (b) ⎜ −0 5⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
(e) (ii)
40 ⎜⎝ 7 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 5 ⎟⎠
3
⎛ 3⎞
7. (a) (i) 5 (ii) 144 7. ⎜⎝ −4⎟⎠
(b) (i) z = 10 − x
(ii) z 2 x 2 − 12 x Z
⎛ 1 6⎞
(e) (i) 12 (ii) isosceles
8. ⎜ 0 8⎟
π ⎜ ⎟
8. (a) ; a tangent to a circle makes a right angle ⎜⎝ 1 8⎟⎠
2
with the radius 3 3 ⎛ 1 13 ⎞
(b) ABO2P is a rectangle, because there are right 9. (a) i j − 2k (b) ⎝ , , 0⎠
2 2 2 2
angles at A and B, and AB is parallel to PO2.
⎛ 0⎞
(c) 600 = 24.5 cm
10. ⎜ −1⎟
(d) 1.369 ⎜ ⎟
(e) 85.6 cm ⎜⎝ 6 ⎟⎠

Exercise 11B
Chapter 11 ⎛ 21⎞ ⎛ 20 ⎞
1. (a) (i) ⎜ 3 ⎟ (ii) ⎜ −8⎟
Exercise 11A ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜⎝ 36⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 12 ⎟⎠
1. (a) (i) b (ii) a b ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 6⎞
1
(b) (i) –a (ii) − a (b) (i) ⎜ 3⎟ (ii) ⎜ −1⎟
2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜⎝ 9⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 5 ⎟⎠

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 ⎛ 11 ⎞ ⎛ −3⎞ 5
9. 3, −
(c) (i) ⎜ −3⎟ (ii) ⎜ 5 ⎟ 3
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜⎝ 8 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 6 ⎟⎠ ⎛ 6 ⎞
⎛ 4 2⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎛ 10 ⎞ ⎛ 17⎞ 10. (a) ⎜ − 2 ⎟ (b) ⎜ − 6 2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
(d) (i) ⎜ −3⎟ (ii) ⎜ 6 ⎟ ⎜
⎝ 2⎠
⎟ ⎜ 6 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝
⎜⎝ 11 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 35⎟⎠ 23 2 ⎠
11. −2, −
2. (a) (i) −5i + 5k (ii) 4i + 8j 15
(b) (i) i − 3j + 3k (ii) 2j + k 1 14
(c) (i) 4i + 7k (ii) 5i − 4j + 15k 12. t = , d =
3 3
3. (a) −4i + 2j − k
8 4 2 Exercise 11D
(b) − i + j − k
3 3 3 1. (a) (i) 1.12 (ii) 1.17
(c) 4i − 3j + k (b) (i) 1.88 (ii) 1.13
1 1 (c) (i) 1.23 (ii) 1.77
(d) − i + j − k
2 2 5 20
2. (a) (i) − (ii) −
⎛ 2 ⎞ 2 21 570
4. ⎜ 0 ⎟ (b) (i) −
2 1
⎜ ⎟ (ii)
⎜⎝ −3 / 4⎟⎠ 102 35
(c) (i) 0 (ii) 0
5. −2
4 3. (i) 61.0°, 74.5°, 44.5° (ii) 94.3°, 54.2°, 31.5°
6. −
3 4. (a) (i) No (ii) Yes
7. −2 (b) (i) Yes (ii) No
3 1
8. p q= 5. 87.7°
8 8
6. 40.0°
5
Exercise 11C 7. (b) 73.2°, 106.8° (c)
4
1. a = 2 5 , b = 26 , c = 2 5 , d = 2 8. (b) 41.8°, 48.2° (c) 6 5
2. a = 21 , b = 2 , c = 21 , d = 2
Exercise 11E
3. (a) (i) 29 (ii) 2
(b) (i) 58 (ii) 5 1. (a) (i) 16 (ii) −56
4. (a) (i) 19 (ii) 38 (b) (i) 16 (ii) −16
(c) (i) 9 (ii) 9
(b) (i) 74 (ii) 13
(d) (i) −4 (ii) 0
5. (a) 53 (b) 94 7 5
(c) 53 (d) 2 2. (a) (i) (ii)
3 6 39
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ 2 1
1⎜ ⎟ 1⎜ ⎟ (b) (i) (ii)
6. (a) (i) 2 (ii) 2 3 10
3 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 3 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ −1⎠ 3. (i) 48.2° (ii) 98.0°
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞ 4. (a) 19.2
1 ⎜ ⎟ 1⎜ ⎟ (b) 3
(b) (i) 1 (ii) ⎜ −1 ⎟
3 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 5
⎜ 2 2⎟
1 2
⎝ 1⎠ 6. (a) (i) − (ii)
⎝ ⎠ 2 7
7. ±2 6 4 3
(b) (i) (ii) 0,
3 5 2
8.
2

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7. (a) 19 (b) 7
(b) 7 (c) (−8, 16, −26) and (12, −14, 34)
(c) 32
Exercise 11G
8. (a) 2
(b) 6 1. (a) (i) 44.5° (ii) 56.5°
52 (b) (i) 26.6° (ii) 82.1°
9. (a)
9 2. (a) Perpendicular
10. (a) 1.6 (b) None (skew)
(b) 21.3°, 68.7°, 90° (c) Parallel
(c) 88.7 (d) Same line
   
11. (a) AC = a + b, BD = b − a 3. (a) (i) (10, −7, −2) (ii) (4.5, 0, 0)
2
(b) (i) No intersection (ii) No intersection
(b) b a2
⎛ 64 4 19 ⎞
12. (b) 2 4. , ,
⎝ 9 9 9⎠
(c) 4 5 66
5.
11
Exercise 11F 6. (a) (4, 1, −2)
⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ (c) (1, 1, 2)
1. (a) (i) r = ⎜ ⎟ + λ ⎜ ⎟ (ii) r = ⎜ ⎟ + λ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ −1⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ −3⎠ 5 26
(d)
2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ −1⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
(b) (i) r = 0 + λ ⎜ 3⎟
⎜ ⎟ (ii) r = 1 + λ ⎜ −2⎟
⎜ ⎟ 7. 3
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 5 19 9 ⎞
⎜⎝ 5⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ −3⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 5⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2⎟⎠ 8. (a) , ,
⎝ 6 6 2⎠
⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 0⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ (b) 48.5°
(c) (i) r = ⎜ ⎟ + λ ⎜ ⎟ (ii) r = ⎜ ⎟ + λ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ −3⎠ 11 11
(d) (= 6 08)
⎛ 0⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ 6
(e) 4.55
(d) (i) r = 2 + λ ⎜ 0⎟
⎜ ⎟ (ii) r = −3 + λ ⎜ 3⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 9. (a) (9, −5, 8)
⎜⎝ 3⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ −3⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ −1⎟⎠
(c) (3, 4, −1)
⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ −3⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
2. (a) (i) r = ⎜ ⎟ + λ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 1⎠
(ii) r = ⎜ ⎟ + λ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 7⎠ ⎝ −9⎠ 10. (b) 2 ( )
6 −1 2 6 2 6 or

⎛ −5⎞ ⎛ 9⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 9⎞ (2 6 2 6 −1 2 6)

(b) (i) r = ⎜ −2⎟ + λ ⎜ 0⎟ (ii) r = ⎜ 1⎟ + λ ⎜ −6⎟

⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜⎝ 3⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3⎟⎠ Mixed examination practice 11
3. (a) (i) Yes (ii) Yes
(b) (i) No (ii) Yes Short questions
4. (b) (0, 3, 0) ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
⎛ 7⎞ ⎛ −4⎞ 1. r = −1 + λ ⎜ 1⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜⎝ 1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0⎟⎠
5. (a) r = 1 + λ ⎜ −2⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜⎝ 2⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3⎟⎠
1   
2. (a) AD − AB
(b) (−5, −5, 11) or (19, 7, −7) 2
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ 3. (11, 13, 8)
⎛ 11 20 2 ⎞ ⎛ 29 20 22 ⎞
6. (a) r = 1 + λ ⎜ −3⎟
⎜ ⎟ 4. , , or − , − ,
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 3 3 3⎠ ⎝ 3 3 3⎠
⎜⎝ 4⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 6⎟⎠

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 ⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 3t ⎞
5. (a) r = 1 + λ ⎜ −3⎟
⎜ ⎟ 6. (a) ⎜ 5 4t ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜⎝ 12⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ t ⎟⎠

⎛ 31 89 59 ⎞ (d) 30 km
(b) , ,
⎝ 14 14 7 ⎠ ⎛ μ λ+8 ⎞
6. 74.4° 7. (b) (i) ⎜ μ λ −3 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
π ⎜⎝ −μ
μ λ − 16⎟⎠
7. − 2θ
2
8. 0 (iii) 3μ 9λ + 21 = 0
(iv) P(1, 1, 2), Q(4, −1, 3)
Long questions
(v) 14
⎛ 2 ⎞
1. (a) ⎜ 0 ⎟ ⎛ −2⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜⎝ k − 7⎟⎠ 8. (a) r = 4 + λ ⎜ 1⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
(c) (3, 6, 1) ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0⎟⎠
1
(d) − 1
10 (b)
2
(c) 3 2
2. (b) 33
(c) 45.7° 3 2
(d)
(d) 4.11 2
⎛ −1 + 3 ⎞
⎜ k + 1⎟ Chapter 12
3. (a) ⎜ 3 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ k + 1⎟ Exercise 12A
⎜ −4⎟
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
1. (a) (i) y
(b) 5
⎛3 3 ⎞
(c) , ,2
⎝2 2 ⎠ 3

33
(d) x
2 0

4. (a) (a, a2 )
  ⎛ −a ⎞   ⎛ −a ⎞
(b) PO = ⎜ 2 ⎟ , PS = ⎜
⎝ −a ⎠ ⎝ 4 − a2 ⎟⎠
(c) 3 (ii)
y
(d) 2 3

⎛ 3t ⎞
5. (a) ⎜ ⎟ x
⎝ 4t ⎠ 0
− 12
⎛ 3t ⎞
(b) ⎜
⎝ 18 − 5t ⎟⎠
(d) t = 2
(e) 2 hours

624 Answers © Cambridge University Press 2012.

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(b) (i) y (d) (i) y

x
0
−1 x
0
−2 1

(ii) y

(ii) y

x
0
2

x
0
−3 −1 1

(c) (i) y

(e) (i) y

x
0
−1 3 −5 −1 3
x
−3 1 5

(ii) y
(ii) y

x
0 −1 2
1 3 x
−2 0 1

© Cambridge University Press 2012. Answers 625

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 y (c) y
(f) (i)

(2, y)

(ii) y
(d) y
(−2, y1 )

(1, y2 )

2. (a) y
3. (a) Sometimes true
(b) Sometimes true
(c) Always true
(d) Sometimes true
(e) Sometimes true
(f) Sometimes true

Exercise 12B
(1, y)

1. (a) (i) f ′ ( x ) = 3x 2 (ii) f ′ (x ) = 4x3

(b) (i) f ′ ( x ) = −4 (ii) f ′ ( x ) = 6x
(b) y (c) (i) f ′ ( x ) = 2 x − 6 (ii) f ′ ( x ) = 2x − 3
(5, y2 )

Exercise 12C
1. (a) (i) y ′ = 4 x 3 (ii) y′ = 1
(b) (i) y ′ = 21x 6
(ii) y ′ = −20 x 4
(c) (i) y ′ = 0 (ii) y′ = 0
(−1, y1 ) (d) (i) y ′ = 12 x − 10 x + 2 (ii)
2
y ′ = 8x 3 + 9x 2 − 1
3
(e) (i) y ′ = 2 x 5 (ii) y′ = − x
2

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 3 5 − 23
(f) (i) y ′ = 7 − x 2 (ii) y ′ = −20 x 3 + x 4 2. (a) (i) x (ii) 15q4
2 3
3 12 2 −1 (b) (i) 3 7t −2 (ii) 1 − c −2
(g) (i) y ′ = x (ii) y′ = x 3
2 3 (c) (i) 18 + 6 x (ii) 6t −3
1
1 − 16
(h) (i) y ′ = 8 x 3 (ii) y′ = x 227
2 3. (a) (i) 30 (ii)
3
− 36
(i) (i) y ′ = 12 x 3 − 2 x + 6 x 5

2
2 −1 answer hint 3(a)
(ii) y ′ = 3x 2 − x 3 + x 2
3 Did you think about doing this on
(j) (i) y ′ = − x −2 (ii) y ′ = 3x −4 the calculator?
1 −3 −
7
(k) (i) y ′ = − x 2 (ii) y ′ = 6x 4
2
(b) (i) 7 (ii) −29999.8
4 −7 −
10
(c) (i) 12 (ii) −10
(l) (i) y ′ = 5 + x 2 (ii) y′ = x 7 − 8 x −7
3 (d) (i) 24 (ii) 32
7
1 − 23 4 − 15 (e) (i) 6 (ii)
2. (a) (i) x (ii) x 2 6
3 5
(b) (i) −6 x −3 (ii) 4 x −11 4. (a) (i) 2ax + 1 − a (ii) 3x 2
1 −3 −
7
1 b
(c) (i) − x 2 (ii) −2 x 4 (b) (i) (ii) 6a2v
2 2 a
7 25 1
−
1
(d) (i) 9 2 8 x (ii) x 3x 4x 2
5. (a) (i) 54 (ii) 384
2
4 1
2 −
2 1
(e) (i) x + x
3 3 −1 (ii) 2 x 8 x −3 (b) (i) 8 (ii)
3 3 108
15 23 1 − 43 (c) (i) 0 (ii) 42
2 2
(f) (i) 9 22x (ii) x x
32 2 6. (a) (i) 2 or –2 (ii) 1
3. (a) (i) −1 (ii) (b) (i) 17 or −17 (ii) 6
2
1
(b) (i) −2x − 1 (ii) 4 x 3 2 7. (a) (i) x > (ii) x < −1
2
(b) (i) x > 1 (ii) x < 0
Exercise 12D
9. (−0.199, 0.913), (1.29, −0.181), (3.91, 30.3)
dz 1
1. (a) 10. x > −
dt 3
dQ 11. n!
(b)
dP
Exercise 12E
dR
(c)
dm 1. (a) (i) y ′ = 3cos x (ii) y ′ = −2sin x
dV 1
(d) y′ =
dt (b) (i) y ′ = 2 + 5 sin x (ii)
cos2 x
dy cos x − 2 sin x
(e) (c) (i) y ′ =
dx 5
d2 z 1 1
(f) (ii) y ′ = − cos x
dy 2 2 cos2 x 3
2. π
d2 H 22 − π 2
(g)
dm2 3.
12

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 π 5π (ii) (0, 0) local maximum; (2, −16) local
4. ,
4 4 minimum; (−2, −16) local minimum
π 2 π 4 π 5π ⎛ 2π 3 3 + 2π ⎞
5. x = , , , (b) (i) ⎜ ,
3 3 3 3 ⎟ local maximum;
⎝ 3 6 ⎠
Exercise 12F ⎛ 2π 3 3 + 2π ⎞
2e x ⎜⎝ − 3 , − 6 ⎟⎠ local minimum
1. (a) (i) y ′ = 3e x (ii) y′ =
5 (ii) (0, 3) local maximum; (π, −1)
−2 1
(b) (i) y ′ = (ii) y′ = local minimum
x 3x (c) (i) (4, ln 4 − 2) local maximum
1 ex 3
(c) (i) y ′ = − 3 + 4e x (ii) y′ = − + ⎛ ⎛ 5⎞ ⎛ 5⎞ ⎞
(ii) ⎜ ln , ln local minimum
5x 2 x ⎝ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎟⎠
7
2. 2 −
ln 4 answer hint
1 In the exam you should give the
3. 3 −
2l 3 d2y
value of for each stationary
4. ln3 dx 2
point to justify your classification
5. x > ln2
6. 3
answer hint
2. (−4, 92) local maximum; (2, −16) local minimum
Q6. Did you exclude the solution
⎛ 1 1⎞
x = −2 because it cannot go into g(x)? 3. ,− local minimum
⎝ 4 4⎠
4. (0.245, 4.12) local maximum;
3 1 (3.39, −4.12) local minimum
7. (a) (i) y ′ = (ii) y′ =
x x
ex 6. y ≥ −21
(b) (i) y ′ = e3 e x (ii) y′ = 3
e 7. y ≥ 6 − 4 ln 4
(c) (i) y ′ = 2 x (ii) y ′ = 3e2 x 2 ⎛ 4 32 ⎞
8. (0, 0) local minimum; − , 2 local maximum
⎝ k k ⎠
Exercise 12G
Exercise 12I
(ln 2,, (ln 2)2 )
1. (a) Tangent: 11x − 4y − 4 = 0;
normal: 4x + 11y − 126 = 0 1.
(b) Tangent: x y − π = 0 ; 2. (1, 4) and (−1, −10)
normal: 4 x 166 y π 16 0
⎛ π π⎞ ⎛ 3π 3π ⎞
4. ⎝ , ⎠ and ⎝ , ⎠
2. x 5 y − 10 − l 25 = 0 2 2 2 2
3. ( −1, −4 )
answer hint
4. 2.05, −0.0541
As the question doesn’t state how
5. y 3x − l 4 + 2
many points of inflexion there are,
6. (0.410, 0.348) you need to show that both of these
are actually points of inflexion by
Exercise 12H d2y
checking the sign of on either
dx 2
1. (a) (i) (0, 0) local maximum;
side.
⎛ 10 −500 ⎞
, local minimum
⎝ 3 27 ⎠
628 Answers © Cambridge University Press 2012.
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6. y ⎛ 1 7⎞
4. ,
⎝ 16 16 ⎠

⎛ 2⎞
5. 2, −
⎝ 3⎠

C π
6. x kπ local minima,
x 6
B A C π
x kπ
6
C
local maxima (k )
7. y

Exercise 12J
1. Minimum 1, maximum e
2. (a) 225 m2
(b) 60 m
C
3. Minimum −6 3 , maximum 80
x
4. Minimum 3 3 ln 3 , maximum e2 − 6 B A 0 B A
C C
5. Minimum 0, maximum 4π
1 1
6. 2 8. 3− 4 = 4
3
7. 2.25
Long questions
8. Minimum: 2 minutes; maximum: 4 minutes
9. (a) 40 million litres 1. (b) 3 b 6
(c) a = 1, b = 3
(b) After 1.6 and 3.8 days (d) (−7, −192)

10. (a) 2 units ⎛ 1 86 ⎞

2. (a) (i) − ,
(b) 0 units ⎝ 3 27 ⎠
(c) 1.94 units
⎛ 1 70 ⎞
(ii) ,
11. (a) 4 litres ⎝ 3 27 ⎠
(b) 41.5 litres 8 78
(c) t = 20 seconds (b) (i) y x+
9 27
x2 8 ⎛ 3 + 2 3 ⎞ 70 64 3
12. (a) ( ) kJ (ii) y x− + − or
10 9⎝⎜ 9 ⎟⎠ 27 243
2
(b) 10 m
(c) 0 < x < 10 8⎛ 3 − 2 3 ⎞ 70 64 3
y ⎜ x− + +
9⎝ 9 ⎟⎠ 27 243
Mixed examination practice 12
3. (a) (i) 11 000 (ii) 9.55 hours
Short questions (b) (i)
dP
= et − 3 (ii) 8.70 hours
dt
π
π π π
1. y e x − e 2 + e 2 + 2
2
d2 P
2 (c) (i) = et (ii) 9704
2. x = 2 dt 2
3. b = 8, c = −7

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 x4 3x 2
+ x3 + +x+c
Chapter 13 (d) (i)
4 2
x4 x3
Exercise 13A (ii) + + 2x 2 + c
4 3
1. (a) (i) y = x3 (ii) y = x5 2 3
4. 2 x + x 2 + c
1 1 3
(b) (i) y = (ii) y = 4
x x Exercise 13D
(c) (i) y x (ii) y 3 x
(d) (i) y = 2x 5
(ii) y = 4x3 1. (a) (i) 2ln x + c (ii) 3ln x + c
1 1
(b) (i) ln x + c (ii) ln x + c
Exercise 13B 2 3
x2 x3
3 4 (c) (i) −l x+c (ii) + 5l
5 x+c
1. (a) x + any three constants 2 3
4 2 2
(b) Any three constants (d) (i) 3 ln x − + c (ii) ln x + +c
x x
7 5 1 3
2. (a) (i) x +c (ii) x +c 2. (a) (i) 5e x + c (ii) 9e x + c
5 9
1 4 2e x 7e x
(b) (i) − + c (ii) − 2 + c (b) (i) +c (ii) +c
2t y 5 11
e x 3x 2 ex x 4
Exercise 13C (c) (i) + +c (ii) + +c
2 4 5 20
1. (a) (i) x9 + c (ii) x12 + c Exercise 13E
x2 x4
(b) (i) +c (ii) +c 1. (a) (i) − cos x − ssin
in x + c
2 4
x (ii) 3 i x 44ccos x + c
(c) (i) 9x + c (ii) +c
2 x 2 cos x 1 23 sin x
x6 9 5 (b) (i) − +c (ii) x + +c
(d) (i) +c (ii) x +c 14 7 9 6
2 5
3 9 43 (c) (i) x in x + cos x + c
(e) (i) 2 x 2 + c (ii) x +c (ii) −2cos x − sin x + c
4
5 1 2. π i − πx
πx + c
(f) (i) − + c (ii) − 2 + c
x x
3. sin x − cos x + c
2. (a) (i) 3t + c (ii) 7z + c
q6 r 11 answer hint
(b) (i) +c (ii) +c
6 11 Q3. Use a trigonometric identity to
15 85 10 92 simplify first.
(c) (i) g +c (ii) y +c
2 9
4 1
(d) (i) − + c (ii) − 3 + c
h 3p
Exercise 13F
x3 x4 x5
3. (a) (i) − + 2x + c (ii) − x 2 + 5x + c x2
3 4 5 1. (a) (i) y = +5 (ii) y 2x 3 + 5
2
1 1 5 1 1
(b) (i) − − +c (ii) − + 4 + c (b) (i) y 2 x +4 (ii) y = − + 4
6t 2 12t 3 v v x
2 25 18 76 (c) (i) y 2 x + 2 x − 1 − 22e
(c) (i) x +c (ii) x +c
5 7
(ii) y = e x − 5
1
(d) (i) y = x + ln x − 1 (ii) y = l x + 4
2
(e) (i) y sin x − cos x (ii) y 3 x + 1

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 1 32
2. (a) f ( x ) = l x + c 2.
2 3
1 1 11
(b) y ln x − ln 2 + 7 3. e2 −
2 2 3
3. (a) −2 4. 0.462
e5
4. y = ln 6. 2 2
x
7. 8
Exercise 13G
8. 4
1. (a) (i) 320 (ii) 28.5
(b) (i) 1 (ii) −2 Mixed examination practice 13
3
(c) (i) e − 1 (ii) 3e −
e Short questions
2. (a) (i) 0.995 (ii) 0.0997
1
(b) (i) 1.46 (ii) 1 1. f ( x ) = − cos x
2
3. eπ + π + 1
4k 3
5. 20 2.
3
6. a = 16 2 5
3. ln x + x 2 + c
5
Exercise 13H 4. (a) a = 2
7 1 1
1. (a) (i) (ii) (b)
3 4 2
2 22
(b) (i) (ii)
3 3 bn +1 a n +1
5. (a) (i) an + 1 (ii) −
(c) (i)
11
(ii)
79 n +1 n +1
4 6 (b) n = 3
2. 9
3. (a) 6 answer hint
22 Q5. You did not need to calculate
(b)
3 an integral for the red area to
answer this question.
4. 2
answer hint
Q4. There is an easier way than 2
splitting the integral into two parts. 6. 2 3 − π
3
7. (a) Local minimum
9 (b) x 3 3x 2 45x + 100
5.
2

Exercise 13I Long questions

32 1 1. (a) 3 − e
1. (a) (i) (ii)
3 6 (b) 5
1 (c) e x + (3 e ) x + 2
(b) (i) 9 (ii)
3 e+5
(d)
9 1 2
(c) (i) (ii)
8 3 2. (b) (−a, 0) and (3a, 8a2)

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 (c)
64 3
a (ii) −24 sin33 ( 4 cos 3x + 1)
3
6 2x 5 i 5x
15 (d) (i) (ii)
(d) 1 3 cos 2 x 2 5x
16
5. y 66 x − 11

Chapter 14 6. y
27 2
x−
77
8 12
Exercise 14A ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3 π ⎞
7. ⎝ , e⎠ ⎝ , e −1 ⎠
2 2
1. (a) (i) 15 (3 4) (ii) 35 (5 4)
4 6
8. 7
3 1 9. (a) The left post, because h(−1) > h(2)
(b) (i) (ii)
2 3x − 2 2 x 1 1
(c) 3 2 + 3
1 4 4
(c) (i) (ii) −
(3 − x )2 (2 + 3)3
(d) (i) 10e10 x+1 (ii) −3e 4 −3 x Exercise 14B
(e) (i) 4 cos 4 x (ii) −3 i ( + )
1 2 1. (a) (i) (1 )3 3x (1 + x )
2

(f) (i) − (ii) −

5−x 3 − 2x (ii) 8 ( 3) +16
16 x 2 ( x + 3)
4 3

2. (a) (i) 7 (2 x 3)( 3x + 1) (b) (i) 2 x sin x + x 2 cos x

2 6
3x
(ii) 15x 2 ( x 3 + 1)
4
5x
(ii) 5 tan x +
cos2 x
(2 x 2) e x (ii) −3x 2 e 4 − x
2 2x 3
(b) (i)
ex
(c) (i) e x ln x + (ii) e x i x e x cos x
(c) (i) −6 ( + )−4 (ii) 20e x (2 55e x )
−5
x
(d) (i) 6 cos(3x 2 + 1)
2. (a) (i) 2 x cos x x 2 sin x
(ii) − (2 x + 2) sin( x + 2 x ) 2
(ii) −x 2
n x + x −1 cos x
(e) (i) −3 sin x cos2 x (ii) 4 cos x sin3 x
2 15x 2 8x (b) (i) −2 x 3 l x + x −3 (ii) 3x 2 l x + x 2
(f) (i) (ii) 1
2 x + 1 + x 3 (2 x + 1)
(2 x 5x )3 4x2 1 2 −
(c) (i) 3 2

16 5
(g) (i) (4 l x 1)3 (ii) − (l x + 3)−6 1
x + 2 x −1 ( 4 x )
−
x x (ii) − x 2 2

3. (a) (i) 10 (2 3) (ii) 32 ( 4 x 1) 1

4 7
(d) (i) 2e2 e2 x
cos2 x
(b) (i) 4 (5 − x ) (ii) 7 (1 − x )
−5 −8
(ii) e x +1 x +1
e cos 3x
(c) (i) 4 si (1 − 4 x ) (ii) sin(2 − x )
3. (a) (i) 3 ( x 1) ( x − 2) (3x − 1)
3 4
5 1
(d) (i) (ii)
x−4 (ii) ( x 3) ( x + 5) (11x + 23)
6 3
5 2

4. (a) (i)
6 3x
(ii) 4 ta (2 x )
1 (b) (i) (2x 1)3 (1 3x ) ( −42x
2
42 x + 17 )
cos3 3x cos2 2 x
(ii) (1 x ) ( 4 x + 1) ( −28 3)
4
28
(b) (i) 6 (3 ) cos
cos (3x ) esin (3 x )
2

2l (2x ) e(ln 2 x )2 4. (6 x 2 4 x + 3) e2x

4x
(ii)
x 5. y = 2ex − e
(c) (i) −16 sin (2 ) cos (2 x )( − ( )) 6. (9 2
12xx 2) e3x
12

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 1
7. x = − ,2
2 (b) (i) 2 3 (ii) 4 2
8
⎛ 2 2 ⎞ (c) (i) 4 2 (ii)
8. ⎜⎝ − 3 , − ⎟ 3
3 3⎠
2. (a) x (12 2 x )
2

1 7 (b) x = 2
9. x = 3, − ,
3 4
3. 48 cm2
10. (b) (0.538, 0.474), (1.82,−0.877), (3.29, 0.957),
(4.81, −0.979) ⎛ 2 3 8⎞
4. ⎜⎝ 3 , 3 ⎟⎠
11. e x (1 ) ( ex )
5. (a) (i) ( π − x ,sin x ) (ii) ( π − ) sin x
12. (a) ln x +1
(c) 1.12
(b) x ln x − x C
6. 733 cm3
⎛ 3π 2 − 34π ⎞
13. ⎜ , − e ⎟ 7. 650 cm3
⎝ 4 2 ⎠
8. (a) 3 and 3
14. a = 4, b = 5 (b) 0 and 6
15. (a) y = e x ln x 9. (b) r = 5.56, h = 7.86
(b) (ln x + 1) x x
⎛ 7 7⎞
− e −1
12. ⎜ , ⎟
(c) ( ,e ) ⎝ 2 2⎠

Exercise 14C Mixed examination practice 14

2 −5
1. (a) (i) (ii)
( x + 1) 2
( x − 3) 2
Short questions
x( x ) −1
2 −( x )
1
2 −x − 1 16
(b) (i) = 1.
x2 2
x 2x 1 225
1 1 2. (a) 5e5 x
2 x(x 1) 2 − 12 x 2 (x 1)− 2 x(3x 4) 3
(ii) = (b)
x −1 2 (x 1)3 2 3x + 2
2( x 2 x 2) x 2 + 2x + 4 3e5 x
(c) (i) (ii) − (c) 5 5 3x + 2 +
( x 2 + 2)2 (1 + x )2 5 2 3x + 2
3.
1 l 3x 1 2 ln 2 x 2
(d) (i) (ii) 4. 15 m
x2 x3
⎛ ln b a ⎞
5. (b) − ,
2. (0, 0), (1, 1) ⎝ c 2b ⎠
π2 − π4
3. y = x+ Long questions
4 8π
4. −1
1. (a) π
⎛ 1⎞
5. e, local maximum (b) (i) e x (sin x + cos x ) (ii) 0
⎝ e⎠
6. 0 < x < 2, x ≠ 1 (d) (i) 0
π π
7. a = 3, b = 4, p =
3 (ii) ⎛ ,e 2 ⎞
2 ⎝2 ⎠

Exercise 14D 1
2. (a) x =
2
49
1. (a) (i) 2 (ii) (b) (0, 0) and (1, −1)
12

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 (c) (0, 0) local minimum; (1, −1) local maximum 1 6x
(d) y (b) e +c
6
1
x= 2 1
y= − x2 (c) − ln(2 − 5 ) + c
5
6. Both are right:
x
0 1 1 1 1
(1, −1) ln (3x ) + c = ln x + ln3
l 3 + c = ln
ln l x + c ′ where
3 3 3 3
1
c ′ = l 3 + c is an unknown constant as well
3
7. 0.492
3. (b) (ii)
(ln 2)2 x 2 − 4 x ln
l 2+2
2x
Exercise 15B
2
(c) (i) 1 2 3
ln 2 1. (a) (i) ( x + 2)2 + c
3
Chapter 15 1 2 3
(ii) ( x + 6x 4 )2 + c
3
Exercise 15A 1 3
(b) (i) ln( 3 1) 1) + c (ii) ln ( x 2 + 5) + c
3 2
1
1. (a) (i) ( x + )5 + c (ii) ( x 2)6 + c 1 1
6 (c) (i) − cos3 x + c (ii) ( ln x )2 + c
3 2
4
1
(ii) 2 ⎛ x + 1⎞ + c
1
(b) (i) ( 4 x 5)8 + c 1 2 1 2
32 ⎝8 ⎠ 2. (a) (i) ( x + 3 )4 + c (ii) ( x 1)6 + c
1 8⎛ 1 ⎞7 8 4
(c) (i) − ( − )9 + c (ii) − 3 − x + c 1
9 7⎝ 2 ⎠ (b) (i) (3x 2 15x 4 )5 + c
1 3 4 7 15
(d) (i) (2 x 1)2 + c (ii) − ( − ) 4 + c 1 3
3 5 3 (ii) ( x 3 x 2 5 )4 + c
⎛ x⎞ 4 12
(e) (i) 2 ( 4 − 3 )−1 + c (ii) 4 ⎝ 2 + ⎠ + c
3 (c) (i) ln ( x 2 + 3) + c
1 2 5
2. (a) (i) e3x + c (ii) e +c (ii) 2 l ( x 3 6 x + 1) + c
6x
2
1 2x 1
x 2 1 4
(b) (i) 2e 2 + c (ii) 6e 3 +c (d) (i) − cos6 3x + c (ii) sin 2 x + c
9 8
1 1 2 3 x2
(c) (i) 2e −3 x + c (ii) − e 4x
+c (e) (i) e3 x −1 + c (ii) e +c
4 2 2
x
3 −2x −
(d) (i) − e 3 + c (ii) 8e 4 +c (f) (i) ln e2 3
+4 +c si x + c
(ii) ln 4 3 4 sin
2
3. e − 1
3. (a) (i) ln( )+c (ii) ln( )+c
2 3 3
2
(b) (i) ln (3x 4 ) + c (ii) −4 l (2 − 5) + c 4. ( x + 5) 2 + c
3 9
1 3
(c) (i) − ln(7 − 2 ) + c (ii) ln(1 4 ) + c
2 4 5. 2 e + 1 − 2 2
1 6. e5 e 1
4. (a) cos (2 3 ) + c
3
7. ln 8
1
(b) sin 4 x + c 8. (a) tan x =
sin x
(b) − ln(cos x ) + c
2 cos x
1 9. 2 3 − 2
5. (a) (2 x 3)3 + c
6

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10. They are all right, with different ⎛ e4 1⎞
constants of integration ‘c’, because (b) (i) + e2 − π
⎝ 4 4⎠
1 2 1 2 1 1 1
sin x cos x + = − cos 2 x + by ⎛ 25 e −4 ⎞
2 2 2 4 4 (ii) − 4e −2 − π
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
trigonometric identities.
(c) (i) 2π (ii) π

Exercise 15C 2. (a) (i) 101 (ii) 134

(b) (i) 12.6 (ii) 45.7
1. (a) (i) v 8 −2t
, a = 16e 2t (c) (i) 3.59 (ii) 0.771
3. 19.0
(ii) v 6 3t
, a = −18e3t
4. π
(b) (i) v = cos ⎛ ⎞ , a = − sin ⎛ ⎞
5 t 5 t
4
2 ⎝ 2⎠ 4 ⎝ 2⎠ 5. 3
3
(ii) v 6 sin(2t ), a 12 ( t)
6. (a) (0, 3) and (4, 19)
1 1 4 3008
2. (a) (i) t 3 t (ii) t t (b) π = 630 (3 SF)
2 8 15
1 1
(b) (i) 2 2e − t (ii) t + e2t −
2 2
⎛ t + 2⎞
(c) (i) 3 ln
⎝ 2 ⎠
(ii) 3 l ( 1) Mixed examination practice 15
3. (a) (i) 1.73 (ii) 3.16 Short questions
(b) (i) 2.22 (ii) 0.746
(c) (i) 3.23 (ii) 7.06 1
1. (a) − ln(1 − 3 ) + c
5. (a) 13.6 m 3
1
(b) 16.4 m (b) − ( + )−1 + c
6. (a) 4.4 m 2
(b) 10.3 m
2. ln( )+c
1− t2
7. (a) 2 3. 6.36
(t + 1)2
1 4. (a) ln x +1
(b) ln(26) = 1.63 (3 SF)
2 (b) x ln x − x + c
25 π
8. 5.
4 2

9. (b) It reverses for 4 s and then moves forward. 6. 1

1 7. ln2
(c) 5 m
3 5
8. (b) ln( )− +c
2 x −2
(d) 26 m
3
9. ln ( ln x ) + c
1
(e) 21 m
3
(f) t = 7 s Long questions
(g) 16 m/s
1. (a) x + c
Exercise 15D (b) ln(sin x + coss ) + c
1
1. (a) (i)
1524
π (ii)
18
π (c) ( x − x+ x )+c
5 7 2

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 1 1 (c) True
2. (b) x + i 2x2x + c (d) Impossible to be sure; e.g. true for 20, 20, 20,
2 4
20, 20, 32
π
(c) (e) Impossible to be sure; e.g. true for 20, 21, 22,
2 23, 24, 32
3. (a) −10 m/s2
(b) t = 0, 5 3. 5
25 4. (a) 12
(c) = 8.33 m
3 (b) 2.92
(d) 67 m 5. 21
(e) 7.5 s

Exercise 16C
Chapter 16
1. (a) x = 12.1, σ = 1.90, Q2 = 12
Exercise 16A (b) x = 0.263, σ = 0.137, Q2 = 0 2

1. (a) (i) Mean: 22.6; median 19; mode: none

(ii) Mean: 1.2; median 0.4; mode: none 2. (a) 17, 21
1 (b) 17, 20
(b) (i) Mean: 31 ; median 29; mode: 28 (c) 16.5, 20.5
3
(ii) Mean: 58.5; median 51; mode: none (d) 16, 20
5
2. (i) Mean: 25 ; median 24.5; mode: 15 3. (a) (i) x = 26.1, σ = 20 4
6
5 (ii) x = 253,σ = 151
(ii) Mean: 4 ; median 4.5; mode: −8
6
4. (a) Sometimes (b) Sometimes (b) (i) x = 6.38, σ = 5.23
(c) Sometimes (d) Sometimes
(e) Always (f) Sometimes answer hint
(g) Always
(b) The first group starts at 0,
(h) Sometimes (e.g. not true for 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 5)
5. 18.3 not −0.5!
6. (a) 84%
(b) 79% (ii) x = 102, σ = 5.78
7. 5 and 8
8. 8 or 9 (c) (i) x = 6.58, σ = 5.11

Exercise 16B (ii) x = 15.3, σ = 9.85

1. (a) (i) σ = 7.23, IQR = 12.6 4. (a) 1.5

(ii) σ = 6.57, IQR = 13.5 (b) 1.84
(b) (i) σ = 11.1, IQR = 3 5. p = 14, q = 20
(ii) σ = 35.3, IQR = 72
6. p = 13, q = 0
2. (a) False
(b) Impossible to be sure; e.g. true for 20, 26, 26,
26, 26, 32

636 Answers © Cambridge University Press 2012.

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 (ii) Median ≈ 102 W; IQR ≈ 8 W
Exercise 16D
120
1. (a) (i) Median ≈ 21 s; IQR ≈ 26 s

Cumulative Frequency
100
50
80

60
Cumulative Frequency

40

40
30
20
20
0
90 100 110 120
10 Power (W)

(c) (i) Median ≈ 4.3 years; IQR ≈ 6.7 years

0 20 40 60 80 100
Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Time (s) Q4 50
(ii) Median ≈ 233 g; IQR ≈ 154 g

Cumulative Frequency
40
120
30
100
Cumulative Frequency

20
80
10
60

40 0 5 10 15 20
Age (yr)
20
(ii) Median ≈ $13.50; IQR ≈ $14

0 200 400 600 800 1000 125

Q 0 Q 1 Q 2 Q3 Mass (g) Q4
Cumulative Frequency

(b) (i) Median ≈ 4.5 cm; IQR ≈ 7 cm 100

75
150

50
Cumulative Frequency

100 25

0 10 20 30 40 50
50 Tip ($)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Q0Q1Q2 Q3 Length (cm) Q4

© Cambridge University Press 2012. Answers 637

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2. (a) (i) (ii)
Q 0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q3
8.5 22.5
0 10.3 21 36.4 50

0 13.5 51
0 20 40 60 80 100 Q0 Q2 Q4
Time (s) 0 10 20 30 40 50
Tip ($)
(ii)
3. (a) 197 s
Q1 Q3 (b) 12 s
143 297 (c) c ≈ 191, d ≈ 203
4. (a) 53%
(b) 28
50 233 1000
5. Median = 12, IQR = 9
Q0 Q2 Q4
6. (a) 417 pages
0 200 400 600 800 1000 (b) 90, 143, 176, 196
Mass (g) (c)
200
(b) (i)
180
Q1 Q3 160

Cumulative Frequency
2.25 9.2 140
120
100
0 4.5 30.5
80
Q0 Q2 Q4
60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 40
Length (cm) 20
(ii) 0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Q1 Q3 Pages
97 105
(d) 420 pages
(e) 210 pages
89.5 102 120.5 (f) 43%
Q0 Q2 Q4
90 100 110 120 Exercise 16E
Power (W)
1. (a) (i)

(c) (i) 20
Q1 Q3
2.5 9.2
15
Frequency

0 4.3 19
Q0 Q2 Q4 10
0 50 10 15 20
Age (yr) 5

0 15 30 45 60 75 90
Time (s)

638 Answers © Cambridge University Press 2012.

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(ii) (c) (i)

100
25

80
20
Frequency

Frequency
60
15
40
10
20
5
0
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Birthweight (kg) 0
21 26 31 36 41 46 51
Age (yr)

(ii)
(b) (i)
50

25 40

20 Frequency
30
Frequency

15 20

10 10

5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Charge ($)

0 5 10 15 20 25 2. A3, B2, C1
Blood Glucose (mmol/l)
3. x = 10, σ = 6.71
(ii)
Exercise 16F
50
1. (a) (i) y = 3,σ y = 14 (ii) y = 17,σ y = 3
40
(b) (i) y = 18.6, σ y = 4.8 (ii) y = 7,σ y = 2
Frequency

30 (c) (i) y = −2,σ y = 5 (ii) y = 34,σ y = 30

20 (d) (i) y = 7,σ y = 12 (ii) y = 44,σ y = 12

2. (a) (i) Median 6.3, IQR 2.4

10
(ii) Median 4.1, IQR 2
(b) (i) Median 22.5, IQR 7.5
0 (ii) Median 9.6, IQR 7.2
90 95 100 105 110 115
Power (W) (c) (i) Median 54.6, IQR 16.8
(ii) Median 86, IQR 72

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3. (a) x +1 (b) d
(b) x − 5 (c) 23.9 km/h
(d) Extrapolation
4. Median 11.328 kpl, variance 7.52 kpl2
4. (a) −0.700
5. (a) 39.2°F
(b) T
(b) 1.11°C
(c) h . T + 24.6
6. b = 10a (d) Extrapolation; correlation not very strong
7. Multiply or divide by |x| 5. (a) False
(b) False
Exercise 16G (c) True
(d) False
1. (a) (i) 0.802 (ii) 0.770 6. (a) (i) −0.328 (ii) 0.996
(b) (i) −0.942 (ii) −0.949 (b) y 1.11x 2 − 3.55
(c) (i) 0.194 (ii) 0.441
(d) (i) 1 (ii) −1
Mixed examination practice 16
2. A: 1
B: 4
C: 2
Short questions
D: 3
1. (a) 24
3. (a) 0.990 (b) 125
(b) There is a strong positive linear relationship. (c) 124
(c) No
2. (a) α: D, β: B, γ: C
4. (a) 0.876 (b) (i) B (ii) A (iii) C
(b) There is a positive correlation.
3. (a) 100
(c) Yes, since the claim does not relate to
(b) a = 55, b = 75
causation.
4. (a) p f − 100
5. (a) 0.162
(b) £730
(b) No, e.g. weak correlation, cannot talk about
(c) 6000
causation, small sample.
5. 17
6. (a) −0.996
(b) −0.996
Long questions
Exercise 16H 1. (a) 11 cm
(b) 8, 5, 4
1. (a) (i) y 2 27 x − 0.489
(c) 11.8 cm
(ii) y 1 48 x + 0.296
2. (a) 165, 335, 595, 815, 950, 980, 1000
(b) (i) y 0 258 x +15
+ 15.1 (b) 1000
900
(ii) y 0 557 x + 57.7
800
Cumulative Frequency

(c) (i) y 0 155x + 1 98 700

600
(ii) y 1 09 x − 5.37
500
(d) (i) y 2x + 1 400
(ii) y x +10 300
200
2. (a) 400 100
(b) Cannot be found 0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
3. (a) 0.962 Marks

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 (c) (i) 46 9 10
(c) (i) (ii)
(ii) 240 15 15
(iii) 63
(d) (i) 0 (ii) 1
3. (a) −0.660 4 6
(d) y = −19.0x + 617 (e) (i) (ii)
(e) £617 15 15
6 11
(f) Extrapolation (f) (i) (ii)
15 15
4. (a) 0.945
(g) (i) 0 (ii) 0
(b) 37
(c) Extrapolation; dependent variable (ice creams 5 22
5. (a) (b)
sold) should not be used to predict the 36 36
independent variable (temperature) 6 7
(c) (d)
36 36
Chapter 17 (e)
12
(f)
14
36 36
Exercise 17A
4 19
6. (a) (b)
1. (a) (i) 0.667 (ii) 0.150 32 32
(b) (i) 0.571 (ii) 0.400 5 7
(c) (d)
(c) (i) 0.429 (ii) 0.100 32 32
14 16
2. (a) 5 (b) 75 (e) (f)
32 32
3. 0.672
7. 115
4. No; it is true only if the same number of bulbs were
tested in each study. 10
8.
216
Exercise 17B
Exercise 17C
1. (a) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
(b) RED, RDE, ERD, EDR, DRE, DER 1. (a) (i) 0.5 (ii) 1
(c) BBB, BBG, BGB, GBB, BGG, GBG, GGB, GGB 1
(b) (i) (ii) 0.05
(B = boy, G = girl) 6
(d) 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4 4
(c) (i) (ii) 0.2
15
1 1
2. (a) (i) (ii) (d) (i) 0.7 (ii) 0.11
2 4
1 4 7
(b) (i) (ii) 2. (a) (i) (ii) 100%
13 13 20
18 4 7
(c) (i) (ii) (b) (i) 27.5% (ii)
52 52 30
3 9 (c) (i) 55% (ii) 18.3%
(d) (i) (ii)
4 13 3. (a) P(x > 4)
25 44
(e) (i) (ii) (b) P(y ≤ 3)
52 52 (c) 0
10 12
(f) (i) (ii) (d) 1
52 52 (e) P(fruit)
6 5 (f) P(apple)
3. (a) (i) (ii) (g) P(multiple of 4)
15 15
11 9 (h) P(rectangle)
(b) (i) (ii) (i) P(blue)
15 15
(j) P(blue ∩ red)

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4. 5%
14
5. 0.4 6.
15
6. 0.3
7. (a) 0.166 Exercise 17F
(b) 0.041
1. (a) P(prime ∩ odd)
Exercise 17D (b) P(Senegal ∪ Taiwan)
(c) P(French|IB)
1. (a) (i) 0.12 (ii) 0 (d) P(heart|red)
(b) (i) 0.24 (ii) 0.24 (e) P(lives in Munich|German)
13 3 (f) P(not black ∩ not white)
(c) (i) (ii) (g) P(potato|not cabbage)
20 4
(h) P(red|red ∪ blue)
15
2. 2 15
91 2. (a) (i) (ii)
3 28
1
3. 5 5
6 (b) (i) (ii)
14 6
19
4. (a)
27 3. (a) (i) 0.1
25 1
(b) (b)
27 6
5. 0.048 1
4. (a)
69 3
6.
110 7
(b)
7. 15 or 21 15
149
5. (a) = 0.621
Exercise 17E 240
1 125
1. (a) (i) 0.21 (ii) (b) = 0.839
15 149
15 5
(b) (i) (ii) 64
28 9 6. (a) = 0.853
(c) (i) 0.496 (ii) 0.4 75
1 4 5
(d) (i) (ii) (b) = 0.156
3 9 32
2. (a) (i) Yes (ii) No
72
(b) (i) Yes (ii) No 7. (a) = 0 45
160
3. (a) 0.3
(b) 0.54 9
(b) = 0.205
4. (a) 62.6% 44
(b) 2.56% 2
(c) 97.4% 8. (a)
3
5. (a) 0.410
4
(b) 0.684 (b)
5
answer hint 4
9.
9
(b) Did you consider the complement?
1
10.
6

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 16
Exercise 17G (d)
29
1. (a) 3
(e)
5
F B
11
(f)
29
29 5 13
4. (a)

98 Dark Hair Blue Eyes

(b) 98 0.5 0.2 0.2

18
(c)
145
0.1
5
(d)
34
(b) 0.1
2. (a)
2
(c)
M E 7

2
(d)
26 32 15
3
(e) No: P( P ) = 0. 28
) 0.. , P( )P(
72 5. (a) 0.3
(b)
(b) 32 Cold Raining
16
(c)
29
0.3 0.3 0.15

3. (a) where C = chilli con carne, V = vegetable

curry, B = spaghetti bolognese 0.25

1
B C (c)
3
3
(d)
8
0 23 32
C = .3 , P( )P( ) = 0.27
(e) No: P(R C)
12
8 12 Exercise 17H
48 5
1.
14
2. 0.580
10
3. 9
V 25
5
(b) 0 4.
9
(c) 79

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 13 1
5. Without, because >
25 2
Chapter 18
6. (b) 18
Exercise 18A
Mixed examination practice 17 1. (a)
Short questions w 0 1 2 3 4

1 4 6 4 1
1. 0.320 P (W w)
16 16 16 16 16
2. 0.8
1 (b)
3. = 0.111
9 d 0 1 2 3 4 5
1
4. 6 10 8 6 4 2
3 P( )
36 36 36 36 36 36
Long questions
14 (c)
1. (a)
95 1 2 3 4 6
(c) 0.138
1 2 1 1 1
(d) 0.356 P( )
6 6 6 6 6
2. (a) 0 ≤ P(X) ≤ 1
(b) P( ) P ( B| ) P(
P( )
(d)
3. (a) g 1 2 3
B F
6 36 30
P (G g)
72 72 72
0.3 − x x
(e)
0.5 c 1 2 3 4

(b) 0.2 1 3 9 27
P(C c)
(c) 0.2 4 16 64 64
(d) 0.1
(f)
B F x 1 2 3 4 6 8 9 12 16

0.1 0.2 0.2 P( X x) 1 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 1

16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
0.5
1
2. (a) (i) (ii) 0
8
1 1 12
(e) (b) (i) (ii)
3 10 25
2( 1)
5 25 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 5⎞ 9 1
4. (a) (i) (ii) (iii) (c) (i) (ii)
36 216 ⎝ 6⎠ ⎝ 6⎠ 10 10
5
(c) 3. 0.207
11
(d) 0.432

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 2
Exercise 18B n −1 ⎛ n − 1⎞
(c) (i) E ( Z ) Var ( Z ) =
,V
n ⎝ n ⎠
1. (a) (i) 2 (ii) 9 2 (n − 2)
(ii) E ( ) Va ( X ) =
, Var
36 n
(b) (i) = 2 57 (ii) 3
14
4. (a) 0.238
2. (b) 4.4 (b) 0.181
(c) 0.5
3. 14
32 5. (a) The students in the sample may not be
4. (b) independent of each other (e.g. siblings) or
18
sampling without replacement.
1 (b) 0.103
5. (a)
10
6. 2700
(b) 2 7. (a) 0.0231
(b) 2
13 (c) 1.5
6.
6 (d) 0.0273

7. p = 0.5, q = 0.2 8. (a) 0.108

(b) 0.0267
8. 40 (c) e.g. The probability that a person going to
9. (a) the doctor has the virus is the same as for the
general population of the country.
Profit ($) −n 1−n 2n 3n
9. 0.4

27 27 9 1 10. The second (because 0.0165 > 0.0154)

Probability
64 64 64 64 ⎛ n⎞
12. (a) 0.16 ⎜ ⎟ (0.6)
n −2

⎝ 2⎠
(b) $0.82
(b) 10
Exercise 18C
answer hint 12(b)
1. (a) (i) 0.147 (ii) 0.0459 To solve this, you need to try some
(b) (i) 0.944 (ii) 0.797 values of n or use tables on your
(c) (i) 0.0563 (ii) 0.0104 calculator.
(d) (i) 0.990 (ii) 0.797
(e) (i) 0.203 (ii) 0.832
(f) (i) 0.0562 (ii) 0.776 13. 0.14, 0.20
14. 0.494, 0.700
5 1
2. (a) (i) (ii)
32 32
Exercise 18D
31 6
(b) (i) (ii)
32 32 1. (a) (i) 0.885 (ii) 0.212
1 26 (b) (i) 0.401 (ii) 0.878
(c) (i) (ii) (c) (i) 0.743 (ii) 0.191
32 32
(d) (i) 0.807 (ii) 0.748
3. (a) (i) E(Y) = 10, Var(Y) = 9 (e) (i) 0.451 (ii) 0.689
(ii) E(X) = 8, Var(X) = 4 2. (a) (i) 0.5 (ii) 1
(b) (i) E(X) = 4.5, Var(X) = 3.15 (b) (i) −1.67 (ii) −0.4
(ii) E(Y) = 7, Var(Y) = 4.55
3. (a) (i) P ( Z < 1 6) (ii) P ( Z < 1.28)
(b) (i) P ( Z ≥ −0 68) (ii) P ( Z ≥ −2 96)

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 (c) (i) P ( −1.4 < Z < 0.2) 4. (a) 4.8
(ii) P(−2.36 ≤ Z ≤ −0.2) (b) 0.0834
5. 0.149
4. (a) 1.16
(b) 0.123 6. (a) 0.232
(b) 0.894
5. 1547
7. (a) 0.0296
6. (a) 0.278 (b) 0.000244
(b) (i) 0.127 (ii) 0.334
8. μ = 31.4°, σ = 4.52°
7. (a) 0.160 (b) 0.171 (c) 0.727 9. (a) 15
8. (a) 0.707 (b) 0.663 (b) 0.273
9. (a) 0.673 (b) 0.314
Long questions
10. (a) 0.952 (b) 0.838
11. (a) 0.841 (b) 0.811 1. (a) 2.5
(b) 0.0162
12. 0.640 (c) 0.756
(d) 2
Exercise 18E (e) It stays constant at 0.25

1. (a) (i) 19.9 (ii) 13.3 2. (a) 0.460

(b) (i) 32.4 (ii) 37.3 (b) 1 − (0.95)n
(c) (i) 2.34 (ii) 4.44 (c) 32
1 1
2. (a) (i) 5.68 (ii) 7.32 3. (a) (i) (ii)
9 81
(b) (i) 43.4 (ii) 15.3
(b) (i) 0.113 (ii) 0.444
3. (a) (i) μ = 8.91, σ = 2.27 (c) (ii)
(ii) μ = 129.8, σ = 38.6
(b) (i) μ = −0.201, σ = 1.19 x 3 4 5
(ii) μ = 870, σ = 202
65 175 369
P(X = x)
4. 141 1296 1296 1296
5. 3.61 kg 6797
(iii) = 5 24 [13 marks]
6. 1.97 cm 1296

7. (a) 0.691
(b) 39.7 Chapter 19
(c) 0.240
8. 99.7% Short questions
9. (a) μ = 1.29 mm, σ = 0.554 cm 5
1.
(b) μ = 1.36 mm, σ = 0.764 cm 36
2. 4
Mixed examination practice 18 3. y
Short questions
1
1. 0.261
2. 55
x
3. (a) 6.68% −1
(b) 82

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 1 3
4. x x2 + C 26. 3, 11
3 3
a (r n − ) 27.
5. 2
n(r −1)
Long questions
11
6. 1 4
12 1. (a) (b)
10 5 25
e
7. 16 4
10
2 27 (c) (e)
125 9
⎛ π2 ⎞ (f)
1
8. Translation by ⎜ ⎟ 2
⎝ 1⎠
1 ⎛ 0 ⎞ 2. (a) 6 (b) −7
9. (a) (b) ⎜
k ⎝ lnk ⎟⎠ 1
3. (a) 2 cos 2 x −
2047 cos2 x
10. (a) (b) −55 ln 2
1024 1
4. (a)
3 3
11.
64 (b) k = 1
12. y = 1.86 (d) 0.095
6
13. −0.618 < x < 1.62 5. (b)
17
14. 13 (c) 0.443
r −1
1 ⎛ 5⎞ 6. (a) (ii) x = 3
15. (b)
6 ⎝ 6⎠ (iii) (3, 2)
16. ln2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
(b) − , 0 , 0, −
2πl 3 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
17.
9 3
(c) y
18. (a) π − 2θ (b) 4 cos2 θ
⎛ x − 3⎞ 3
19. (a) ln (b)
⎝ x ⎠ 1 − ex y=2
x
20. (a) Vertical stretch with scale factor 2
(b) Vertical stretch with scale factor
1 x=3
( log10 e)
ln10
(d) y = −7x + 37
1 (e) (2, −5)
21.
5 1
22. (b) 0 7. (a) y x
e
θ 8. (a) 2π
23.
1 − cosθ (b) [−0.4, 0.4]
⎛ y ± y2 − 4 ⎞ (c) (i) 2 sin x cos2 x − sin3 x
24. (a) x = ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 3
(iii)
9
25. ⎛ e2 − 2e
2e + ⎞ π
1 5 π
⎝2 2⎠ (d)
2

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 1 3
(e) (i) sin x + c
3 (b) y
1
(ii)
3
(f) 0.491 a
x
9. (a) (i) 10 x + 1 − e 2x b

ln 5
(ii) = 0.805
2
ln(x −1) (c) q should be even
(b) (i) f x) =
2
ln 2
(c) ∫0
π( )2 dx

x+5
10. (a) f x) =
3
(b) 3 3
3
(c) x =
2
(d) (i) y

y=3
x
x=2

(ii) x = 2, y = 3

(e) (i) 3 l ( 2) + c
(ii) 6 l 3
(f) y

x
3 5

qa + pb
11. (a)
p+q

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