Ezy Math Tutoring - Year 11 Answers

Year 11 Unit 2
Mathematics
Solutions
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Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: Basic Arithmetic & Algebra 2

Exercise 1: Rational Numbers & Surds 3
Exercise 2: Inequalities & Absolute Values 10
Exercise 3: Algebraic Expressions 25
Exercise 4: Linear & Quadratic Expressions 32
CHAPTER 2: Real Functions 43
Exercise 1: Range, Domain & Variables 44
Exercise 2: Properties of Graphs of Real Functions 48
Exercise 3: Geometric Representation 54
Exercise 4: Graphing Inequalities 66
CHAPTER 3: Basic Trigonometry 81
Exercise 1: Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 82
Exercise 2: Angles of Elevation & Bearings 89
Exercise 3: Non-right Angled Triangles 104
CHAPTER 4: Lines & Linear Functions 114
Exercise 1: Algebraic Properties of Lines 115
Exercise 2: Intersection of Lines 130
Exercise 3: Distance & Midpoints 142
CHAPTER 5: Quadratic Polynomials 152
Exercise 1: Graphical Representation of Properties 153
Exercise 2: Identities & Determinants 170
Exercise 3: Equations of Parabolas 182
CHAPTER 6: Basic Trigonometry 192
Exercise 1: Angles formed by Transversals 193
Exercise 2: Similarity & Congruence 202
Exercise 3: Pythagoras’ Theorem 210
Exercise 4: Area Calculations 219
CHAPTER 7: Derivative of a Function 227
Exercise 1: Continuity 228
Exercise 2: Secant to a Curve 235
Exercise 3: Methods of Differentiation 241
1
Year 11 Unit 2
Mathematics
Basic Arithmetic &

Algebra
2
Exercise 1
Rational Numbers & Surds
3
Chapter 1: Basic Arithmetic & Algebra-Solutions Exercise 1: Rational Numbers & Surds
1)
ଷ ହ ଽ ଵ଴ ଵଽ ଻
a) ସ + ଺
=
ଵଶ
+
ଵଶ
=
ଵଶ
= 1
ଵଶ
ଶ ଵ ଶ଺ ଵଵ ଷ଻
b) ଵଵ
+
ଵଷ
=
ଵସଷ
+
ଵସଷ
=
ଵସଷ
ଵ ଷ ହ ଶଵ ଶ଺
c) 1 ଻ + 3 ହ = 1 + 3 + ଷହ
+
ଷହ
= 4
ଷହ
ସ ସ ସ ଶ ଶ
d) ଵଵ
−
ଶଶ
=
ଵଵ
−
ଵଵ
=
ଵଵ
ଶ ଵ ଼ ଵଷ ଷଶ ଷଽ ଻
e) 2 ଷ − 3 ସ = ଷ
−
ସ
=
ଵଶ
−
ଵଶ
= −
ଵଶ
ହ ଷହ ଷହ ଷହ
f) ଽ
−
଺ଷ
=
଺ଷ
−
଺ଷ
= 0
2)
ଷ ଼ ଶସ ଶ
a) ସ × ଽ
=
ଷ଺
=
ଷ
ଵ ଷଷ ଷଷ ଵ
b) ଵଵ
×
ଵଶ
=
ଵଷଶ
=
ସ
଻ ଵ ଻
c) ଶ
×
ଵହ
=
ଷ଴
ଷ ଽ ଷ ଵ଴ ଷ଴ ହ ଶ
d) ଶ ÷ ଵ଴
=
ଶ
×
ଽ
=
ଵ଼
=
ଷ
= 1
ଷ
ଵଶ ଷ଺ ଵଶ ଶ଺ ଵ ଶ ଶ
e) ଷଽ
÷
ଶ଺
=
ଷଽ
×
ଷ଺
=
ଷ
×
ଷ
=
ଽ
ଵ ଶ ଵ ଷ ଷ
f) ଶ
÷
ଷ
=
ଶ
×
ଶ
=
ସ
ଶ ଷ ଶ ଵ଴ ଶ଴ ଵ
3) ହ ÷ ଵ଴
=
ହ
×
ଷ
=
ଵହ
= 1
ଷ
4
4)
ଵ
a) ସ
= 0.25
ଶ
b) ଷ = 0. 6̇
ଵ
c) ଼
= 0.125
ଵ
d) = 0.083̇
ଵଶ
5)
ଵ
a) ହ
= 20%
ଷ
b) ସ
= 75%
ଷ
c) ଼
= 37.5%
ଵ
d) ଷ = 33. 3̇ %
଻
e) ଵ଴଴଴
= 0.7%
6)
ଷ
a) 30%= ଵ଴
ଵ
b) 12.5%= ଵଶ
଴.ସ ସ ଵ
c) 0.4%= ଵ଴଴
= ଵ଴଴଴
= ଶହ଴
ଵ
d) 2.5%= ସ଴
5
7)
ଵ
a) 0.01= ଵ଴଴
ସ
b) 0.4= ଵ଴
ହ
c) 0.625= ଼
d) Let ‫ = ݔ‬0. 1̇ 5̇ , then 100‫ = ݔ‬15. 1̇ 5̇ = 15 + ‫ݔ‬

ଵହ ହ
Therefore 99‫=ݔ‬15, so ‫= ݔ‬ =
ଽଽ ଷଷ
ହ
e) Let ‫ = ݔ‬4.01̇ 5̇ , then 10‫ = ݔ‬40. 1̇ 5̇ = 40 + ଷଷ
ହ ଵ
Therefore ‫ = ݔ‬4 + = 4 ଺଺
ଷଷ଴
8)
ଷ ଷ ଷ ଷ
a) ቀହ × 498ቁ+ ቀହ × 2ቁ = ହ
× (498 + 2) = ହ
× 500 = 300
ଶ ଶ ଵ ଶ ଵ ଶ ଷ
b) ቀଷ × 2ቁ− ቀଷ × ଶቁ = ଷ
ቀ2 − ଶቁ = ଷ
× ଶ
= 1
c) (ܽ + 1)(ܽଶ) + (ܽ + 1)(2ܽ) + ܽ + 1 = (ܽ + 1)(ܽଶ + 2ܽ + 1) = (ܽ + 1) ଷ
(௔ିଵ)ଶ௫ାଷ(௔ିଵ) (௔ିଵ)(ଶ௫ାଷ) (௔ିଵ)(ଶ௫ାଷ)

d) ௔(ଶ௫ାଷ)ିଶ௫ିଷ
=
௔(ଶ௫ାଷ)ି(ଶ௫ାଷ)
= (௔ିଵ)(ଶ௫ାଷ)
= 1
9)
a) 42731= 4.27 × 10ସ
b) 0.91326= 9.13 × 10ିଵ
c) 6139900= 6.14 × 10଺
d) 0.034= 3.40 × 10ିଶ
6
10)
4 d.p. 4 s.f
a) 0.043176 0.0432 0.04318
b) 0.2565443 0.2565 0.2565
c) 0.00012739 0.0001 0.0001274
d) 1.128755 1.1288 1.129
11)
a) 6√2 + 2√2 = 8√2
b) 4√8 + 2√2 = 4√4 × 2 + 2√2 = 8√2 + 2√2 = 10√2
c) √27 + 2√3 = √9 × 3 + 2√3 = 3√3 + 2√3 = 5√3
d) 2√45 + 3√20 = 2√9 × 5 + 3√4 × 5 = 6√5 + 6√5 = 12√5
12)
a) √108 − √48 = √36 × 3 − √16 × 3 = 6√3 − 4√3 = 2√3
b) √32 − √18 = √16 × 2 − √9 × 2 = 4√2 − 3√2 = √2
c) 3‫√ݔ‬18 − ‫√ݔ‬128 = ‫ݔ‬൫3√18 − √128൯= ‫(ݔ‬3√9 × 2 − √64 × 2 =

‫ݔ‬൫9√2 − 8√2൯
= ‫√ݔ‬2
d) 2√20 − 4√5 = 2√4 × 5 − 4√5 = 4√5 − 4√5 = 0
13)
a) √12 × √3 = √36 = 6
b) √3 × √27 = √81 = 9
7
c) √8 × √50 = √400 = 20
d) √18 × √8 = √144 = 12
e) √1.6 × √5 = √8 = 2√2
ଷ ଵଶ ଷ଺ ଺ ଷ
f) ට ସ × ට ଶହ = ට ଵ଴଴ = ଵ଴
=
ହ
ଶ ସ.ହ ଽ ଵ ଵ
g) ට ଷ × ට ଶ଻ = ට ଼ଵ = ට ଽ = ଷ
14)
ଷ ଷ ଵା √ଶ ଷାଷ√ଶ
a) ଵି √ଶ
=
ଵି √ଶ
×
ଵା √ଶ
=
ଵିଶ
= − 3(1 + √2)
√଺ √଺ ସା √଺ ସ√଺ା଺ ଶ(ଶ√଺ାଷ) ଶ√଺ାଷ

b) ସି √଺
=
ସି √଺
×
ସା √଺
=
ଵ଺ି଺
=
ଵ଴
=
ହ
ଷଶ ଷଶ √ଶିଵ ଷଶ(√ଶିଵ)
c) = × = = 32(√2 − 1)
√ଶାଵ √ଶାଵ √ଶିଵ ଶିଵ
ସ௔ ଶ௕ ସ௔ √ଷାଵ ଶ௕ ଵା √ଷ
d) + = ቀ × ቁ+ ቀଵି × ቁ
√ଷିଵ ଵି √ ଷ √ଷିଵ √ଷାଵ √ଷ ଵା √ଷ
4ܽ൫√3 + 1൯ 2ܾ(1 + √3
= ቆ ቇ+ ቆ ቇ = ቀ2ܽ൫√3 + 1൯ቁ+ ൫− ܾ(√3 + 1൯
2 −2
= (2ܽ − ܾ)൫√3 + 1൯
15)
ܽ ܾ ܽ 2 − √5 ܾ 9 + 4√5
− = ቆ × ቇ− ቆ × ቇ
2 + √5 9 − 4√5 2 + √5 2 − √5 9 − 4√5 9 + 4√5
2ܽ − ܽ√5 9ܾ + 4ܾ√5
= ቆ ቇ− ቆ ቇ = ൫− 2ܽ + ܽ√5൯− ൫9ܾ + 4ܾ√5 ൯
4− 5 81 − 80
8
= (− 2ܽ − 9ܾ) + (ܽ − 4ܾ)(√5). To be rational, cannot be a surd. Therefore
ܽ − 4ܾ = 0, ܽ = 4ܾ; (ܽ, ܾ ‫)݈ܽ݊݋݅ݐܽݎ‬. NOTE if ܽ − 4ܾ = √5 to rationalise the surd,

the first part of the expression becomes irrational
16)
a) √1.69 = 1.3
ସ ସଽ ଻
b) ට5 = ට =
ଽ ଽ ଷ
ଵ ଶ ଵ
c) ቀ4 ଷቁ = 16 ଽ
d) య
√0.027 = 0.3
9
Exercise 2
Inequalities & Absolute Values
10
Chapter 1: Basic Arithmetic & Algebra-Solutions Exercise 2: Inequalities & Absolute Values
1)
a) ‫ < ݔ‬5 − 2,
‫ <ݔ‬3
b) ‫ > ݔ‬4 = 3,
‫ >ݔ‬7
ସଶ
c) ‫≥ݐ‬ ଻
,
‫ ≥ݐ‬6
ିଷ଴
d) ‫<ݕ‬ ହ
‫ <ݕ‬−6
e) ‫ > ݔ‬9 × 3,
‫ > ݔ‬27
ଷ
f) ‫ ≤ ݕ‬10 × ଶ,
‫ ≤ ݕ‬15
g) ‫ >ݔ‬−6
ଷ
h) ‫ ≥ݕ‬− ଶ
2)
a) 2ܽ ≥ 2,
ܽ≥ 1
b) 3‫ ≤ ݌‬15,
‫ ≤݌‬5
c) − 3‫ > ݔ‬9,
‫ <ݔ‬−3
d) − 4݃ < 6,
3
݃> −
2
11
௫
e) ଷ
≤ − 2, ‫ ≤ ݔ‬− 6
ି௫
f) ଶ
> 8, ‫ < ݔ‬− 16
௫ ଶ ଷ
g) ଷ
− ‫ < ݔ‬1, − ‫ < ݔ‬1, ‫ > ݔ‬−
ଷ ଶ
ି௫ ௫
h) ଶ
> ‫ ݔ‬− 2, − ଶ
− ‫ > ݔ‬− 2, −
3)
a) 2‫ݐ‬+ 3 ≤ ‫ݐ‬− 6
b) 3‫ ݕ‬− 5 > − ‫ ݕ‬− 4
௫
c) 2(‫ ݔ‬− 1) − ‫< ݔ‬ ଶ
ଵ
d) 3(4 − ‫ )ݕ‬+ 2‫≥ ݕ‬ ଶ
‫ݕ‬
௫ ௫
e) ଶ
+
ଷ
≤ 4
5‫ݔ‬
≤ 4
6
24
‫≤ݔ‬
5
ି௫ ଶ௫
f) ଷ
−
ସ
> 6
− 4‫ ݔ‬− 6‫ݔ‬
> 6
12
− 10‫ > ݔ‬72
72
‫ <ݔ‬−
10
12
ିଶ௣ ௣
g) ଷ
+
ିଶ
≤ −4
4‫ ݌‬+ 3‫݌‬
≤ −4
−6
7‫ ≥ ݌‬24
24
‫≥݌‬
7
ି௧ ௧
h) ଷ
− ଶ
> 7
− 5‫ݐ‬
> 7
6
42
‫ <ݐ‬−
5
4)
a) ‫ = ݔ‬3 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬− 3
b) ‫ = ݔ‬5 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬− 5
c) |‫ = |ݔ‬8
‫ = ݔ‬8 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬− 8
d) No solution as |‫ |ݔ‬is always positive
5)
a) |‫ ݔ‬+ 2| = 7
‫ ݔ‬+ 2 = 7 ‫ݎ݋‬− (‫ ݔ‬+ 2) = 7
‫ = ݔ‬5 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬− 9
b) |‫ ݔ‬− 3| = 4
13
‫ ݔ‬− 3 = 4 ‫ݎ݋‬− (‫ ݔ‬− 3) = 4

‫ = ݔ‬7 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬− 1
c) – |‫ ݔ‬+ 4| = − 10
− (‫ ݔ‬+ 4) = − 10 ‫ ݔ(ݎ݋‬+ 4) = − 10
− ‫ = ݔ‬− 6 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬− 14
‫ = ݔ‬6 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬− 14
ଷ
d) – |‫ ݔ‬− 2| = ଶ
No solution
6)
a) |2‫ ݔ‬− 3| − 2 = 6
|2‫ ݔ‬− 3| = 8
2‫ ݔ‬− 3 = 8 ‫ݎ݋‬− (2‫ ݔ‬− 3) = 8
2‫ = ݔ‬11 ‫ݎ݋‬− 2‫ = ݔ‬5
11 5
‫=ݔ‬ ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬−
2 2
ଵ
b) |3‫ ݔ‬+ 4| − 5 =
ଶ
1
|3‫ ݔ‬+ 4| = 5
2
11 11
3‫ ݔ‬+ 4 = ‫ݎ݋‬− (3‫ ݔ‬+ 4) =
2 2
3 19
3‫= ݔ‬ ‫ݎ݋‬− 3‫= ݔ‬
2 2
1 19
‫=ݔ‬ ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬−
2 6
14
c) |2‫ ݔ‬+ 1| − 4 = 3
2‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = 7 ‫ݎ݋‬− (2‫ ݔ‬+ 1) = 7
‫ = ݔ‬3 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬− 4
ଵ ଶ
d) |‫ ݔ‬− 2| +
ଶ
= ଷ
1 1
‫ݔ‬− 2 = ‫ݎ݋‬− (‫ ݔ‬− 2) =
6 6
ଵ ଵଵ
‫ = ݔ‬2 ଺ ‫= ݔݎ݋‬ ଺
7)
a) |‫ݔ‬ଶ + 6‫ ݔ‬− 3| = 4
Case 1
‫ݔ‬ଶ + 6‫ ݔ‬− 3 = 4
‫ݔ‬ଶ + 6‫ ݔ‬− 7 = 0
(‫ ݔ‬+ 7)(‫ ݔ‬− 1) = 0
‫ = ݔ‬− 7 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬1
Case 2
− (‫ݔ‬ଶ + 6‫ ݔ‬− 3) = 4
− ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 6‫ ݔ‬+ 3 = 4
− ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 6‫ ݔ‬− 1 = 0
‫ݔ‬ଶ + 6‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = 0
Applying the quadratic formula (or using calculator) gives
‫ = ݔ‬− 3 + 2√2 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬− 3 − 2√2
15
b) |‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬− 1| = 2
Case 1
‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬− 1 = 2
‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬− 3 = 0
(‫ ݔ‬+ 3)(‫ ݔ‬− 1) = 0
‫ = ݔ‬− 3 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬1
Case 2
− (‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬− 1) = 2
− ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = 2
− ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2‫ ݔ‬− 1 = 0
‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = 0
(‫ ݔ‬+ 1) ଶ = 0
‫ =ݔ‬−1
c) |‫ݔ‬ଶ + 5‫ ݔ‬− 2| = − 6
No solution
d) |‫ݔ‬ଶ − 13| = 4
Case 1
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 13 = 4
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 17 = 0
‫ = ݔ‬± √17
Case 2
− (‫ݔ‬ଶ − 13) = 4
16
− ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 13 = 4
− ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 9 = 0
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 9 = 0
‫ =ݔ‬±3
8) Note that answers should be substituted back into equation for validity and not all
solutions to equations of the type |ܽ + ܾ| = |‫ ݌‬+ ‫ |ݍ‬+ ܿwill be valid
a) |‫ ݔ‬+ 1| = |‫ ݔ‬− 2|
Case 1
‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = − (‫ ݔ‬− 2)
‫ = ݔ‬1 = − ‫ݔ‬+ 2
1
‫=ݔ‬
2
Case 2
− (‫ ݔ‬+ 1) = ‫ ݔ‬− 2
− ‫ݔ‬− 1 = ‫ݔ‬− 2
− 2‫ = ݔ‬− 1
1
‫=ݔ‬
2
ଵ
b) ቚ‫ ݔ‬− ଶቚ= |‫ ݔ‬+ 3|
Case 1
1
‫ ݔ‬− = − (‫ ݔ‬+ 3)
2
1
‫ݔ‬− = − ‫ݔ‬− 3
2
5
2‫ = ݔ‬−
2
17
5
‫ =ݔ‬−
4
Case 2
1
− ൬‫ ݔ‬− ൰ = ‫ ݔ‬+ 3
2
1
− ‫ݔ‬+ = ‫ݔ‬+ 3
2
5
− 2‫= ݔ‬
2
5
‫ =ݔ‬−
4
c) |2‫ ݔ‬− 3| = |‫ ݔ‬+ 1|
Case 1
2‫ ݔ‬− 3 = − (‫ ݔ‬+ 1)
2‫ ݔ‬− 3 = − ‫ ݔ‬− 1
3‫ = ݔ‬2
2
‫=ݔ‬
3
Case 2
− (2‫ ݔ‬− 3) = ‫ ݔ‬+ 1
− 2‫ ݔ‬+ 3 = ‫ ݔ‬+ 1
− 3‫ = ݔ‬− 2
2
‫=ݔ‬
3
Case 3
2‫ ݔ‬− 3 = ‫ ݔ‬+ 1
‫ =ݔ‬4
18
Case 4
− (2‫ ݔ‬− 3) = − (‫ ݔ‬+ 1)
− 2‫ ݔ‬+ 3 = − ‫ ݔ‬− 1
−‫ =ݔ‬−4
‫ =ݔ‬4
d) |3‫ ݔ‬+ 1| = |‫ ݔ‬+ 3|
Case 1
3‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = ‫ ݔ‬+ 3
2‫ = ݔ‬2
‫ =ݔ‬1
Case 2
3‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = − (‫ ݔ‬+ 3)
3‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = − ‫ ݔ‬− 3
4‫ = ݔ‬− 4
‫ =ݔ‬−1
Case 3
− (3‫ ݔ‬+ 1) = ‫ ݔ‬+ 3
− 3‫ ݔ‬− 1 = ‫ ݔ‬+ 3
− 4‫ = ݔ‬4
‫ =ݔ‬−1
Case 4
− (3‫ ݔ‬+ 1) = − (‫ ݔ‬+ 3)
− 3‫ ݔ‬− 1 = − ‫ ݔ‬− 3
19
− 2‫ = ݔ‬− 2
‫ =ݔ‬1
ଵ
e) ቚଶ ‫ ݔ‬+ 1ቚ= |2‫ ݔ‬− 3| + 1
Case 1
1
‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = 2‫ ݔ‬− 3 + 1
2
1
‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = 2‫ ݔ‬− 2
2
3
− ‫ =ݔ‬−3
2
‫ = ݔ‬2; on substitution solution is valid
Case 2
1
‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = − (2‫ ݔ‬− 3) + 1
2
1
‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = − 2‫ ݔ‬+ 3 + 1
2
5
‫ =ݔ‬3
2
଺
‫ = ݔ‬ହ; on substitution solution is valid
Case 3
1
− ൬ ‫ ݔ‬+ 1൰ = 2‫ ݔ‬− 3 + 1
2
1
− ‫ ݔ‬− 1 = 2‫ ݔ‬− 2
2
5
− ‫ =ݔ‬−1
2
ଶ
‫ = ݔ‬ହ; on substitution solution is NOT valid
20
Case 4
1
− ൬ ‫ ݔ‬+ 1൰ = − (2‫ ݔ‬− 3) + 1
2
1
− ‫ ݔ‬− 1 = − 2‫ ݔ‬+ 3 + 1
2
3
‫ =ݔ‬5
2
ଵ଴
‫=ݔ‬ ; on substitution solution is not valid
ଷ
f) |2‫ ݔ‬− 5| = |‫ ݔ‬− 3| + 6
Case 1
2‫ ݔ‬− 5 = ‫ ݔ‬− 3 + 6
‫ =ݔ‬8
Case 2
− (2‫ ݔ‬− 5) = − (‫ ݔ‬− 3) + 6
− 2‫ ݔ‬+ 5 = − ‫ ݔ‬+ 3 + 6
−‫ =ݔ‬4
‫ =ݔ‬−4
Note for the other two cases invalid solutions are found
9)
a) |‫ ݔ‬− 4| = |‫ ݔ‬+ 2|
21
y f(x)=abs(x-4)
f(x)=abs(x+2)
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
Solution is ‫ = ݔ‬1
b) |2‫ ݔ‬+ 2| = |‫ ݔ‬− 1|
y f(x)=abs(x-1)
f(x)=abs(2x+2)
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
ଵ
Solutions are ‫ = ݔ‬− ,‫ =ݔ‬−3
ଷ,
22
c) |‫ ݔ‬− 1| = |‫ ݔ‬+ 2| + 2
y f(x)=abs(x-1)
f(x)=abs(x+2)+2
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
ଷ
Solution is ‫ = ݔ‬− ଶ
ଵ
d) ቚଶ ‫ ݔ‬+ 1ቚ= |‫ ݔ‬− 2| − 1
23
y f(x)=abs(0.5x+1)
f(x)=abs(x-2)-1
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
Solution is ‫ = ݔ‬0 , ‫ = ݔ‬8
24
Exercise 3
Algebraic Expressions
25
Chapter 1: Basic Arithmetic & Algebra-Solutions Exercise 3: Algebraic Expressions
1)
a) 3‫ ݔ‬+ 4(‫ ݔ‬− 2) = 3‫ ݔ‬+ 4‫ ݔ‬− 8 = 7‫ ݔ‬− 8
b) 2(3 − ‫ )ݕ‬+ 3(2‫ ݕ‬+ 2) = 6 − 2‫ ݕ‬+ 6‫ ݕ‬+ 4 = 10 + 4‫ݕ‬
c) – (5 − 2‫ )ݐ‬− (− 3 + 4‫ = )ݐ‬− 5 + 2‫ݐ‬+ 3 − 4‫ =ݐ‬− 2 − 2‫ݐ‬
ଵ ଵ
d) ଶ
(4‫ ݕ‬+ 2) − (3 − 6‫ = )ݕ‬2‫ ݕ‬+ 1 − 1 + 2‫ = ݕ‬4‫ݕ‬
ଷ
e) 2 + 5(2‫ ݕ‬− 4) − 4(4 − ‫ = )ݕ‬2 + 10‫ ݕ‬− 20 − 16 + 4‫ = ݕ‬14‫ ݕ‬− 34
f) − 2 − (− 3 − ‫ )ݔ‬+ (2‫ ݔ‬− 3) = − 2 + 3 + ‫ ݔ‬+ 2‫ ݔ‬− 3 = 3‫ ݔ‬− 2
2)
a) (‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬+ 3) + (2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬− 6) = 3‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2‫ ݔ‬− 3
b) ‫(ݔ‬2 − ‫ݔ‬ଶ) + ‫ݔ‬ଶ(2‫ ݔ‬+ 4) = 2‫ ݔ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଷ + 2‫ݔ‬ଷ + 4‫ݔ‬ଶ = ‫ݔ‬ଷ + 4‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ݔ‬
c) 4(9‫ ݔ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ) − 3‫(ݔ‬4 − ‫ = )ݔ‬36‫ ݔ‬− 4‫ݔ‬ଶ − 12‫ ݔ‬+ 3‫ݔ‬ଶ = 24‫ ݔ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ
d) − 2(2‫ ݔ‬− 2) − 3(− 3‫ ݔ‬− 3) = − 4‫ ݔ‬+ 4 + 9‫ ݔ‬+ 9 = 5‫ ݔ‬+ 5
3)
a) (2 + 5‫()ݕ‬2‫ ݕ‬− 4) = 4‫ ݕ‬+ 10‫ݕ‬ଶ − 8 − 20‫ = ݕ‬10‫ݕ‬ଶ − 16‫ ݕ‬− 8
b) (3‫ ݔ‬− 2) + (2‫ ݔ‬+ 3) = 3‫ ݔ‬− 2 + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 3 = 5‫ ݔ‬+ 1
ଵ ଵ ଵ
c) ଶ
‫ ݔ‬+ 4 − (‫ ݔ‬− 3) = ଶ
‫ݔ‬+ 4 − ‫ݔ‬+ 3 = − ଶ‫ݔ‬+ 7
ଵ ଵ ଵ
d) ଶ
(‫ ݔ‬+ 4) − (‫ ݔ‬− 3) =
ଶ
‫ݔ‬+ 2 − ‫ݔ‬+ 3 = − ଶ‫ݔ‬+ 5
e) 2‫(ݔ‬3‫ ݔ‬+ 1)(‫ ݔ‬− 2) = 2‫(ݔ‬3‫ݔ‬ଶ − 5‫ ݔ‬− 2) = 6‫ݔ‬ଷ − 10‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫ = ݔ‬6‫ݔ‬ଷ − 4‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫ݔ‬
f) – ‫ݔ‬൫(‫ ݔ‬+ 2) + (‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫)ݔ‬൯= − ‫ݔ(ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 2) = − ‫ݔ‬ଷ − 2‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2‫ݔ‬
26
4) If ‫√ = ݔ‬2
a) ‫ݔ‬ଶ = 2
b) ‫ = ଼ݔ‬16
c) ‫ݔ‬ସ − ‫ݔ‬ଶ = 4 − 2 = 2
ଶ ଶ
d) ௫మ
=
ଶ
= 1
ଶ ଶ ଶ ଶ ସ
e) ቀ௫ቁ = ቀ ଶቁ = ଶ
= 2
√
௔మ௕
5) ‫= ݔ‬ ௖మ
ଵ× ଶ ଵ
a) ܽ = 1, ܾ = 2, ܿ = 3; ‫= ݔ‬ ଽ
= ଷ
భ
భ భ మ
ଵ ଶ మ ర ( )ర× ቀ ቁమ ଵ
b) ܽ = ( ହ) ଶ , ܾ = ቀହቁ , ܿ = √2; ‫= ݔ‬ ఱ
భ
ఱ
= వ ≅ 1397.54
ଶమ (ହ) మ
ଵ ଵ௫௕ ଵ
c) ܽ= ଶ௕
, ܿ = 2√ܾ; ‫= ݔ‬ ସ௕మ× ସ௕
= ଵ଺௕మ
ଵ ଵ ସ௕× ௕
d) ܽ= ଶ௕
, ܿ= ଶ√௕
;‫=ݔ‬ ସ௕మ
= 1
6) 12 = ߨ‫ݎ‬ଶ
12
‫ =ݎ‬ඨ ≅ √3.82 ≅ 1.95ܿ݉
ߨ
7) Note: Convert mass to kilograms and velocity to meters per second before calculating
ଵ
a) ‫= ܧܭ‬ ଶ
× 2 × 4ଶ = 16 (‫)ݏ݈݁ݑ݋ܬ‬
ଵ ଵ
b) ‫= ܧܭ‬ ଶ
× ଶ
× 10ଶ = 25 (‫)ݏ݈݁ݑ݋ܬ‬
ଵ
c) ‫= ܧܭ‬ ଶ
× 10 × 10,000ଶ = 5 × 10଼ (‫)ݏ݈݁ݑ݋ܬ‬
27
ଵ
d) ‫= ܧܭ‬ ଶ
× 0.25 × 4ଶ = 2 (‫)ݏ݈݁ݑ݋ܬ‬
ଵ
8) ܸ= ଷ
ߨ‫ݎ‬ଶℎ
3ܸ 3 × 1200 36
‫ =ݎ‬ඨ = ඨ = ඨ ≅ 3.39ܿ݉
ߨℎ ߨ × 100 ߨ
9)
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଷ
a) ோ
= ଶ
+ ଶ
+ ଶ
= ଶ
2
ܴ=
3
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵଷ
b) ோ
= ଶ
+ ଷ
+ ସ
= ଵଶ
12
ܴ=
13
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵଷ
c) ோ
= భ + ଶ
+ భ = 2+ ଶ
+ 4= ଶ
మ ర
2
ܴ=
13
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ସ ଶ ଺ାோయమ
d) ோ
= భ
ோ
+ భ
ோ
+ ܴଷ = భ
ோ
+ భ
ோ
+ ܴଷ = ோయ
+ ோయ
+ ܴଷ = ோయ
మ మ మ య ర య మ య
ܴଷ
ܴ=
6 + ܴଷଶ
10)
a) 4‫݌‬ଶ − 2‫ = ݌‬2‫(݌‬2‫ ݌‬− 1)
b) 3‫ݕ‬ଷ + 2‫(ݕ = ݕ‬3‫ݕ‬ଶ + 2)
c) 6‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬+ 2 = 2(3‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1)
28
d) 10‫ݔ‬ଷ − 4‫ݔ‬ଶ + 8‫ = ݔ‬2‫(ݔ‬5‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2‫ ݔ‬+ 4)
e) − 4‫ ݔ‬− 3‫ݔ‬ଶ = − ‫(ݔ‬4 + 3‫)ݔ‬
ଵ ଵ ଵ
f) ௫
+
௫మ
=
௫మ
(‫ ݔ‬+ 1)
11)
a) ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4 = (‫ ݔ‬− 2)(‫ ݔ‬+ 2)
b) 4‫ݕ‬ଶ − 9 = (2‫ ݕ‬− 3)(2‫ ݕ‬+ 3)
c) 25‫݌‬ଶ − 25 = 25(‫݌‬ଶ − 1) = 25(‫ ݌‬− 1)(‫ ݌‬+ 1)
௫మ ଵ ௫ ଵ ௫ ଵ
d) ସ
−
ଵ଺
= ቀ − ቁ( + )
ଶ ସ ଶ ସ
e) ‫ݕ‬ସ − 100‫ݕ‬ଶ = (‫ݕ‬ଶ − 10‫ݕ()ݕ‬ଶ + 10‫)ݕ‬
f) ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2 = ൫‫ ݔ‬− √2൯(‫ ݔ‬+ √2)
12)
a) ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 6‫ ݔ‬+ 9 = (‫ ݔ‬− 3) ଶ
b) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬− 5 = (‫ ݔ‬+ 5)(‫ ݔ‬− 1)
c) ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 8‫ ݔ‬+ 12 = (‫ ݔ‬− 6)(‫ ݔ‬− 2)
d) 2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 9‫ ݔ‬+ 10 = (2‫ ݔ‬+ 5)(‫ ݔ‬+ 2)
e) 3‫ݔ‬ଶ + 5‫ ݔ‬− 12 = (3‫ ݔ‬− 4)(‫ ݔ‬+ 3)
f) 6‫ݔ‬ଶ − 14‫ ݔ‬+ 8 = (6‫ ݔ‬− 8)(‫ ݔ‬− 1)
13)
a) ܾ‫ ݔ‬+ ܾ‫ ݕ‬− 3‫ ݔ‬− 3‫ ܾ( = ݕ‬− 3)(‫ ݔ‬+ ‫)ݕ‬
29
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
b) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݕݔ‬− ସ
− ଶ ‫ = ݕ‬ቀ‫ ݔ‬− ଶቁቀ‫ ݔ‬+ ଶቁ+ ‫ݕ‬ቀ‫ ݔ‬− ଶቁ = ቀ‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ ݕ‬+ ଶቁ(‫ ݔ‬− ଶ)
c) 4‫ݔ‬ଶ − ‫ݕ‬ଶ + 8‫ ݔ‬− 4‫( = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬− ‫()ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ )ݕ‬+ 4(2‫ ݔ‬− ‫( = )ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ ݕ‬+ 4)(2‫ ݔ‬− ‫)ݕ‬
d) ‫ݔ‬ଷ + 1 = (‫ ݔ‬+ 1)(‫ݔ‬ଶ − ‫ ݔ‬+ 1)
e) ‫ݔ‬ଷ − 27 = (‫ ݔ‬− 3)(‫ݔ‬ଶ + 3‫ ݔ‬+ 9)
f) ‫ݔ‬ଷ + 125 = (‫ ݔ‬+ 5)(‫ݔ‬ଶ − 5‫ ݔ‬+ 25)
14)
ଶ௣ାଷ௧ ଶ௣ାଷ௧ ଵ
a) ଼௣ାଵଶ௧
=
ସ(ଶ௣ାଷ௧)
=
ସ
ଷ௫ି௬ ଷ௫ି௬ ଵ
b) ସ௬ିଵଶ௫
=
ିସ(ଷ௫ି௬)
= −
ସ
ଵି௫ ଵି௫ ଵ
c) ଵି௫మ
= (ଵି௫)(ଵା௫)
=
ଵା௫
௫మାହ௫ା଺ (௫ାଷ)(௫ାଶ)
d) ௫ାଷ
=
௫ାଷ
= ‫ݔ‬+ 2
௬మିଵ଺ (௬ିସ)(௬ାସ)
e) ௬ିସ
=
௬ିସ
= ‫ݕ‬+ 4
௫మାଽ
f) ௫ିଷ
cannot be simplified
15)
௫ ௫మିସ ௫ (௫ିଶ)(௫ାଶ) ௫ାଶ

a) ௫ିଶ
×
௫௬ା௫
=
௫ିଶ
×
௫(௬ାଵ)
=
௬ାଵ
ଶ (௫ାଵ) మ ௫ାଵ
b) ௫ାଵ
×
ସ
=
ଶ
௫మି଼௫ା଻ ௧ିଷ (௫ି଻)(௫ିଵ) ௧ିଷ ௫ିଵ

c) ௧మି଺௧ାଽ
×
௫ି଻
= (௧ିଷ)(௧ିଷ)
×
௫ି଻
=
௧ିଷ
ଶ ସ௣ ଶ ௣మିସ ଵ (௣ିଶ)(௣ାଶ) ௣ାଶ ௣ ଶ

d) ௣ିଶ
÷
௣మିସ
=
௣ିଶ
×
ସ௣
=
௣ିଶ
×
ଶ௣
=
ଶ௣
=
ଶ
+
௣
30
ଷ௫ ଺௫ ଷ௫ ସ௫ିଶ ଵ ଶ(ଶ௫ିଵ)
e) ଶ௫ିଵ
÷
ସ௫ିଶ
=
ଶ௫ିଵ
×
଺௫
=
ଶ௫ିଵ
×
ଶ
= 1
௫௬ ௫మ௬మ ௫௬ ସ(௫ାଵ) ସ
f) ௫ାଵ
÷
ସ௫ାସ
=
௫ାଵ
×
(௫௬)మ
=
௫௬
16)
௔ା௕ ௔ି௕ ଷ(௔ା௕)ା(௔ି௕) ସ௔ାଶ௕

a) ଷ
+
ଽ
=
ଽ
=
ଽ
ଶ௫ାଷ௬ ଶ௬ିଷ௫ ଷ(ଶ௫ାଷ௬)ିଶ(ଶ௬ିଷ௫) ଺௫ାଽ௬ିସ௬ା଺௫ ଵଶ௫ାହ௬

b) ଶ
−
ଷ
=
଺
=
଺
=
଺
ଶି௣ ௣ାଶ ଶ(ଶି௣)ା௣(௣ାଶ) ସିଶ௣ା௣మାଶ௣ ௣మାସ ௣ ଶ

c) ௣
+
ଶ
=
ଶ௣
=
ଶ௣
=
ଶ௣
=
ଶ
+
௣
ସ ଺ ସ(௬ିଵ)ି଺ ସ௬ିଵ଴
d) ௬ − ௬(௬ିଵ)
=
௬(௬ିଵ)
=
௬(௬ିଵ)
ଵ ଶ ଵ ଶ ଵାଶ(௫ାସ) ଶ௫ାହ
e) ௫మାହ௫ାସ
+
௫ାଵ
= (௫ାଵ)(௫ାସ)
+
௫ାଵ
= (௫ାଵ)(௫ାସ)
= (௫ାଵ)(௫ାସ)
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ௫ାଶା(௫ିଶ)
f) ௫మିସ
+
௫మାସ௫ାସ
= (௫ିଶ)(௫ାଶ)
+ (௫ାଶ)(௫ାଶ)
= (௫ିଶ)(௫ାଶ)(௫ାଶ)
2‫ݔ‬
=
(‫ ݔ‬− 2)(‫ ݔ‬+ 2) ଶ
31
Exercise 4
Linear & Quadratic Expressions
32
Chapter 1: Basic Arithmetic & Algebra-Solutions Exercise 4: Linear & Quadratic Equations
1)
a) 2‫ ݔ‬+ 4 = 10
2‫ = ݔ‬6
‫ =ݔ‬3
b) 3‫ ݔ‬+ 7 = 4
3‫ = ݔ‬− 3
‫ =ݔ‬−1
ଵ
c) ଶ
‫ݔ‬− 4 = 5
1
‫ =ݔ‬9
2
‫ = ݔ‬18
ଶ
d) ଷ
‫ݔ‬+ 6 = 8
2
‫ =ݔ‬2
3
‫ =ݔ‬3
ସ
e) 2 − ହ‫ = ݔ‬− 6
4
− ‫ =ݔ‬−8
5
‫ = ݔ‬10
ଵ
f) 11 − ଶ ‫ = ݔ‬11
1
− ‫ =ݔ‬0
2
‫ =ݔ‬0
33
2)
ସ௫ାଵ
a) ௫
= 3
4‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = 3‫ݔ‬
‫ =ݔ‬−1
ଶ௫ି଺
b) ௫
= −4
2‫ ݔ‬− 6 = − 4‫ݔ‬
6‫ = ݔ‬6
‫ =ݔ‬1
ସ௫ିଶ
c) ௫ିଶ
= 8
4‫ ݔ‬− 2 = 8‫ ݔ‬− 16
− 4‫ = ݔ‬− 14
7
‫=ݔ‬
2
ଷ௫ା଺
d) ௫ିସ
= 10
3‫ ݔ‬+ 6 = 10‫ ݔ‬− 40
− 7‫ = ݔ‬− 46
46
‫=ݔ‬
7
భ
௫ିସ
e) మ
௫ାଵ
= 6
1
‫ ݔ‬− 4 = 6‫ ݔ‬+ 6
2
11
− ‫ = ݔ‬10
2
34
20
‫ =ݔ‬−
11
భ
ଶି ௫
f) ௫ିଷ
య
= 3
1
2− ‫ = ݔ‬3‫ ݔ‬− 9
3
10
− ‫ = ݔ‬− 11
3
33
‫=ݔ‬
10
3) Solve the following linear equations
௫ିସ ௫ିଷ
a) ௫ାଶ
= ௫ାଵ
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 3‫ ݔ‬− 4 = ‫ݔ‬ଶ − ‫ ݔ‬− 6
− 2‫ = ݔ‬− 2
‫ =ݔ‬−1
௫ାଵ ௫ାଶ
b) ௫ିଵ
= ௫ି଺
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 5‫ ݔ‬− 6 = ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ‬− 2
− 6‫ = ݔ‬4
2
‫ =ݔ‬−
3
ଶ௫ିଷ ଶ௫ାଵ
c) ଷ௫ିଶ
= ଷ௫ିଵ
6‫ݔ‬ଶ − 11‫ ݔ‬+ 3 = 6‫ݔ‬ଶ − ‫ ݔ‬− 2
− 10‫ = ݔ‬− 5
1
‫=ݔ‬
2
35
√௫ାଶ √௫ିସ
d) √௫ିଵ
=
√௫ାଵ
‫ ݔ‬+ 3√‫ ݔ‬+ 2 = ‫ ݔ‬− 5√‫ ݔ‬+ 4
8√‫ = ݔ‬2
1
√‫= ݔ‬
4
1
‫ =ݔ‬±
2
4)
a) 2‫ ݔ‬+ 2 > 6
2‫ > ݔ‬4
‫ >ݔ‬2
b) 4‫ ݔ‬− 3 ≤ 9
4‫ ≤ ݔ‬12
‫ ≤ݔ‬3
c) 2 − 6‫ ≥ ݔ‬− 10
− 6‫ ≥ ݔ‬− 12
‫ ≤ݔ‬2
ଵ
d) 1 − ଶ‫ < ݔ‬3
1
− ‫ <ݔ‬2
2
‫ >ݔ‬−4
36
e) |‫ ݔ‬− 2| < 5
‫ ݔ‬− 2 < 5 ܽ݊݀ − ‫ ݔ‬+ 2 < 5
‫ < ݔ‬7 ܽ݊݀ − ‫ < ݔ‬3
‫ < ݔ‬7 ܽ݊݀ ‫ > ݔ‬− 3
f) |‫ ݔ‬+ 1| ≥ 3
‫ ݔ‬+ 1 ≥ 3 ܽ݊݀ − ‫ ݔ‬− 1 ≥ 3
‫ ≥ ݔ‬2 ܽ݊݀ − ‫ ≥ ݔ‬4
‫ ≥ ݔ‬2 ܽ݊݀ ‫ ≤ ݔ‬− 4
g) |‫ ݔ‬+ 1| + 1 < 2
|‫ ݔ‬+ 1| < 1
‫ ݔ‬+ 1 < 1 ܽ݊݀ − ‫ ݔ‬− 1 < 1
‫ < ݔ‬0 ܽ݊݀ − ‫ < ݔ‬2
‫ < ݔ‬0 ܽ݊݀ ‫ > ݔ‬− 2
5)
a) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 5‫ ݔ‬− 6 = 0
(‫ ݔ‬+ 6)(‫ ݔ‬− 1) = 0
‫ = ݔ‬− 6 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬1
b) ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 5‫ ݔ‬+ 6 = 0
(‫ ݔ‬− 3)(‫ ݔ‬− 2) = 0
‫ = ݔ‬3 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬2
37
c) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = 0
(‫ ݔ‬+ 1) ଶ = 0
‫ =ݔ‬−1
d) 2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 7‫ ݔ‬− 9 = 0
(2‫ ݔ‬+ 9)(‫ ݔ‬− 1) = 0
9
‫ =ݔ‬− ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬1
2
e) 6‫ݔ‬ଶ − 14‫ ݔ‬+ 8 = 0
(3‫ ݔ‬− 4)(2‫ ݔ‬− 2) = 0
4
‫=ݔ‬ ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬1
3
f) 10‫ݔ‬ଶ + 6‫ ݔ‬− 4 = 0
5‫ݔ‬ଶ + 3‫ ݔ‬− 2 = 0
(5‫ ݔ‬− 2)(‫ ݔ‬+ 1) = 0
2
‫=ݔ‬ ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬− 1
5
g) 10‫ݔ‬ଶ − 6‫ ݔ‬− 4 = 0
5‫ݔ‬ଶ − 3‫ ݔ‬− 2 = 0
(5‫ ݔ‬+ 2)(‫ ݔ‬− 1) = 0
2
‫ =ݔ‬− ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬1
5
38
6) Solve the following equations using the most appropriate method
a) 6 − ‫ݔ‬ଶ = ‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ‬− 6 = 0
(‫ ݔ‬+ 3)(‫ ݔ‬− 2) = 0
‫ = ݔ‬− 3 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬2
b) 8‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬− 1 = 0
(4‫ ݔ‬− 1)(2‫ ݔ‬+ 1) = 0
1 1
‫=ݔ‬ ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬−
4 2
c) ‫ݔ‬ଶ = 8‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 8‫ = ݔ‬0
‫ ݔ(ݔ‬− 8) = 0
‫ = ݔ‬0 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬8
Note if we cancel ‫ ݔ‬from both sides of the initial equation we lose the solution
‫ =ݔ‬0
d) (‫ ݔ‬− 4) ଶ = 9
‫ ݔ‬− 4 = 3 ‫ ݔݎ݋‬− 4 = − 3
‫ = ݔ‬7 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬1
e) 2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬+ 4 = 0
Cannot factorize
Use quadratic formula
39
− 4 ± √4ଶ − 4 × 2 × 4
‫=ݔ‬
4
ܵ݅݊ܿ݁݀݅‫ >ݐ݊ܽ݊݅ ݉݅ݎܿݏ‬0, ‫ݐ‬ℎ݁‫ݏ݊݋݅ݐݑ݈݋ݏ݈ܽ݁ݎ ݋݊݁ݎܽ݁ݎ‬
f) ‫ݔ‬ଶ = 4‫ ݔ‬− 2
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬+ 2 = 0
Cannot factorize
Use quadratic formula
4 ± ඥ16 − (4 × 1 × 2)
‫=ݔ‬
2
4 ± √8
‫=ݔ‬
2
‫ = ݔ‬2 ± √2
7)
a) 2‫ ݔ‬+ 3‫ = ݕ‬5 and ‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ = ݕ‬2
Multiply equation 2 by 2
2‫ ݔ‬+ 3‫ = ݕ‬5 ܽ݊݀ 2‫ ݔ‬+ 2‫ = ݕ‬4
Subtract equation 2 from equation 1
‫ =ݕ‬1
Substituting gives ‫ = ݔ‬1
Solution is (1, 1)
b) ‫ ݔ‬− 4‫ = ݕ‬− 10 and ‫ ݔ‬− ‫ = ݕ‬− 1
− 3‫ = ݕ‬− 9
40
‫ =ݕ‬3
Solution is (2, 3)
ଷ ହ
c) ‫ݔ‬+ ଶ‫ = ݕ‬− ଶ
and 2‫ ݔ‬− ‫ = ݕ‬3
2‫ ݔ‬+ 3‫ = ݕ‬− 5 ܽ݊݀ 2‫ ݔ‬− ‫ = ݕ‬3
Subtracting equation 2 from equation 1
4‫ = ݕ‬− 8
‫ =ݕ‬−2
ଵ
Substituting gives ‫= ݔ‬ ଶ
ଵ
Solution is ቀଶ , − 2ቁ
d) 4‫ ݔ‬− 2‫ = ݕ‬3 and ‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ = ݕ‬0
4‫ ݔ‬− 2‫ = ݕ‬3 ܽ݊݀ 4‫ ݔ‬+ 4‫ = ݕ‬0
− 6‫ = ݕ‬3
1
‫ =ݕ‬−
2
ଵ
Substituting gives ‫= ݔ‬ ଶ
ଵ ଵ
Solution is ቀଶ , − ଶቁ
41
e) ‫ ݔ‬− ‫ = ݕ‬4 and − ‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ = ݕ‬8
Add equations
4= 8
Therefore no solution
f) ‫ ݔ‬− ‫ = ݕ‬2 and − ‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ = ݕ‬− 2
Add equations
0= 0
Therefore there is a solution, but must use another method
‫ ݔ = ݕ‬− 2 ܽ݊݀ ‫ = ݕ‬− 2 + ‫ݔ‬
These equations are the same; therefore any pair satisfying the condition is valid
Solution is (ܽ, ܾ) such that ܾ = ܽ − 2
42
Year 11 Unit 2
Mathematics
Real Functions
43
Exercise 1
Range, Domain & Variables
44
Chapter 2: Real Functions-Solutions Exercise 1: Range, Domain & Variables
1)
a) ݂(‫ݔ = )ݔ‬ଶ − 1. Domain is all real ‫ ;ݔ‬range is all ‫ ≥ ݕ‬− 1
b) ݂(‫ݔ√ = )ݔ‬. Domain is all ‫ ≥ ݔ‬0; range is all ‫ ≥ ݕ‬0
ଵ
c) ݂(‫ = )ݔ‬௫. Domain is all ‫ ≠ ݔ‬0; range is all ‫ ≠ ݕ‬0
ଵ
d) ݂(‫= )ݔ‬
√௫
. Domain is all ‫ > ݔ‬0; range is all ‫ > ݕ‬0
e) ݂(‫ ݔ = )ݔ‬+ 1. Domain and range is set of all real numbers
f) ݂(‫√ = )ݔ‬− ‫ݔ‬. Domain is all ‫ ≤ ݔ‬0; range is all ‫ ≥ ݕ‬0
2)
a) ݂(‫ ݔ√ = )ݔ‬+ 2. Domain is all ‫ ≥ ݔ‬0; range is all ‫ ≥ ݕ‬2
b) ݂(‫ ݔ√ = )ݔ‬+ 1. Domain is all ‫ ≥ ݔ‬0; range is all ‫ ≥ ݕ‬1
c) ݂(‫ ݔ√ = )ݔ‬− 2. Domain is all ‫ ≥ ݔ‬0; range is all ‫ ≥ ݕ‬− 2
d) ݂(‫ ݔ√ = )ݔ‬+ ܿ. Domain is all ‫ ≥ ݔ‬0; range is all ‫ܿ ≥ ݕ‬
3)
a) ݂(‫ݔ = )ݔ‬ଶ. Domain is all ‫ ;ݔ‬range is all ‫ ≥ ݕ‬0
b) ݂(‫ݔ = )ݔ‬ଶ + 1. Domain is all ‫ ;ݔ‬range is all ‫ ≥ ݕ‬1
c) ݂(‫ݔ = )ݔ‬ଶ − 2. Domain is all ‫ ;ݔ‬range is all ‫ ≥ ݕ‬− 2
d) ݂(‫ݔ = )ݔ‬ଶ + ܿ. Domain is all ‫ ;ݔ‬range is all ‫ܿ ≥ ݕ‬
4)
a) ݂(‫ ݔ( = )ݔ‬+ 1) ଶ. Domain is all ‫ ;ݔ‬range is all ‫ ≥ ݕ‬0
45
b) ݂(‫ ݔ( = )ݔ‬− 2) ଶ. Domain is all ‫ ;ݔ‬range is all ‫ ≥ ݕ‬0
c) ݂(‫ ݔ( = )ݔ‬+ 4) ଶ. Domain is all ‫ ;ݔ‬range is all ‫ ≥ ݕ‬0
d) ݂(‫ ݔ( = )ݔ‬+ ܿ) ଶ. Domain is all ‫ ;ݔ‬range is all ‫ ≥ ݕ‬0
5) Which of the following are not functions; give reasons for those considered non-functions
ଵ
a) ݂(‫= )ݔ‬
√௫
b) ݂(‫ = )ݔ‬2
c) ݂(‫ )ݔ‬ଶ − 2‫ = ݔ‬3. There is more than one ‫ ݔ‬value for each value of ‫ݕ‬
d) ݂(‫ݔ‬ଶ) − 2‫ = ݔ‬3
e) ‫ = ݔ‬− 2. Every co-ordinate is of the form (− 2, ‫)ݕ‬
f) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݕ‬ଶ = 4. This forms a circle which is not a function
6)
ଵ
a) ‫ = ݕ‬௫. Domain is all ‫ ≠ ݔ‬0; range is all ‫ݕ‬
ଵ
b) ‫=ݕ‬ ௫
+ 1. Domain is all ‫ ≠ ݔ‬0; range is all ‫ݕ‬
ଵ
c) ‫=ݕ‬ ௫
− 1. Domain is all ‫ ≠ ݔ‬0; range is all ‫ݕ‬
ଵ
d) ‫=ݕ‬ ௫
+ ܿ. Domain is all ‫ ≠ ݔ‬0; range is all ‫ݕ‬
7)
ଵ
a) ‫=ݕ‬ ௫మ
. Domain is all ‫ ≠ ݔ‬0; range is all ‫ > ݕ‬0
ଵ
b) ‫=ݕ‬ ௫మାଵ
. Domain is all ‫ ;ݔ‬range is 0 < ‫ ≤ ݕ‬1
ଵ
c) ‫=ݕ‬ ௫మିଵ
. Domain is all ‫ݔ‬, except ‫ = ݔ‬± 1; range is all ‫ ≠ ݕ‬0
46
ଵ
d) ‫=ݕ‬ ௫మା௖
. Domain is all ‫ݔ‬, except ‫ = ݔ‬± ܿ; range is all ‫ ≠ ݕ‬0 for c negative,
ଵ
0 < ‫≤ݕ‬ for c positive
௖
8)
a) ‫|ݔ| = ݕ‬. Domain is all ‫ ;ݔ‬range is all ‫ ≥ ݕ‬0
b) ‫ ݔ| = ݕ‬+ 1|. Domain is all ‫ ;ݔ‬range is all ‫ ≥ ݕ‬0
c) ‫ ݔ| = ݕ‬− 2|. Domain is all ‫ ;ݔ‬range is all ‫ ≥ ݕ‬0
d) ‫ ݔ| = ݕ‬+ ܿ|. Domain is all ‫ ;ݔ‬range is all ‫ ≥ ݕ‬0
e) ‫ |ݔ| = ݕ‬+ 1. Domain is all ‫ ;ݔ‬range is all ‫ ≥ ݕ‬1
f) ‫ |ݔ| = ݕ‬− 2. Domain is all ‫ ;ݔ‬range is all ‫ ≥ ݕ‬− 2
g) ‫ |ݔ| = ݕ‬+ ܿ. Domain is all ‫ ;ݔ‬range is all ‫ܿ ≥ ݕ‬
47
Exercise 2
Properties of Graphs of Real Functions
48
Chapter 2: Real Functions-Solutions Exercise 2: Properties of Graphs of Real Functions
For each question below, sketch the graph of the function, and determine the following
properties.
 x intercept
 y intercept
 Where the function is increasing
 Where the function is decreasing
 Where the function is positive, negative, and zero
 Any horizontal or vertical asymptotes
 The maximum and minimum values of the function
 If there are any discontinuities
Use the last equation in each question to generalize the above properties of functions of
that type
1) Linear functions
Max/m disc
Function x int y int inc dec +ve -ve asymp
in
always never For x>0 For x<0 none none
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ݔ‬ ‫ =ݔ‬0 ‫ =ݕ‬0 ∞/− ∞
1 1 1 none
‫ = ݕ‬3‫ ݔ‬+ 1 ‫ =ݔ‬− ‫ =ݕ‬1 always never ‫ >ݔ‬− ‫ <ݔ‬− none ∞/− ∞
3 3 3
1 1 1 none
‫ = ݕ‬4‫ ݔ‬− 2 ‫=ݔ‬ ‫ =ݕ‬−2 always never ‫>ݔ‬ ‫<ݔ‬ none ∞/− ∞
2 2 2
ܾ ܾ ܾ none
‫ ݔܽ = ݕ‬+ ܾ ‫ =ݔ‬− ‫ܾ =ݕ‬ always never ‫ >ݔ‬− ‫ <ݔ‬− none ∞/− ∞
ܽ ܽ ܽ
2) Quadratic functions
Function x int y int inc dec +ve -ve asymp Max/min disc
none
‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ ‫ =ݔ‬0 ‫ =ݕ‬0 ‫ >ݔ‬0 ‫ <ݔ‬0 ‫ ≠ݔ‬0 never none ∞/0
none
‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ + 1 none ‫ =ݕ‬1 ‫ >ݔ‬0 ‫ <ݔ‬0 all ‫ݔ‬ never none ∞/1
none
‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − 2 ‫ = ݔ‬± √2 ‫ =ݕ‬−2 ‫ >ݔ‬0 ‫ <ݔ‬0 |‫√ > |ݔ‬2 |‫√ < |ݔ‬2 none ∞/− 2
For For
ܿ > 0, For ܿ > 0, ܿ > 0,
ଶ none always never none
‫ ݔ =ݕ‬+ ܿ ‫ܿ =ݕ‬ ‫ >ݔ‬0 ‫ <ݔ‬0 none ∞/ܿ
For For ܿ < 0 For
ܿ ≤ 0, |‫√ < |ݔ‬− ܿ ܿ < 0,
‫ = ݔ‬± √− ܿ |‫√ < |ݔ‬− ܿ
49
3)
Max/ disc
min
As ‫ → ݔ‬0
1 from -∞ ‫ = ݔ‬0, ‫ =ݔ‬0
‫=ݕ‬ none none never ‫ >ݔ‬0 ‫ <ݔ‬0 ∞, − ∞
‫ݔ‬ and ‫ =ݕ‬0
ܽ‫∞ → ݔݏ‬
As
‫ →ݔ‬−1
1 ‫ =ݔ‬−1 ‫ =ݔ‬−1
‫=ݕ‬ none ‫ =ݕ‬1 never from − ∞ ‫ >ݔ‬−1 ‫ <ݔ‬−1 ∞, − ∞
‫ݔ‬+ 1 ‫ =ݕ‬0
and as
‫∞ →ݔ‬
As ‫ → ݔ‬2
1 from − ∞ ‫ =ݔ‬2 ‫ =ݔ‬2
‫=ݕ‬ none none never ‫ >ݔ‬2 ‫ <ݔ‬2 ∞, − ∞
‫ݔ‬− 2 and as ‫ =ݕ‬0
‫∞ →ݔ‬
As ‫ → ݔ‬0
‫ <ݔ‬−1 ‫ >ݔ‬−1 ‫ =ݔ‬0
1 from − ∞ ‫ =ݔ‬0
‫ =ݕ‬+ 1 none ‫ =ݔ‬−1 never ∞, − ∞
‫ݔ‬ and as ‫ >ݔ‬0 ‫ <ݔ‬0 ‫ =ݕ‬1
‫∞ →ݔ‬
As ‫ → ݔ‬0 1 1
‫<ݔ‬ ‫>ݔ‬ ‫ =ݔ‬0
1 1 from − ∞ 2 2 ‫ =ݔ‬0
‫ =ݕ‬− 2 none ‫=ݔ‬ never ∞, − ∞
‫ݔ‬ 2 and as
‫ >ݔ‬0 ‫ =ݕ‬−2
‫∞ →ݔ‬ ‫ <ݔ‬0
As ‫ܽ → ݔ‬ 1 1
‫ <ݔ‬− ‫ >ݔ‬− ‫ =ݔ‬−ܽ
1 1 from − ∞ ܾ ܾ ‫ =ݔ‬−ܾ
‫=ݕ‬ + ܾ none ‫ =ݔ‬− never ∞, − ∞
‫ݔ‬+ ܽ ܾ and as
‫ >ݔ‬−ܽ ‫ <ݔ‬−ܽ ‫ܾ =ݕ‬
‫∞ →ݔ‬
50
4)
Max/ disc
min
never never none none
‫ݔ√ = ݕ‬ ‫ =ݔ‬0 ‫ =ݕ‬0 ‫ >ݔ‬0 ‫ >ݔ‬0 0, ∞
never never none none

‫ ݔ√ = ݕ‬+ 1 ‫ =ݔ‬−1 ‫ =ݕ‬1 ‫ >ݔ‬−1 ‫ >ݔ‬−1 0, ∞
none never never none none

‫ ݔ√ = ݕ‬− 2 ‫ =ݔ‬2 ‫ >ݔ‬2 ‫ >ݔ‬2 0, ∞
none never never none none

‫ ݔ√ = ݕ‬+ 1 ‫ =ݕ‬1 ‫ >ݔ‬0 ‫ >ݔ‬0 1, ∞
‫ݕ‬ none
‫ ݔ√ = ݕ‬− 2 ‫ =ݔ‬4 ‫ >ݔ‬0 never ‫ >ݔ‬4 0 ≤ ‫ ≤ݔ‬4 none − 2, ∞
= −2
‫ܽ√ = ݕ‬ none
‫ ݔ√ = ݕ‬+ ܽ ‫ =ݔ‬−ܽ ‫ >ݔ‬−ܽ never ‫ >ݔ‬−ܽ never none 0, ∞
,ܽ> 0
‫ >ݔ‬0
0 ≤ ‫ܾ ≤ ݔ‬ଶ
‫ܾ = ݔ‬ଶ ଶ for b>0 none
‫ ݔ√ = ݕ‬+ ܾ ‫ܾ =ݕ‬ ‫ >ݔ‬0 never none ܾ, ∞
ܾ< 0 ‫ܾ = ݔ‬ଶ
for b<0
for b<0
51
5)
Max/ disc
min
All
‫|ݔ| = ݕ‬ ‫ =ݔ‬0 ‫ =ݕ‬0 never ‫ >ݔ‬0 never none 0, ∞ ‫ =ݔ‬0
except at
‫ =ݔ‬0
All
‫ =ݔ‬−1
‫ ݔ| = ݕ‬+ 1| ‫ =ݔ‬−1 ‫ =ݕ‬1 except at never ‫ >ݔ‬−1 never none 0, ∞
‫ =ݔ‬−1
All
‫ ݔ| = ݕ‬− 2| ‫ =ݔ‬2 ‫ =ݕ‬2 never ‫ >ݔ‬2 never none 0, ∞ ‫ =ݔ‬2
except at
‫ =ݔ‬2
All
‫ =ݔ‬0
‫ |ݔ| = ݕ‬+ 1 none ‫ =ݕ‬1 except at never ‫ >ݔ‬0 never none 1, ∞
‫ =ݔ‬0
All
‫ݕ‬ ‫ =ݔ‬0
‫ |ݔ| = ݕ‬− 2 ‫ =ݔ‬±2 except at never ‫ >ݔ‬±2 |‫ < |ݔ‬2 none − 2, ∞
= −2
‫ =ݔ‬0
All
‫ݔ‬ ‫ =ݔ‬−ܽ
‫ ݔ| = ݕ‬+ ܽ| ‫ܽ =ݕ‬ except at never ‫ >ݔ‬−ܽ never none 0, ∞
= −ܽ
‫ =ݔ‬−ܽ
‫ݔ‬
All = ±ܾ
‫ =ݔ‬±ܾ for b<0 ‫ =ݔ‬0
‫ |ݔ| = ݕ‬+ ܾ ‫ܾ =ݕ‬ except at never never none ܾ, ∞
for b<0
‫ =ݔ‬0
‫ >ݔ‬0
for b>0
52
6) Miscellaneous functions
Max/ disc
min
‫݇ݎ݋݂ ݔ = ݕ‬ 0≤ ‫ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬
‫ =ݕ‬0 never never ‫ >ݔ‬1 ‫ <ݔ‬0 none − ∞, ∞ = ݇+ 1
≤ ‫݇ ≤ݔ‬+ 1 < 1
1 ‫ = ݔ‬0, ‫ =ݔ‬0
‫=ݕ‬ never never always never ‫ >ݔ‬0 never − ∞, ∞
‫ݔ‬ଶ ‫ =ݕ‬0
1 ‫ =ݔ‬0 none
‫=ݕ‬ never never never always ‫ >ݔ‬0 never ∞, 0
√‫ݔ‬ ‫ =ݕ‬0
1 ‫ = ݔ‬0, ‫ =ݔ‬0
‫=ݕ‬ never never always never ‫ >ݔ‬0 never − ∞, ∞
|‫|ݔ‬ ‫ =ݕ‬0
All
ଷ య య ‫ݔ‬ none
‫ ݔ =ݕ‬+ ܿ ‫ܿ√ = ݔ‬ ‫ܿ =ݕ‬ except never ‫ܿ√ > ݔ‬ య none − ∞, ∞
< √ܿ
‫ =ݔ‬0
53
Exercise 3
Geometric Representation
54
Chapter 2: Real Functions-Solutions Exercise 3: Geometric Representation
1)
a) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݕ‬ଶ = 1
b) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݕ‬ଶ = 4
c) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + (‫ ݕ‬− 1) ଶ = 4
d) (‫ ݔ‬− 1) ଶ + (‫ ݕ‬+ 1) ଶ = 9
e) (‫ ݔ‬− 2) ଶ + (‫ ݕ‬− 3) ଶ = 16
ଵ ଶ ଵ ଶ
f) ቀ‫ ݔ‬− ଶቁ + ቀ‫ ݕ‬− ଶቁ = 2.25
2)
a) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݕ‬ଶ = 9
Centre at origin, radius 3
b) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݕ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݕ‬+ 2 = 0
‫ݔ‬ଶ + (‫ ݕ‬− 2) ଶ − 2 = 0
‫ݔ‬ଶ + (‫ ݕ‬− 2) ଶ = 2
Centre at(0, 2), radius √2
ଷ
c) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݕ‬ଶ − 2‫ ݔ‬− 2‫ ݕ‬− ଶ
= 0
1
(‫ ݔ‬− 1) ଶ + (‫ ݕ‬− 1) ଶ − = 0
2
1
(‫ ݔ‬− 1) ଶ + (‫ ݕ‬− 1) ଶ =
2
ଵ
Centre at(1, 1), radius
√ଶ
d) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ݕ‬ଶ − 4‫ = ݕ‬2
55
‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ݕ‬ଶ − 4‫ = ݕ‬2
(‫ ݔ‬+ 2) ଶ + (‫ ݕ‬− 2) ଶ = 2
Centre at(− 2, 2), radius √2
e) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 6‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ݕ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݕ‬+ 9 = 0
(‫ ݔ‬+ 3) ଶ + (‫ ݕ‬+ 1) ଶ − 1 = 0
(‫ ݔ‬+ 3) ଶ + (‫ ݕ‬+ 1) ଶ = 1
Centre at(− 3, − 1), radius 1
f) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ݕ‬ଶ + ‫ = ݕ‬0
1 ଶ 1 ଶ 1
൬‫ ݔ‬+ ൰ + ൬‫ ݕ‬+ ൰ − = 0
2 2 2
1 ଶ 1 ଶ 1
൬‫ ݔ‬+ ൰ + ൬‫ ݕ‬+ ൰ =
2 2 2
ଵ ଵ ଵ
Centre atቀ− ଶ , − ଶቁ, radius
√ଶ
3) (Put equations into standard parabolic form)
௫మ
a) ‫=ݕ‬ ସ
(‫ ݔ‬− 0) ଶ = 4(‫ ݕ‬− 0) ଶ
Vertex is (0, 0)
Focus is (0, 1)
b) ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬+ 4
1
‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − 2‫ ݔ‬+ 2
2
56
1
‫ ݔ( = ݕ‬− 1) ଶ + 1
2
1
(‫ ݔ‬− 1) ଶ = ‫ ݕ‬− 1
2
1
(‫ ݔ‬− 1) ଶ = (‫ ݕ‬− 2)
2
Vertex at (1, 2)
ଵ଻
Focus at (1, ଼ )
c) 6‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬+ 16
6‫ ݔ( = ݕ‬+ 2) ଶ + 12
(‫ ݔ‬+ 2) ଶ = 6(‫ ݕ‬− 2)
Vertex at (-2, 2)
଻
Focus at (-2, ଶ )
d) 16‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ + 6‫ ݔ‬+ 73
16‫ ݔ( = ݕ‬+ 3) ଶ + 64
(‫ ݔ‬+ 3) ଶ = 16(‫ ݕ‬− 4)
Vertex at (− 3, 4)
Focus at (− 3, 8)
e) 8‫ = ݔ‬− ‫ݕ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݕ‬− 12
(‫ ݕ‬− 2) ଶ + 8 = − 8‫ݔ‬
(‫ ݕ‬− 2) ଶ = − 8(‫ ݔ‬+ 1)
Vertex at (2, − 1)
Focus at (0, − 1)
57
ଵହହ
f) 26‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ − ‫ ݔ‬+ ସ
155
‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ‬− = − 26‫ݕ‬
4
1 ଶ 156
൬‫ ݔ‬+ ൰ − = − 26‫ݕ‬
2 4
1 ଶ
൬‫ ݔ‬+ ൰ = − 26‫ ݕ‬+ 39
2
1 ଶ 3
൬‫ ݔ‬+ ൰ = − 26 ൬‫ ݕ‬− ൰
2 2
ଵ ଷ
Vertex at ቀ− ଶ , ଶቁ
ଵ
Focus at ቀ− ଶ , − 5ቁ
4)
a) Vertex at (− 1, 3), focus at (-1, -3)
‫ݔ‬଴ = − 1, ‫ݕ‬଴ = 3, ‫ = ܣ‬− 6
(‫ ݔ‬+ 1) ଶ = − 24(‫ ݕ‬− 3)
‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = − 24‫ ݕ‬+ 72
24‫ = ݕ‬− (‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬− 71)
ଵ
b) Vertex at ቀ0, − ଶቁ, focus at (0, 4)
1 9
‫ݔ‬଴ = 0, ‫ݕ‬଴ = − ,‫= ܣ‬
2 8
36 1
‫ݔ‬ଶ = ൬‫ ݕ‬+ ൰
8 2
36 9
‫ݔ‬ଶ = ‫ݕ‬+
8 4
58
18‫ = ݕ‬4‫ݔ‬ଶ − 9
c) Vertex at (3, -1), focus at (3, 5)
‫ݔ‬଴ = 3, ‫ݕ‬଴ = − 1, ‫ = ܣ‬6
(‫ ݔ‬− 3) ଶ = 24(‫ ݕ‬+ 1)
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 6‫ ݔ‬+ 9 = 24‫ ݕ‬+ 24
24‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − 6‫ ݔ‬− 15
ଷ ଵ ଷ
d) Vertex at ቀ− ସ , ସ ቁ, focus at ቀ− ସ , 0ቁ
3 1
‫ݔ‬଴ = − , ‫ݕ‬଴ = , ‫ = ܣ‬− 1
4 4
1 ଶ 3
൬‫ ݕ‬− ൰ = − ൬‫ ݔ‬+ ൰
4 4
3 1 1
− ‫ݔ‬− = ‫ݕ‬ଶ − ‫ ݕ‬+
4 2 16
1 13
‫ = ݔ‬− ‫ݕ‬ଶ + ‫ݕ‬−
2 16
16‫ = ݔ‬− 16‫ݕ‬ଶ + 8‫ ݕ‬− 13
e) Vertex at (0, 0), focus at (0, 1.5)
‫ݔ‬଴ = 0, ‫ݕ‬଴ = 0, ‫ = ܣ‬1.5
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 6‫ݕ‬
‫ݔ‬ଶ
‫=ݕ‬
6
f) Vertex at (0, -1), focus at (2, -1)
‫ݔ‬଴ = 0, ‫ݕ‬଴ = − 1, ‫ = ܣ‬2
59
8(‫ ݕ( = )ݔ‬+ 1) ଶ
8‫ݕ = ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݕ‬+ 1
5) Find the equation of the parabola that has
a) Vertex at (0, 0), directrix ‫ = ݕ‬2
‫ݔ‬଴ = 0, ‫ݕ‬଴ = 0, ‫ = ܣ‬− 2
‫ݔ‬ଶ = − 8‫ݕ‬
‫ݔ‬ଶ
‫ =ݕ‬−
8
b) Vertex at (-1, 2), directrix ‫ = ݕ‬− 3
‫ݔ‬଴ = − 1, ‫ݕ‬଴ = 2, ‫ = ܣ‬3
(‫ ݔ‬+ 1) ଶ = 12(‫ ݕ‬− 2)
‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = 12‫ ݕ‬− 24
12‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 25
ଵ
c) Vertex at ቀଶ , 1ቁ, directrix ‫ = ݕ‬4
1
‫ݔ‬଴ = , ‫ = ݕ‬1, ‫ = ܣ‬− 4
2 ଴
1 ଶ
൬‫ ݔ‬− ൰ = − 16(‫ ݕ‬− 1)
2
1
‫ݔ‬ଶ − ‫ ݔ‬+ = − 16‫ ݕ‬+ 16
4
63
16‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ‬+
4
d) Vertex at (1, 1) directrix ‫ = ݔ‬2
‫ݔ‬଴ = 1, ‫ݕ‬଴ = 1, ‫ = ܣ‬− 2

60
− 8(‫ ݔ‬− 1) = (‫ ݕ‬− 1) ଶ
− 8‫ ݔ‬+ 8 = ‫ݕ‬ଶ − 2‫ ݕ‬+ 1
8‫ = ݔ‬− ‫ݕ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݕ‬+ 7
ଷ ଵ
e) Vertex at ቀସ , − ଶቁ, directrix ‫ = ݕ‬3
3 1
‫ݔ‬଴ = , ‫ݕ‬௢ = − , ‫ = ܣ‬− 3
4 2
3 ଶ 1
൬‫ ݔ‬− ൰ = − 12 ൬‫ ݕ‬+ ൰
4 2
3 9
‫ݔ‬ଶ − ‫ݔ‬+ = − 12‫ ݕ‬− 6
2 16
3 105
12‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݔ‬−
2 16
f) Vertex at (3, 2), directrix ‫ = ݔ‬0
‫ݔ‬଴ = 3, ‫ݕ‬଴ = 2, ‫ = ܣ‬− 3
− 12(‫ ݔ‬− 3) = (‫ ݕ‬− 2) ଶ
− 12‫ ݔ‬+ 36 = ‫ݕ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݕ‬+ 4
12‫ = ݔ‬− ‫ݕ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݕ‬+ 32
6) Find the equation of the parabola that has
a) Focus at (0, 0), directrix ‫ = ݕ‬− 2
Vertex = (− 1, 0)
‫ݔ‬଴ = − 1, ‫ݕ‬଴ = 0, ‫ = ܣ‬2
(‫ ݔ‬+ 1) ଶ = 8‫ݕ‬
8‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1

61
Note to check answer, substitute vertex not focus back into equation
ଷ
b) Focus at (2, -2), directrix ‫= ݕ‬ ଶ
ଵ
Vertex = ቀ2, − ସቁ
1 3
‫ݔ‬଴ = 2, ‫ݕ‬଴ = − ,‫ = ܣ‬−
4 2
1
(‫ ݔ‬− 2) ଶ = − 6 ൬‫ ݕ‬+ ൰
4
3
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬+ 4 = − 6‫ ݕ‬−
2
11
6‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬−
2
ଵ ଵ ଻
c) Focus at ቀଶ , − ଶቁ, directrix ‫= ݕ‬ ଶ
ଵ ଷ
Vertex = ቀଶ , ଶቁ
1 3 7
‫ݔ‬଴ = , ‫ݕ‬଴ = , ‫ = ܣ‬−
2 2 2
1 ଶ 3
൬‫ ݔ‬− ൰ = − 14 ൬‫ ݕ‬− ൰
2 2
1
‫ݔ‬ଶ − ‫ ݔ‬+ = − 14‫ ݕ‬+ 21
4
83
14‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ‬+
4
d) Focus at (1, 1), directrix ‫ = ݔ‬3
Vertex = (2,1)
‫ݔ‬଴ = 2, ‫ݕ‬଴ = 1, ‫ = ܣ‬− 3
− 12(‫ ݔ‬− 2) = (‫ ݕ‬− 1) ଶ

62
− 12‫ ݔ‬+ 24 = ‫ݕ‬ଶ − 2‫ = ݕ‬1
12‫ = ݔ‬− ‫ݕ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݕ‬+ 23
ଷ ଻
e) Focus at ቀ2, ସቁ, directrix ‫ = ݕ‬− ସ
ଵ
Vertex = ቀ2, − ଶቁ
1 7
‫ݔ‬଴ = 2, ‫ݕ‬଴ = − ,‫= ܣ‬
2 4
7 1
(‫ ݔ‬− 2) ଶ = ൬‫ ݕ‬+ ൰
4 2
7 7
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬+ 4 = ‫ݕ‬+
4 8
7
4‫ݔ‬ଶ − 16‫ ݔ‬+ 16 = 7‫ ݕ‬+
2
25
7‫ = ݕ‬4‫ݔ‬ଶ − 16‫ ݔ‬+
2
f) Focus at (-2, 3), directrix ‫ = ݔ‬− 5
଻
Vertex = ቀ− ଶ , 3ቁ
7
‫ݔ‬଴ = − , ‫ = ݕ‬3, ‫ = ܣ‬5
2 ଴
7
20 ൬‫ ݔ‬+ ൰ = (‫ ݕ‬− 3) ଶ
2
20‫ ݔ‬+ 70 = ‫ݕ‬ଶ − 6‫ ݕ‬+ 9
20‫ݕ = ݔ‬ଶ − 6‫ ݕ‬− 61
7) Sketch the following curves, showing centre and radius for circles; and focus, directrix
and vertex for parabolas
a) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݕ‬ଶ = 16
63
Centre= (0,0), radius = 4
b) ‫ = ݕ‬4‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2‫ ݔ‬+ 8
1 1
‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − ‫ ݔ‬+ 2
4 2
1 1 ଶ 31
‫ = ݕ‬൬‫ ݔ‬− ൰ +
4 4 16
1 31 1 ଶ
൬‫ ݕ‬− ൰ = ൬‫ ݔ‬− ൰
4 4 4
1 31 1
‫ݔ‬଴ = , ‫ݕ‬଴ = ,‫= ܣ‬
4 4 16
ଵ ଷଵ ହ ଷଵ ଷ
Vertex= ቀସ , ସ ቁ, Focus= ቀଵ଺ , ସ ቁ, Directrix is ‫= ݔ‬ ଵ଺
c) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݕ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬− 6‫ = ݕ‬10
(‫ ݔ‬+ 2) ଶ + (‫ ݕ‬− 3) ଶ = 15
Centre= (− 2,3), radius = √15
d) ‫ = ݕ‬3‫ݔ‬ଶ − 6‫ ݔ‬+ 3
‫ݕ‬
= ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1
3
‫ݕ‬
= (‫ ݔ‬− 1) ଶ
3
ସ
‫ݔ‬଴ = 1, ‫ݕ‬଴ = 0, ‫= ܣ‬ ଷ
ସ ସ
Vertex= (1,0), Focus= ቀ1, ଷቁ, Directrix is ‫ = ݕ‬− ଷ
e) ‫ݕ‬ଶ + 2 = 2‫ ݔ‬− 4 + 6‫ݕ‬
‫ݕ‬ଶ − 6‫ ݕ‬+ 6 = 2‫ݔ‬
64
(‫ ݕ‬− 3) ଶ − 3 = 2‫ݔ‬
3
2 ൬‫ ݔ‬+ ൰ = (‫ ݕ‬− 3) ଶ
2
3 1
‫ݔ‬଴ = − , ‫ݕ‬଴ = 3, ‫= ܣ‬
2 2
ଷ
Vertex= ቀ− ଶ , 3ቁ, Focus= (1,3), Directrix is ‫ = ݔ‬− 2
f) ‫ݕ‬ଶ + 8‫ ݕ‬− 4‫ = ݔ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2
‫ݕ‬ଶ + 8‫ ݕ‬+ ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬+ 2 = 0
(‫ ݕ‬+ 4) ଶ + (‫ ݔ‬− 2) ଶ − 10 = 0
Centre(2, − 4), radius √10
65
Exercise 4
Graphing Inequalities
66
Chapter 2: Real Numbers-Solutions Exercise 4: Graphing Inequalities
1)
a) The x axis, the y axis, and the inequality ‫ < ݕ‬− 2‫ ݔ‬+ 3
y y<-2x+3; x>0 and y>0
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
b) The x axis and the inequalities ‫ < ݕ‬− ‫ ݔ‬+ 2 and ‫ ݔ < ݕ‬+ 2
y y<-x+2; y<x+2 and y>0
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
67
ଵ
c) The inequality ‫ > ݕ‬− ଶ ‫ ݔ‬+ 4
y y>(-0.5x)+4
x
2 4 6 8
-1
-2
-3
-4
d) The inequalities ‫ < ݕ‬4 and ‫ > ݕ‬0
y y<4; y>0
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
-2
-3
-4
68
ଵ
e) The inequalities |‫ < |ݔ‬2 and ‫< ݕ‬ ଶ
‫ݔ‬+ 1
y abs(x)<2; y<(0.5x)+1
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
-2
-3
-4
f) The inequality ‫ > ݕ‬3‫ ݔ‬− 3
y y>3x-3
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
-2
-3
-4
69
2) Sketch and label the region bounded by
a) The inequalities ‫ݔ > ݕ‬ଶ and ‫ < ݕ‬1
y y>x^2; y<1
1.5
0.5
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-0.5
-1
-1.5
b) The inequalities ‫ > ݔ‬0, ‫ > ݕ‬0, and ‫ < ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ
y y<-(x^2); x>0 and y>0
1.5
0.5
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-0.5
-1
-1.5
NO SOLUTION
70
c) The inequalities ‫ < ݕ‬0 and ‫ݔ > ݕ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬+ 3
y y>(x^2)+4x+3; y<0
1.5
0.5
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-0.5
-1
-1.5
d) The x axis, and the inequalities ‫ݔ < ݕ‬ଷ and ‫ < ݔ‬2
y y<x^3; x<2 and y>0
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
71
ଵ
e) The inequalities ‫ > ݔ‬0, ‫ > ݕ‬0, and ‫< ݕ‬ ௫
y y<1/x; x>0 and y>0
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
-2
-3
-4
f) The inequalities ‫ > ݔ‬0, ‫ݔ√ > ݕ‬, and ‫ < ݕ‬− ‫ ݔ‬+ 4
y y>(x^0.5); x>0 and y<-x+4
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
-2
-3
-4
72
3) Sketch and label the region bounded by
a) The inequalities ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݕ‬ଶ < 1, ‫ > ݔ‬0, and ‫ > ݕ‬0
y x^2+y^2<1; x>0 and y>0
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
-2
-3
b) The inequalities ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ݕ‬ଶ < 0 and ‫ > ݕ‬1
y x^2-4x+y^2<0; y>1
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
-2
-3
73
c) The inequalities ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݕ‬ଶ < 4 and ‫ > ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬
y x^2+y^2<4; y>-x
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
-2
-3
d) The inequalities ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݕ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬− 2‫ > ݕ‬7, ‫ > ݔ‬− 4, and ‫ < ݕ‬4
y x^2+y^2+2x-2y>7; x>-4 and y<4
x
-4 -2 2 4
-2
-4
74
4) Find a system of inequalities whose solutions correspond to the regions described; sketch
the regions
a) The points lying inside the circle with centre (1, 1) and radius 2, but to the right of
the line ‫ = ݔ‬2
(‫ ݔ‬− 1) ଶ + (‫ ݕ‬− 1) ଶ < 4
‫ >ݔ‬2
y (x-1)^2+(y-1)^2<4; x>2
x
-4 -2 2 4
-2
-4
b) The points whose boundary consists of portions of the x axis, the ordinates at
ହ
‫ = ݔ‬2, ‫ = ݔ‬3, and the curve having its turning point at ቀଶ , 4ቁ, which is also its
maximum
ସହ
Equation is ‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 5‫ ݔ‬− ଼
75
y y<-(x^2)+5x-(45/8); y>0
1.5
0.5
x
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-0.5
-1
-1.5
c) The points where ‫ ݕ‬is greater than ‫ ݔ‬and both ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ ݕ‬are negative
‫ݔ >ݕ‬
‫ <ݔ‬0
‫ <ݕ‬0
76
y y>x; x<0 and y<0
1.5
0.5
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1
-0.5
-1
-1.5
d) The triangle bounded by the points (0, 2), (1, 1) and the origin
Equation 1; between points (0, 2) and (1, 1)
ଶିଵ
Gradient = ଴ିଵ = − 1
‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+ ܿ
Substituting either point gives ܿ = 2
‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+ 2
Equation 2; between points (0, 2) and (0, 0)
‫ =ݔ‬0
Equation 3; between points (0, 0) and (1,1)
‫ݔ =ݕ‬
Inequalities are:
77
‫ >ݔ‬0
‫ݔ >ݕ‬
‫ < ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+ 2
y y<-x+2; y>x and x>0
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
-2
-3
e) The region inside the circle of radius 2, centred at (2, 1) and the points for which ‫ݕ‬
is greater than 1. Describe the shape formed
(‫ ݔ‬− 2) ଶ + (‫ ݕ‬− 1) ଶ < 4
‫ >ݕ‬1
78
y ((x-2)^2)+((y-1)^2)<4; y>1
x
-1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
-3
f) The region inside the circle of centre (-2, 4) with radius 1, and the points for which
‫ ݔ‬is greater than -1
(‫ ݔ‬+ 2) ଶ + (‫ ݕ‬− 4) ଶ < 1
‫ >ݔ‬−1
79
y ((x+2)^2)+((y-4)^2)=1
x=-1
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
NO SOLUTION
80
Year 11 Unit 2
Mathematics
Basic Trigonometry
81
Exercise 1
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities
82
Chapter 3: Basic Trigonometry-Solutions Exercise 1: Trigonometric Ratios and Identities
1)
1 √3 0,1
− , 1 √3
2 2 ,
2 2
1 1 1 1
− , ,
√2 √2 √2 √2
√3 1 √3 1
− , ,
2 2 2 2
− 1,0 1,0
√3 1
√3 1 ,−
− ,− 2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1 ,−
− ,− √2 √2
√2 √2 1 √3
− ,− 1 √3
2 2 0,-1 ,−
2 2
2)
ୱ୧୬ ௫
a) tan ‫= ݔ‬ ୡ୭ୱ௫
ଵ
b) csc ‫= ݔ‬ ୱ୧୬ ௫
ଵ
c) sec ‫= ݔ‬ ୡ୭ୱ௫
ୡ୭ୱ௫
d) cot ‫= ݔ‬ ୱ୧୬ ௫
3) For what values of θ are the above trigonometric ratios not defined?
Tan and sec are not defined for θ equal to 90° ± 180k where k is an integer
Cosec and cot are not defined for θ equal to 0° ± 180k where k is an integer
83
4) Graph the following
a) sin ‫ ݔ‬for ‫ ݔ‬between 0 and 360°
x
π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4
b) tan ‫ ݔ‬for ‫ ݔ‬between 0 and 360°
y f(x)=tan x
x
π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4
84
c) sec ‫ ݔ‬for ‫ ݔ‬between 0 and 360°
y f(x)=sec x
x
π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4
5)
a) sin(− ߠ) = − sin ߠ
b) cos(90° − ߠ) = sin ߠ
c) tan(180° + ߠ) = tan ߠ
ଵ
d) csc(90° − ߠ) = sec ߠ = ୡ୭ୱఏ
e) sec(− ߠ) = sec ߠ
6)
a) sinଶ ߠ + cosଶ ߠ = 1
b) 1 + tanଶ ߠ = sec ଶ ߠ
c) 1 + cot ଶ ߠ = csc ଶ ߠ
85
d) sin(2ߠ) = 2 sin ߠcos ߠ
e) cos(2ߠ) = cosଶ ߠ − sinଶ ߠ or 1 − 2 sinଶ ߠ
7)
a) 4 cos ‫ = ݔ‬1 + 2 cos ‫ ݔ‬, for 0° ≤ ‫ ≤ ݔ‬90°
2 cos ‫ = ݔ‬1
1
cos ‫= ݔ‬
2
‫ = ݔ‬60°
b) csc ଶ ‫ = ݔ‬2 , for 0° ≤ ‫ ≤ ݔ‬180°
1
= 2
sinଶ ‫ݔ‬
1
sin ‫ = ݔ‬±
2
‫ = ݔ‬45°, 135°
c) 4 sin ‫ = ݔ‬1 + 2 sin ‫ ݔ‬, for − 90° ≤ ‫ ≤ ݔ‬90°
2 sin ‫ = ݔ‬1
1
sin ‫= ݔ‬
2
‫ = ݔ‬30°
d) cot ‫ = ݔ‬2 cos ‫ ݔ‬, for − 180° ≤ ‫ ≤ ݔ‬180°
cos ‫ݔ‬
= 2 cos ‫ݔ‬
sin ‫ݔ‬
cos ‫ݔ‬
sin ‫= ݔ‬
2 cos ‫ݔ‬
86
1
sin ‫= ݔ‬
2
‫ = ݔ‬30°, 150°
e) 10 cos 2‫ = ݔ‬4 cos 60° , for 0° ≤ ‫ ≤ ݔ‬360°
2
cos 2‫= ݔ‬ cos 60°
5
1
cos 2‫= ݔ‬
5
2‫ = ݔ‬78.46°
‫ = ݔ‬39.23°, 320.67°
f) cot ଶ ‫ = ݔ‬csc ଶ ‫ ݔ‬, for 0° ≤ ‫ ≤ ݔ‬90°
cosଶ ‫ݔ‬ 1
=
sin ‫ ݔ‬sinଶ ‫ݔ‬
ଶ
cosଶ ‫ = ݔ‬1
‫ = ݔ‬0°
g) 2 sin ‫ ݔ‬− sin 30° = cos 0° , for 90° ≤ ‫ ≤ ݔ‬180°
1
2 sin ‫ ݔ‬− = 1
2
3
2 sin ‫= ݔ‬
2
3
sin ‫= ݔ‬
4
‫ = ݔ‬48.6°
87
8)
ୱ୧୬ ଷ଴° ଵ
a) cos 30° tan 30° = cos 30° ୡ୭ୱଷ଴° = sin 30° = ଶ
ଵ ଵ ଶିଵ ଵ
b) sec 45° − sin 45° = ୡ୭ୱସହ°
− sin 45° = √2 −
√ଶ
=
√ଶ
=
√ଶ
ଵ ଵ ଶ ଶ ସ
c) csc 60° sec 30° = ୱ୧୬ ଺଴°
× ୡ୭ୱଷ଴°
=
√ଷ
×
√ଷ
= ଷ
భ మ భ
ୱୣୡଷ଴° ୲ୟ୬ ଺଴° × ୲ୟ୬ ଺଴° × ଵ
d) ୡୱୡమ ସହ°
= ౙ౥౩యబ°
ଵାୡ୭୲మ ସହ°
= √య √య
ଶ
=
ଷ
ଵ √ଷ ଶ √ଷ ଷ ହ
e) (tan 30° + csc 60°) cos 30° = ቀ√3 + ቁ = ቀ√3 +
ୱ୧୬ ଺଴° ଶ √ଷ
ቁଶ = ଶ
+ 1= ଶ
ଵ
f) sinଶ 27° + ቀ
ୱୣୡଶ଻°
× cos 27°ቁ = sinଶ 27° + (cos 27° × cos 27°)
= sinଶ 27° + cosଶ 27° = 1
88
Exercise 2
Angles of Elevation & Bearings
89
Chapter 3: Basic Trigonometry-Solutions
Solutions Exercise 2: Angles of Elevation & Bearings
1)
a) 030°
N
30°
b) 075°
N
75°
c) 120° N
120°
90
d) 135°
N
135°
e) 180°
f) 240°
91
g) 280°
h) 300°
i) 345°
92
2)
a) Due South
b) South-East
c) North-West
93
d) North-East
e) Due North
94
3)
a) A man travels due East for x km then due South for y km
‫ݔ‬
‫ݕ‬
b) A man travels North-East

North for x km, then due South for y km
‫ݔ‬
‫ݕ‬
c) A man travels on a bearing of 45°

45 for x km , then on a bearing of 225
225° for y km
‫ݔ‬
‫ݕ‬
95
d) A man travels on a bearing of 330°

330 for x km, then on a bearing of 210
210° for y km
‫ݔ‬
‫ݕ‬
e) A man travels due South for x km, then travels due East for y km, he then walks
back to his starting point for z km.
‫ݖ‬
‫ݔ‬
‫ݕ‬
4) (Using diagrams from Q3)
a) A man travels due East for 3 km, then travels due South for 4 km. What is the
shortest distance back to his original starting position?
Shortest distance is straight line along hypotenuse of right angle triangle formed.
By Pythagoras’‫ݔ‬ଶ = 3ଶ + 4ଶ; ‫ = ݔ‬5݇݉
b) A man travels North-East

North East then turns and travels due South for 15 km until he is
due East of his starting position. How far due East of his starting position is he?
ଵହ
By tangent rule; tan 45° = ; ܽ = 15݇݉
௔
96
c) A man travels on a bearing of 45°

45 for 10 km; he then travels on a bearing of 225
225°
for 12 km. What is the shortest distance back to his original starting position?
Since he has travelled back along same line, distance back to start is difference of
the two distances; 2km
d) A man travels on a bearing of 330°

330 for 4 km and then on a bearing of 210
210° for 4
km. How far and on what bearing is his shortest path back to his original starting
position?
4
4
‫ݖ‬ 60°
The two distances are equal; therefore the angles opposite them are equal. Since
the bearing 330° is equal to 270°
270 + 60°, angle z must be 60°.. Therefore angle c
must be 60° and the triangle equilateral. Therefore the distance back to the origin
is also
lso 4 km on a bearing of due east
e) A man travels due South for 6 km, then due East for 6 km. On what bearing must
he travel and for what distance to take the shortest path back to his starting
position?
97
x
6km
6km
The three paths form an isosceles

isosceles right angle triangle of side length 6 km.
Therefore the two non right angles must be each 45°;
45 ; the path back to the origin
is on an angle of 45°
45 from west, which is north westerly or a bearing of 315
315°. The
distance can be calculated by Pythagoras: ‫ݔ‬ଶ = 6ଶ + 6ଶ = 72; ‫√ = ݔ‬72
5)
a) Two friends Bill and Ben leave from the same point at the same time. Bill walks
North-East
East at 4 km per hour for 2 hours. Ben walks at a rate of 3 km per hour for
2 hours South-East.
East. How far apart are they at this time?
‫݈݈݅ܤ‬8݇݉
‫ݔ‬
‫ ݊݁ܤ‬6݇݉
98
The directions north east and south east form a right angle; ‫ ݔ‬is the distance of
the hypotenuse. By Pythagoras’ ‫ݔ‬ଶ = 6ଶ + 8ଶ, ‫ = ݔ‬10 ݇݉
b) Fred travels due East then walks on a bearing of 300°

300 for 8 km until he is due
North
h of his original starting position. How far away from his original position is
he? How far due East did he walk?
8
‫ݔ‬
‫ݕ‬ 30°
Fred is due north of his original position which he set out from at due east.
Therefore a right angle triangle is formed of hypotenuse length 8. The bearing
௫
300° is 270° (due west) plus 30°.
30 Therefore sin 30° = ଼, and ‫ = ݔ‬4 ݇݉ .
The value of ‫ ݕ‬can be calculated using the cosine ratio or Pythagoras and is equal
to √48
c) Alan and Ken each start rowing a boat from the same position. Alan rows due
west for 10 km, whilst Ken rows for 20km at which time he is directly South of
Alan. On what bearing did Ken row, and what distance was he away from Alan
when he was due south of him?
99
Chapter 3: Basic Trigonometry-Solutions Exercise 2: Angles of Elevation & Bearings
10km
‫ݔ‬
20km
The paths form a right angled triangle of hypotenuse 20 and one side length 10. By using
௔ௗ௝௔௖௘௡௧ ଵ
the relation cos ߠ = = ଶ, ߠ = 60°.Therefore the bearing is 270° − 60° = 210°
௛௬௣௢௧௘௡௨௦௘
By using Pythagoras, ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 10ଶ = 20ଶ, and ‫√ = ݔ‬300 ≅ 17.32݇݉
6) Solve the following
a) A 3 meter ladder leans against a wall and makes an angle of 50° with the ground.
How high up the wall does the ladder reach?
3m
‫ݔ‬
50°
100
‫ݔ‬
sin 50° =
3
‫ = ݔ‬3 sin 50° ≅ 2.3݉
b) The light from a tower shines on an object on the ground. The angle of
depression of the light is 75°. If the tower is 20 metres high, how far away is the
object from the base of the tower?
75°
Tower
20m
θ
‫ݔ‬
The angle of elevation is equal to the angle of depression; therefore ߠ = 75°
20 20
tan 75° = ,‫=ݔ‬ ≅ 5.36݉
‫ݔ‬ tan 75°
c) A 4 meter pole casts a 10 metre shadow. What is the angle of elevation of the
pole from the end of the shadow?
4m
10m
4
tan ߠ = = 0.25, ߠ ≅ 14°
10
101
d) From the top of a cliff the angle of depression to a boat on the ocean is 2°. If the
cliff is 100 metres high, how far out to sea is the boat?
2°
100m
‫ݔ‬
Angle of elevation = angle of depression=2°
ଵ଴଴
tan 2° = ௫
ଵ଴଴
‫=ݔ‬ ≅ 2857݉ = 2.857 km
୲ୟ୬ ଶ°
e) A fire fighter has to use his 20 metre ladder to reach the window of a burning
apartment building. If the window is 15 meters from the ground, on what angle
would the ladder be placed so it can be reached?
15m
20m
15
sin ߠ = = 0.75
20
ߠ ≅ 48.6°
102
f) A peg on the ground sits between two poles. The first pole is 2 metres high and
the other is 7.66 metres high. From the peg a rope of length 4 metres is attached
to the top of the first pole. Another rope of length 10 metres is attached to the
top of the second pole. What angle is made between the two ropes?
(Diagram is not to scale)
10m
7.66m 4m
2m
θ
ߙ ߚ
ߙ + ߚ + ߠ = 180°
7.66
sin ߙ = = 0.766
10
ߙ = 50°
2
sin ߚ = = 0.5
4
ߚ = 30°
ߠ = 100°
103
Exercise 3
Non-right Angled Triangles
104
Chapter 3: Basic Trigonometry-Solutions Exercise 3: Non-right Angled Triangles
௔ ௕ ௖
1) Sine rule is ୱ୧୬ ஺ = ୱ୧୬ ஻
= ୱ୧୬ ஼
a) x 4
30° 80°
‫ݔ‬ 4
=
sin 80° sin 30°
4 sin 80° 4 × 0.985

‫=ݔ‬ ≅ = 7.88
sin 30° 0.5
b)
6
40° 70°
x
௫ ଺
=
ୱ୧୬ ଻଴° ୱ୧୬ ସ଴°
଺ୱ୧୬ ଻଴°
‫=ݔ‬ ≅ 8.77
ୱ୧୬ ସ଴°
c)
x y
50° 50°
10
௫ ଵ଴
=
ୱ୧୬ ହ଴° ୱ୧୬ ଼଴°
10 sin 50°
‫=ݔ‬ ≅ 7.78
sin 80°
d)
10 12
45° θ
ୱ୧୬ ఏ ୱ୧୬ ସହ
=
ଵ଴ ଵଶ
105
10 sin 45°
sin ߠ =
12
sin ߠ = 0.589
ߠ = 36°
e)
6 13.5
θ 20°
ୱ୧୬ ఏ ୱ୧୬ ଶ଴°

=
ଵଷ.ହ ଺
ଵଷ.ହୱ୧୬ ଶ଴°
sin ߠ = ଺
ߠ = 50.3°
sin ߠ = sin(180 − ߠ)
ߠ can also equal 129.7° which can also be a solution, since the third angle will
equal 30.3°
f)
2 12
θ 4°
sin ߠ sin 4°
=
12 2
12 sin 4°
sin ߠ =
2
ߠ = 24.8°
sin ߠ = sin(180 − ߠ)
ߠ can also be equal to 155.2°, since the third angle will equal 20.8°
106
2) Cosine rule is ܽଶ = ܾଶ + ܿଶ − 2ܾܿcos ‫ܣ‬
a)
10 40° 5
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 10ଶ + 5ଶ − 2 × 10 × 5 cos 40°
‫√ = ݔ‬100 + 25 − 100 × 0.766 ≅6.96
b)
x 12
60°
13
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 12ଶ + 13 − 2 × 12 × 13 cos 60°
‫√ = ݔ‬144 + 169 − 312 × 0.5 ≅ 12.53
c)
2 x
35°
30
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 2ଶ + 30ଶ − 2 × 2 × 30 cos 35°
‫√ = ݔ‬4 + 900 − 120 × 0.82 ≅ 28.38
107
d)
20 12
θ
25
12ଶ = 20ଶ + 25ଶ − 2 × 20 × 25 cos ߠ
144 = 1025 − 1000 cos ߠ
1025 − 144
cos ߠ =
1000
ߠ ≅ 28.24°
e)
16 16
θ
24
16ଶ = 16ଶ + 24ଶ − 2 × 16 × 24 cos ߠ
256 = 832 − 768 cos ߠ
832 − 256
cos ߠ =
768
ߠ = 41.4°
f)
50° 12
θ θ
Side opposite other θ must also be 12, θ must be 65°, and cosine rule is not required
ଵ
3) Area of triangle = ଶ
ܾܽsin ܿ
ଵ
a) Area= ଶ
× 10 × 5 × sin 40° = 25 sin 40° ≅ 16.075
108
ଵ
b) Area= ଶ
× 12 × 13 × sin 60° = 78 sin 60° ≅ 67.55
ଵ
c) Area= ଶ
× 30 × 2 × sin 35° = 30 sin 35° ≅ 17.22
ଵ
d) Area= ଶ
× 20 × 25 × sin 28.24° = 250 sin 28.24° ≅ 118.25
ଵ
e) Area= ଶ
× 16 × 24 × sin 41.4° = 192 sin 41.4° ≅ 126.91
ଵ
f) Area= ଶ
× 12 × 12 × sin 50° = 72 sin 50° ≅ 55.15
4)
a) A post has been hit by a truck and is leaning so it makes an angle of 85° with the
ground. A surveyor walks 20 metres from the base of the pole and measures the
angle of elevation to the top as 40°. How tall is the pole if it is leaning toward
him? How tall is the pole if it is leaning away from him?
θ
‫ݔ‬
85° 40°
20m
‫ݔ‬ 20
=
sin 40° sin ߠ
20 sin 40°
‫=ݔ‬
sin ߠ
ߠ = 55°
20 × 0.643
‫≅ݔ‬ = 15.7݉
0.819
109
‫ݔ‬
40° θ
85°
20m
ߠ = 95°, ߙ = 45°
20 ‫ݔ‬
=
sin ߙ sin 40°
20 sin 40 20 × 0.643
‫=ݔ‬ ≅ = 18.19݉
sin 45 0.707
b) Boat A travels due east for 6 km. Boat B travels on a bearing of 130° for 8 km.
How far apart are the boats?
6km
40°
‫ݔ‬
8km
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 6ଶ + 8ଶ − 2 × 6 × 8 cos 40°
‫ ≅ ݔ‬100 − 96 × 0.766 = 26.46݇݉
c) A mark is made on the side of a wall. A man 40 metres from the base of the wall
measures the angle of elevation to the mark as 20°, and the angle of elevation to
the top of the wall as 60°. How far is the mark from the top of the wall?
‫ݔ‬
Mark
40°
20°
40m
Let ݀ be the height of the wall, and m the height of the mark
110
ௗ
Then tan 60° = ସ଴
݀ = 40 tan 60° ≅ 69.28 m
݉
tan 20° =
40
݉ = 40 tan 20° ≅ 14.56 m
Therefore the mark is 54.72 m from the top of the wall
d) What is the perimeter of a triangle with two adjacent sides that measure 15 and
18 metres respectively, with the angle between them 75°?
15 m 75° 18 m
‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 15ଶ + 17ଶ − 2 × 15 × 17 cos 75°
‫√ = ݔ‬514 − 510 cos 75° ≅ 19.54 m
e) The pilot of a helicopter hovering above the ocean measures the angle of
depression to ship A on its left at 50°, and the angle of depression to ship B on its
right at 70°. If the ships are 200 metres apart, how high above the ocean is the
helicopter hovering?
50° 70°
‫ݕ‬ ‫ݖ‬
‫ݔ‬
ߙ ߚ
200 ݉
Angle ߙ = 40°
111
Angle ߚ = 20°
200 ‫ݕ‬
=
sin 120° sin 20°
ଶ଴଴ୱ୧୬ ଶ଴°
‫=ݕ‬ ≅ 79 m
ୱ୧୬ ଵଶ଴°
‫ݔ‬
sin 20° =
79
‫ = ݔ‬79 sin 20° ≅ 27 m
f) A car travels 40 km on a bearing of 70°; then travels on a bearing of 130° until it is

exactly due east of its starting position . What is the shortest distance back to its
starting position?
70° 40km
40°
ߙ ‫ݔ‬
Angle ߙ = 20°
Angle ߚ = 120°
௫ ସ଴
=
ୱ୧୬ ଵଶ଴° ୱ୧୬ ସ଴°
ସ଴ୱ୧୬ ଵଶ଴°
‫=ݔ‬ ≅ 53.87 km
ୱ୧୬ ସ଴°
5) Find the areas of the triangles used in question 4, parts a, b and d
For part a:
ଵ
First triangle: Area= × 20 × 15.7 sin 85° ≅ 156.37 ݉ ଶ
ଶ
ଵ
Second triangle: Area = × 20 × 18.19 sin 95° ≅ 181.17 ݉ ଶ
ଶ
112
ଵ
For part b: Area = × 6 × 8 sin 40° ≅ 15.43 ݇݉ ଶ
ଶ
ଵ
For part d: Area = × 15 × 18 sin 75° ≅ 130.4 ݉ ଶ
ଶ
113
Year 11 Unit 2
Mathematics
Lines & Linear

Functions
114
Exercise 1
Algebraic Properties of Lines
115
Chapter 4: Lines & Linear Functions-Solutions Exercise 1: Algebraic Properties of Lines
1) What is the root of each of the following linear equations?
a) 2‫ ݔ‬− 4 = 0
2‫ = ݔ‬4
‫ =ݔ‬2
b) 3‫ ݔ‬− 3 = 0
3‫ = ݔ‬3
‫ =ݔ‬1
c) 4‫ ݔ‬− 2 = 0
4‫ = ݔ‬2
1
‫=ݔ‬
2
d) ‫ݔ‬+ 5 = 0
‫ =ݔ‬−5
e) 4‫ ݔ‬+ 2 = 0
4‫ = ݔ‬− 2
1
‫ =ݔ‬−
2
f) 3‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = 0
3‫ = ݔ‬− 1
1
‫ =ݔ‬−
3
ଵ
g) ‫ݔ‬+ ଶ
= 0
116
1
‫ =ݔ‬−
2
ଵ
h) 2‫ ݔ‬− ଼
= 0
1
2‫= ݔ‬
8
1
‫=ݔ‬
16
i) 2‫ ݔ‬+ 4 = 6
2‫ = ݔ‬2
‫ =ݔ‬1
j) 3‫ ݔ‬− 2 = − 3
3‫ = ݔ‬− 1
1
‫ =ݔ‬−
3
2) Each equation in column 1 is parallel to one of the lines in column 2. Match the parallel
lines
Column 1 Column 2
‫ = ݕ‬3‫ ݔ‬+ 1 D ‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+ 9 A
‫=ݕ‬
ଵ
‫ݔ‬+ 2 C 4‫ = ݕ‬6‫ ݔ‬− 1 B
ଶ
ହ ହ
− 4‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬− 1 F − ଶ‫ = ݕ‬− ସ‫ݔ‬C
− 2‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ 3 A ‫ = ݕ‬3‫ ݔ‬+ 10 D
ଵ
− ଶ‫ݔ = ݕ‬− 6 E − 3‫ = ݕ‬6‫ ݔ‬− 4 E
ଵ ଵ
‫ = ݕ‬− ଶ‫ݔ‬+ 4 B 6‫ = ݕ‬− 3‫ ݔ‬+ 2 F
ଷ
117
3) Each equation in column 1 is perpendicular to one of the lines in column 2. Match the
perpendicular lines
Column 1 Column 2
‫ݔ = ݕ‬+ 4 C 2‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ ݔ‬+ 3 A

ଵ
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬− 2 A ‫=ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬− 3 B
ଶ
2‫ = ݕ‬3‫ ݔ‬+ 1 F ‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬− 3 C
ଵ
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬E 3‫ = ݕ‬3‫ ݔ‬+ 2 D
ଶ
− 3‫ = ݕ‬6‫ ݔ‬+ 2 B − 4‫ ݔ = ݕ‬− 5 E
ଶ
− ‫ݔ = ݕ‬− 8 D 3‫ = ݕ‬− ଷ ‫ ݔ‬+ 2 F
4)
a) Having a slope of 1 and passing through the point (2,4)
‫ = ݕ‬1‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
4= 1× 2+ ܿ
ܿ= 2
‫ݔ = ݕ‬+ 2
b) Having a slope of 2 and passing through the point (0,2)
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
2= 2× 0+ ܿ
ܿ= 2
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ 2
118
c) Having a slope of 4 and passing through the point (-2,-1)
‫ = ݕ‬4‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
−1 = 4× −2+ ܿ
ܿ= 7
‫ = ݕ‬4‫ ݔ‬+ 7
d) Having a slope of -1 and passing through the point (3,1)
‫ = ݕ‬− 1‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
1 = −1× 3+ ܿ
ܿ= 4
‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+ 4
e) Having a slope of -2 and passing through the point (2,2)
‫ = ݕ‬− 2‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
2 = −2× 2+ ܿ
ܿ= 6
‫ = ݕ‬− 2‫ ݔ‬+ 6
f) Having a slope of -2 and passing through the point (-1,-3)
‫ = ݕ‬− 2‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
−3 = −2× −1+ ܿ
ܿ= − 5
‫ = ݕ‬− 2‫ ݔ‬− 5
119
g) Having a slope of ½ and passing through the point (1,0)
1
‫=ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬+ ܿ
2
1
0= × 1+ ܿ
2
1
ܿ= −
2
2‫ ݔ = ݕ‬− 1
ଶ
h) Having a slope of ଷ and passing through the point (1,3)
2
‫ =ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+ ܿ
3
2
3= − × 1+ ܿ
3
11
ܿ=
3
3‫ = ݕ‬− 2‫ ݔ‬+ 11
ଵ
i) Having a slope of − ଶ and passing through the point (2,1)
1
‫ =ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+ ܿ
2
1
1= − × 2+ ܿ
2
ܿ= 2
1
‫ =ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+ 2
2
120
ଷ
j) Having a slope of − ସ and passing through the point (3,0)
3
‫ =ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+ ܿ
4
3
0= − × 3+ ܿ
4
9
ܿ=
4
4‫ = ݕ‬− 3‫ ݔ‬+ 9
ଶ
k) Having a slope of − ଷ and passing through the point (-3,-2)
2
‫ =ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+ ܿ
3
2
−2 = − × −3+ ܿ
3
ܿ= − 4
2
‫ =ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬− 4
3
5) Write the equation of the lines passing through the following pairs of points
a) (1,1) and (2,2)
2− 1
݉ = = 1
2− 1
‫ݔ = ݕ‬+ ܿ
2= 2+ ܿ
ܿ= 0
‫ݔ =ݕ‬
121
b) (1,4) and (3,6)
6− 4
݉ = = 1
3− 1
‫ݔ = ݕ‬+ ܿ
6= 3+ ܿ
ܿ= 3
‫ݔ = ݕ‬+ 3
c) (2,0) and (4,4)
4− 0
݉ = = 2
4− 2
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
0= 4+ ܿ
ܿ= − 4
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬− 4
d) (-1,3) and (-3,6)
6− 3 3
݉ = = −
− 3 − (− 1) 2
3
‫ =ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+ ܿ
2
3
6= − × (− 3) + ܿ
2
3
ܿ=
2
2‫ = ݕ‬− 3‫ ݔ‬+ 3
122
e) (2,-1) and (-2,5)
5 − (− 1) 3
݉ = = −
−2− 2 2
3
‫ =ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+ ܿ
2
3
−1 = − × 2+ ܿ
2
ܿ= 2
3
‫ =ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+ 2
2
f) (-3,-3) and (0,-1)
− 1 − (− 3) 2
݉ = =
0 − (− 3) 3
2
‫=ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬+ ܿ
3
2
−1 = × 0+ ܿ
3
ܿ= − 1
2
‫=ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬− 1
3
ଵ ଵ
g) (ଶ, 2) and (− ଶ, 4)
4− 2
݉ = = −2
1 1
− 2− 2
‫ = ݕ‬− 2‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
2 = −1+ ܿ
ܿ= 3
123
‫ = ݕ‬− 2‫ ݔ‬+ 3
h) (-2,-6) and (-1,11)
11 − (− 6)
݉ = = 17
− 1 − (− 2)
‫ = ݕ‬17‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
11 = − 17 + ܿ
ܿ = 28
‫ = ݕ‬17‫ ݔ‬+ 28
6) Find the equation of the following lines
a) Parallel to the line ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ 1 and passing through the point (1,1)
݉ = 2
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
1= 2× 1+ ܿ
ܿ= − 1
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬− 1
b) Parallel to the line ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬− 4 and passing through the point (0,3)
݉ = 1
‫ݔ = ݕ‬+ ܿ
3= 0+ ܿ
ܿ= 3
‫ݔ = ݕ‬+ 3
124
c) Parallel to the line 2‫ = ݕ‬3‫ ݔ‬+ 1 and passing through the point (-2,4)
3 1
‫=ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬+
2 2
3
݉ =
2
3
‫=ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬+ ܿ
2
3
4= × −2+ ܿ
2
ܿ= 7
3
‫=ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬+ 7
2
ଵ
d) Parallel to the line ଶ ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬− 2 and passing through the point (2,0)
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬− 4
݉ = 2
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
0= 4+ ܿ
ܿ= − 4
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬− 4
(The same line)
e) Parallel to the line 3‫ ݔ‬− 2‫ ݕ‬+ 4 = 0 and passing through the point (-1,-2)
3
‫=ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬+ 2
2
3
݉ =
2
125
3
‫=ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬+ ܿ
2
3
−2 = − + ܿ
2
1
ܿ= −
2
2‫ = ݕ‬3‫ ݔ‬− 1
f) Parallel to the line ‫ ݔ‬+ 4‫ ݕ‬− 2 = 0 and passing through the point (-2,0)
4‫ = ݕ‬2 − ‫ݔ‬
1 1
‫ =ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+
4 2
1
݉ = −
4
1
‫ =ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+ ܿ
4
1
0= − × (− 2) + ܿ
4
1
ܿ= −
2
ଵ ଵ
g) Parallel to the line 2‫ ݔ‬− 2‫ ݕ‬+ 3 = 0 and passing through the point (− ଶ , − ଶ)
3
‫ݔ = ݕ‬+
2
݉ = 1
‫ݔ = ݕ‬+ ܿ
1 1
= − + ܿ
2 2
ܿ= 1
126
‫ݔ = ݕ‬+ 1
7) Find the equation of the following lines
ଵ
a) Perpendicular to the line ‫ = ݕ‬− ଶ ‫ ݔ‬+ 1 and passing through the point (0,0)
Gradient of perpendicular line = 2
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
ܿ= 0
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ݔ‬
ଵ
b) Perpendicular to the line ‫ = ݕ‬− ସ ‫ ݔ‬− 2 and passing through the point (1,-1)
‫ = ݕ‬4‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
−1 = 4+ ܿ
ܿ= − 5
‫ = ݕ‬4‫ ݔ‬− 5
c) Perpendicular to the line ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ 4 and passing through the point (-2,-1)
ଵ
Gradient of perpendicular line = − ଶ
1
‫ =ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+ ܿ
2
1
−1 = − × (− 2) + ܿ
2
ܿ= − 2
1
‫ =ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬− 2
2
127
d) Perpendicular to the line 2‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ ݔ‬− 3 and passing through the point (3,1)
1 3
‫ =ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬−
2 2
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
1= 6+ ܿ
ܿ= − 5
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬− 5
e) Perpendicular to the line 3‫ ݔ‬− 2‫ ݕ‬+ 1 = 0 and passing through the point (2,0)
2‫ = ݕ‬3‫ ݔ‬+ 1
3 1
‫=ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬+
2 2
ଶ
Gradient of perpendicular line = − ଷ
2
‫ =ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+ ܿ
3
4
0= − + ܿ
3
4
ܿ=
3
2 4
‫ =ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+
3 3
3‫ = ݕ‬− 2‫ ݔ‬+ 4
ଵ
f) Perpendicular to the line 4‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ ݕ‬+ 2 = 0 and passing through the point (-1, ଶ )
‫ = ݕ‬− 4‫ ݔ‬− 2
128
ଵ
Gradient of perpendicular line = ସ
1
‫=ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬+ ܿ
4
1 1
= − + ܿ
2 4
3
ܿ=
4
1 3
‫=ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬+
4 4
4‫ ݔ = ݕ‬+ 3
g) Perpendicular to the line ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬and passing through the point (3,1)
Gradient of perpendicular line = − 1
‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+ ܿ
1 = −3+ ܿ
ܿ= 4
‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+ 4
129
Exercise 2
Intersection of Lines
130
Chapter 4: Linear Functions & Lines-Solutions Exercise 2: Intersection of Lines
1) Which of the following pairs of lines intersect? Give your reasons.
ଷ
a) 2‫ ݔ‬+ 3‫ ݕ‬+ 2 = 0 and ‫ = ݕ‬− ଶ ‫ ݔ‬− 2
2 2
‫ =ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬−
3 3
The lines have different gradients therefore they intersect
b) ‫ ݕ‬− 2 = 2‫ ݔ‬+ 4 and ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ݔ‬
The lines have the same gradient therefore they are parallel
c) ‫ ݕ‬− ‫ = ݔ‬0 and ‫ ݕ‬+ ‫ = ݔ‬0
‫ ݔ = ݕ‬and ‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬
d) 2‫ ݕ‬+ 4 − 3‫ = ݔ‬− ‫ ݔ‬+ 5 and ‫ ݔ‬− ‫ = ݕ‬0
2‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ 1
ଵ
‫ݔ = ݕ‬+ and ‫ݔ = ݕ‬
ଶ
The lines have the same gradient therefore they are parallel
ଵ ଻ ଵ ଻
e) ଶ
‫ ݔ‬− 4‫ ݕ‬+ 3 = − ଶ ‫ ݕ‬and ଶ ‫ ݔ‬− 4‫ ݕ‬+ 3 = ଶ
‫ݕ‬
ଵ ଵ ଵହ ଵ
‫=ݕ‬ ‫ ݔ‬+ 3 and ‫=ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬+ 3
ଶ ଶ ଶ ଶ
ଵ ଶ
‫ ݔ = ݕ‬+ 6 and ‫= ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬+
ଵହ ହ
√ଶ௫
f) √2‫ ݔ√ = ݕ‬and ‫= ݕ‬ ଶ
௫ ଶ௫
‫ = ݕ‬ට ଶ and ‫ = ݕ‬ට ସ
131
௫ ௫
‫ = ݕ‬ට ଶ and ‫ = ݕ‬ට ଶ
These are not linear equations as they are not in the form ‫ ݔ ݉ = ݕ‬+ ܿ
However they are the same equation and hence intersect
2) Give example equations of each of the following pairs of lines
a) Two lines that intersect at a point
Any pair of linear equations having different gradients
b) Two lines that intersect at an infinite number of points
Two equations that reduce to the same equation
Example: 2‫ = ݕ‬4‫ ݔ‬+ 6 and 3‫ = ݕ‬6‫ ݔ‬+ 9
c) Two lines that intersect at two points
Two lines cannot intersect at two points
d) Two lines that never intersect
Any pair of lines that have the same gradient, and do not reduce to the same
equation
3) At what point(s) do the following pairs of lines intersect?
a) ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬+ 2 and 2‫ ݔ = ݕ‬− 4
Equation 1 subtract equation 2 gives
−‫ =ݕ‬6
‫ =ݕ‬−6
Substituting gives ‫ = ݔ‬− 8
132
b) 2‫ ݕ‬− ‫ ݔ‬+ 4 = 0 and ‫ ݔ‬+ 4‫ ݕ‬+ 2 = 0
Equation 1 plus equation gives
6‫ ݕ‬+ 6 = 0
‫ =ݕ‬−1
ଵ
c) ଶ
‫ ݔ‬+ 3 = ‫ ݕ‬− 3 and ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬+ 1
ଵ
Equation 1 becomes ‫= ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬+ 6
ଶ
1
− ‫ݔ‬+ 5 = 0
2
‫ = ݔ‬10
Substituting gives ‫ = ݕ‬11
d) 2‫ = ݕ‬4‫ ݔ‬− 6 and 3‫ ݕ‬− 6‫ ݔ‬+ 9 = 0
Multiply equation 1 by 3 to give
6‫ = ݕ‬12‫ ݔ‬− 18
Multiply equation 2 by 2 and rearrange to give
6‫ = ݕ‬12‫ ݔ‬− 18
The equations and hence the two lines are the same and intersect at all points
e) 2‫ ݔ‬− ‫ ݕ‬+ 1 = 0 and ‫ ݕ‬− 3‫ = ݔ‬4
Rearranging equation 1 gives
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ 1
133
‫ = ݕ‬3‫ ݔ‬+ 4
0 = − ‫ݔ‬− 3
‫ =ݔ‬−3
Substituting gives
‫ =ݕ‬−5
ଵ
f) ‫=ݕ‬ ଶ
‫ ݔ‬+ 5 and 2‫ ݕ‬− ‫ ݔ‬+ 4 = 0
Double equation 1 gives 2‫ ݔ = ݕ‬+ 10
Rearranging equation 2 gives ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬− 4
The two lines are parallel and hence never intersect
g) ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬and – ‫ݕ = ݔ‬
2‫ = ݔ‬0
Solution is ‫ = ݔ‬0, ‫ = ݕ‬0
ଵ ହ
h) ‫ ݔ‬− 2 = ‫ ݕ‬+ 3‫ ݔ‬and ଶ ‫ ݕ‬− ଶ
= 6‫ݔ‬
Double and rearranging equation 2 gives
‫ = ݕ‬12‫ ݔ‬− 5
‫ = ݕ‬− 2‫ ݔ‬− 2
134
14‫ ݔ‬− 3 = 0
ଷ
‫=ݔ‬ ଵସ
Substituting gives
ଷସ
‫ =ݕ‬− ଵସ
4) Find the equation of the following
a) The line that has a slope of -2, and passes through the point of intersection of the
lines ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬− 1 and ‫ = ݕ‬3‫ ݔ‬− 2
Intersection of lines is point (1,1)
‫ = ݕ‬− 2‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
1 = −2× 1+ ܿ
ܿ= 3
‫ = ݕ‬− 2‫ ݔ‬+ 3
b) The line that passes through the origin, and also passes through the intersection
ଵ
of the lines 2‫ ݔ‬− ‫ = ݕ‬2 and ଶ ‫ ݕ‬+ 1 = ‫ݔ‬
The two lines are the same; therefore any line that passes through the origin and
intersects the line (is not parallel to it) satisfies the condition
c) The line that passes through the intersection of the lines 2‫ ݕ‬+ ‫ = ݔ‬5 and
– ‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ = ݕ‬4, and is also perpendicular to the second line
Intersection of lines is point (− 1,3)
Second line has gradient of 1
Therefore required gradient is -1
‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+ ܿ
135
3 = −1× −1+ ܿ
ܿ= 2
‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+ 2
d) The line that passes through the point (-2,-1) and also passes through the
ଵ ଵ
intersection of the lines ‫= ݕ‬ ‫ ݔ‬+ 2 and ଶ ‫ ݕ‬− ‫ = ݔ‬− 1
ଶ
଼ ଵ଴
Intersection of lines is point ቀଷ , ଷ ቁ
10
− (− 1) 13
݉ = 3 =
8 14
− (− 2)
3
13
‫=ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬+ ܿ
14
13
−1 = × (− 2) + ܿ
14
12
ܿ=
14
13 12
‫=ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬+
14 14
‫ = ݕ‬13‫ ݔ‬+ 12
e) The line that passes through the intersection of ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬and ‫ = ݕ‬− 3‫ ݔ‬+ 5, and is
also parallel to the first line
Intersection of lines is point (1,2)
Gradient of ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬is 2
Gradient of parallel line is 2
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
2= 2× 1+ ܿ
136
ܿ= 0
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ݔ‬
5) Shade the region(s) of the number plane as defined in the following questions
a) The region where ‫ < ݕ‬1 − ‫ ݔ‬and 2‫ ݔ > ݕ‬+ 2
y y<1-x; 2y>x+2
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
-6
-8
ଵ ଵ
b) The region where ‫ ݔ > ݕ‬+ 2 and − ଶ ‫> ݕ‬ ଶ
‫ݔ‬+ 4
y y>x+2; (-0.5)y>(0.5x)+4
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
-6
-8
137
c) The region where 2‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ < ݕ‬4 and ‫ ݔ‬− 2‫ < ݕ‬− 3
y 2x+y<4; x-2y<-3
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
-6
-8
ଵ
d) The region where( – ‫ ݔ‬− ‫ > )ݕ‬0 and ଶ ‫ < ݔ‬− (‫ ݕ‬+ 1)
y (-x-y)>0; 0.5x<-(y+1)
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
-6
-8
138
6) Draw and describe
a) The region bounded by the inequalities 2‫ < ݕ‬3‫ ݔ‬− 1, – ‫ > ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬− 10 and
3‫ ݔ > ݕ‬+ 2
y 2y<3x-1; 3y>x+2 and -y>2x-10
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
-6
-8
b) The equations of the lines that pass through each of the following pairs of points
i. (-2,1) and (0,0)
1
݉ = −
2
1
1= − × −2+ ܿ
2
ܿ= 0
1
‫ =ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬
2
ii. (-4,-4) and (-2,1)
5
݉ =
2
139
5
1= × −2+ ܿ
2
ܿ= 6
5
‫=ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬+ 6
2
iii. (-4,-4) and (0,0)
݉ = 1
ܿ= 0
‫ݔ =ݕ‬
y f(x)=x
f(x)=0.5x
8 f(x)=2.5x+6
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
-6
-8
c) The inequalities that form a triangle bounded by the lines in part b
‫ݔ >ݕ‬
5
‫<ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬+ 6
2
140
1
‫<ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬
2
d) Show in your diagram and by substitution into the inequalities that the point
(-3,-2) lies within the triangle.
−2 > −3
5
−2 < × (− 3) + 6
2
1
−2 < × −3
2
141
Exercise 3
Distance & Midpoints
142
Chapter 4: Linear Functions & Lines-Solutions Exercise 3: Distance & Midpoints
1) Find the distance between the following pairs of points. Leave answer in surd form if
necessary.
Distance = ඥ(‫ݔ‬ଶ − ‫ݔ‬ଵ) ଶ + (‫ݕ‬ଶ − ‫ݕ‬ଵ) ଶ
a) (2,2) and (1,1)
݀ = ඥ(2 − 1) ଶ + (2 − 1) ଶ
= √2
b) (3,4) and (0,2)
݀ = ඥ(3 − 0) ଶ + (4 − 2) ଶ
= √13
c) (2,6) and (1,3)
݀ = ඥ(2 − 1) ଶ + (6 − 3) ଶ
= √10
d) (1,4) and (3,3)
݀ = ඥ(1 − 3) ଶ + (4 − 3) ଶ
= √5
e) (0,2) and (2,1)
݀ = ඥ(0 − 2) ଶ + (2 − 1) ଶ
= √5
f) (4,5) and (6,2)
݀ = ඥ(4 − 6) ଶ + (5 − 2) ଶ
143
= √13
2) Find the distance between the following pairs of points. Leave answer in surd form if
necessary
a) (-3,-1) and (1,-2)
݀ = ඥ(− 3 − 1) ଶ + (− 1 − − 2) ଶ
= √17
b) (0,-3) and (-2,1)
݀ = ඥ(0 − − 2) ଶ + (− 3 − 1) ଶ
= √18
c) (-1,-2) and (3,-4)
݀ = ඥ(− 1 − 3) ଶ + (− 2 − − 4) ଶ
= √20
d) (4,-1) and (0,-3)
݀ = ඥ(4 − 0) ଶ + (− 1 − − 3) ଶ
= √20
e) (2,2) and (-1,1)
݀ = ඥ(2 − − 1) ଶ + (2 − 1) ଶ
= √10
f) (1,1) and (-3,3)
݀ = ඥ(1 − − 3) ଶ + (1 − 3) ଶ
144
= √20
3) Find the distance between the following points. Leave answer in surd form if necessary
ଵ ଵ ଷ
a) ( ଶ , ଶ ) and ( ଶ , 0)
1 3 ଶ 1 ଶ
݀ = ඨ ൬ − ൰ + ൬ − 0൰
2 2 2
√5
=
2
ହ ଷ ଵ
b) ( ଶ , ଶ ) and ( 6 , ଶ )
ଶ
5 3 1 ଶ
ඨ
݀ = ൬ − 6൰ + ൬ − ൰
2 2 2
√53
=
2
ଵ ଷ
c) ( 0 , − ଶ ) and ( ଶ , 4 )
3 ଶ 1 ଶ
݀ = ඨ ൬0 − ൰ + ൬− − 4൰
2 2
√90
=
2
ଷ ଵ
d) (− ଶ ଶ
, ) and (2, -2)
ଶ ଶ
3 1
݀ = ඨ ൬− − 2൰ + ൬ − − 2൰
2 2
√74
=
2
145
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
e) ( ଶ , − ଶ ) and ( − , )
ଶ ଶ
1 1 ଶ 1 1 ଶ
ඨ
݀ = ൬ − − ൰ + ൬− − ൰
2 2 2 2
= √2
ଷ ଵ ଷ ଵ
f) ( ଶ , ଶ ) and ( − ଶ
,− ଶ)
3 3 ଶ 1 1 ଶ
ඨ
݀= ൬ − − ൰ + ൬ − − ൰
2 2 2 2
= √10
4) Find the midpoints of the line segments joining the following pairs of points
a) (2,2) and (1,1)
3 3
൬ , ൰
2 2
b) (3,4) and (0,2)
3
൬ , 3൰
2
c) (2,6) and (1,3)
3 9
൬ , ൰
2 2
d) (1,4) and (3,3)
7
൬2, ൰
2
e) (0,2) and (2,1)
3
൬1, ൰
2
146
f) (4,5) and (6,2)
7
൬5, ൰
2
a) (-3,-1) and (1,-2)
1
൬− 1, − ൰
2
b) (0,-3) and (-2,1)
(− 1, − 1)
c) (-1,-2) and (3,-4)
(1, − 3)
d) (4,-1) and (0,-3)
(2, − 2)
e) (2,2) and (-1,1)
1 1
൬ , ൰
2 2
f) (1,1) and (-3,3)
(− 1,2)
ଵ ଵ ଷ
a) ( ଶ , ଶ ) and ( ଶ , 0)
1
൬1, ൰
4
147
ହ ଷ ଵ
b) ( ଶ , ଶ ) and ( 6 , ଶ )
17
,1
4
ଵ ଷ
c) ( 0 , − ଶ ) and ( ଶ , 4 )
3 7
൬ , ൰
4 4
ଷ ଵ
d) (− ଶ ଶ
, ) and (2, -2)
1 1
൬ ,− ൰
4 4
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
e) ( ଶ , − ଶ ) and ( − , )
ଶ ଶ
(0,0)
ଷ ଵ ଷ ଵ
f) ( ଶ , ଶ ) and ( − ଶ
,− ଶ)
(0,0)
7) Find the perpendicular distance from each line to the point given
a) ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ 2 and the point (1,2)
ଵ
Gradient of perpendicular line is − ଶ
1
‫ =ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+ ܿ
2
1
2= − × 1+ ܿ
2
5
ܿ=
2
2‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ ݔ‬+ 5
148
ଵ ଵଶ
Intersects ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ 2 ܽ‫ ݐ‬ቀହ , ହ ቁ
ଵ ଵଶ
Distance from (1,2) to ቀହ , ହ ቁis
1 ଶ 12 ଶ 2
ඨ
݀ = ൬1 − ൰ + ൬2 − ൰ =
5 5 √5
b) 3‫ ݕ‬− ‫ = ݔ‬1 and the point (-1,3)
Gradient of perpendicular line is -3
‫ = ݕ‬− 3‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
3 = −3× −1+ ܿ
ܿ= − 1
‫ = ݕ‬− 3‫ ݔ‬− 1
ଶ ଵ
Intersects 3‫ ݕ‬− ‫ = ݔ‬1 at ቀ− ହ , ହቁ
ଶ ଵ
Distance from (− 1,3) to ቀ− ହ , ହቁis
2 ଶ 1 ଶ 41
ඨ
݀ = ൬− 1 − − ൰ + ൬3 − ൰ = ඨ
5 5 5
c) ‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ ݔ‬and the point (2,0)
Gradient of perpendicular line is 1
‫ݔ = ݕ‬+ ܿ
0= 2+ ܿ
ܿ= − 2
‫ݔ = ݕ‬− 2
149
Intersects ‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ ݔ‬at (1, − 1)
Distance from (2,0) to (1, − 1) is
݀ = ඥ(2 − 1) ଶ + (0 − − 1) ଶ = √2
d) 2‫ ݕ‬+ ‫ ݔ‬− 2 = 0 and the point (-2,1)
Gradient of perpendicular line is 2
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
1 = 2× −2+ ܿ
ܿ= 5
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ 5
଼ ଽ
Intersects 2‫ ݕ‬+ ‫ ݔ‬− 2 = 0 at ቀ− ହ , ହቁ
଼ ଽ
Distance from (− 2,1) to ቀ− ହ , ହቁis
8 ଶ 9 ଶ 2
ඨ
݀ = ൬− 2 − − ൰ + ൬1 − ൰ =
5 5 √5
ଵ
e) ଶ
‫ ݔ = ݕ‬− 2 and the point (1,-1)
ଵ
Gradient of perpendicular line is − ଶ
1
‫ =ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+ ܿ
2
1
−1 = − × 1+ ܿ
2
1
ܿ= −
2
2‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ ݔ‬− 1
150
ଵ ଻ ଺
Intersects ଶ ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬− 2 at ቀହ , − ହቁ
଻ ଺
Distance from (1, − 1) to ቀହ , − ହቁis
7 ଶ 6 ଶ 1
ඨ
݀ = ൬1 − ൰ + ൬− 1 − − ൰ =
5 5 √5
f) ‫ = ݕ‬4 and the point (2,4)
The point (2,4) lies on the line ‫ = ݕ‬4, therefore the distance = 0
8) Draw the line segment (A) connecting the points (1, 2) and (3, 8). Also draw the line
segment (B) connecting the points (-2,-10) and (1,-1). Find the midpoint of each line
segment, the length of each line segment, and the equation of the line joining the
midpoint of A to the midpoint of B.
Midpoint of A is (2,5)
ଵ ଵଵ
Midpoint of B is ቀ− , − ቁ
ଶ ଶ
Length of A = ඥ( 3 − 1) 2 + ( 8 − 2) 2 = √40
Length of B = ඥ(− 2 − − 1) ଶ + (− 10 − − 1) ଶ = √82
Equation of midpoints
11
5− − 2 21
݉ = =
1 5
2− − 2
21
‫=ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬+ ܿ
5
21
5= × 2+ ܿ
5
17
ܿ= −
5
5‫ = ݕ‬21‫ ݔ‬− 17
151
Year 11 Unit 2
Mathematics
Quadratic
Polynomials
152
Exercise 1
Graphical Representation of Properties
153
Chapter 5: Quadratic Polynomials-Solutions Exercise 1: Graphical Representation of
Properties
1) Factorize and hence solve the following quadratic equations
a) ‫ݔ‬ଶ = 0
‫ =ݔ‬0
b) ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4 = 0
(‫ ݔ‬− 2)(‫ ݔ‬+ 2) = 0
‫ = ݔ‬2 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬− 2
c) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ‬− 6 = 0
(‫ ݔ‬+ 3)(‫ ݔ‬− 2) = 0
‫ = ݔ‬− 3 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬2
d) ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 6‫ ݔ‬+ 9 = 0
(‫ ݔ‬− 3) ଶ = 0
‫ =ݔ‬3
e) ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬+ 3 = 0
(‫ ݔ‬− 3)(‫ ݔ‬− 1) = 0
‫ = ݔ‬3 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬1
f) – ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 5‫ ݔ‬− 6 = 0
(− ‫ ݔ‬− 2)(‫ ݔ‬+ 3)
‫ = ݔ‬− 2 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬− 3
g) 2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 8‫ ݔ‬+ 8 = 0
(2‫ ݔ‬+ 4)(‫ ݔ‬+ 2) = 0
154
Properties
‫ =ݔ‬−2
h) 3‫ݔ‬ଶ − ‫ ݔ‬− 10 = 0
(3‫ ݔ‬+ 5)(‫ ݔ‬− 2) = 0
5
‫ =ݔ‬− ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬2
3
i) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ‬+ 8 = 0
Cannot be factorised
j) 4‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = 0
(2‫ ݔ‬+ 1)(2‫ ݔ‬+ 1) = 0
(2‫ ݔ‬+ 1) ଶ = 0
1
‫ =ݔ‬−
2
k) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 3 = 0
Cannot be factorised
2) Complete the square and hence identify the turning point of the following functions
a) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ
‫ ݔ( = ݕ‬− 0) ଶ + 0
Turning point is (0,0)
b) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − 4
‫ ݔ( = ݕ‬− 0) ଶ − 4
Turning point is (0, − 4)
155
Properties
c) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ‬− 6
1 ଶ 25
‫ = ݕ‬൬‫ ݔ‬+ ൰ −
2 4
ଵ ଶହ
Turning point is ቀ− ଶ , − ቁ
ସ
d) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − 6‫ ݔ‬+ 9
‫ ݔ( = ݕ‬− 3) ଶ + 0
Turning point is (3,0)
e) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬+ 3
‫ ݔ( = ݕ‬− 2) ଶ − 1
Turning point is (2, − 1)
f) ‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 5‫ ݔ‬− 6
‫ = ݕ‬− (‫ݔ‬ଶ + 5‫ ݔ‬+ 6)
5 ଶ 1
‫ = ݕ‬− 1 ቆ൬‫ ݔ‬+ ൰ − ቇ
2 4
5 ଶ 1
‫ = ݕ‬− ൬‫ ݔ‬+ ൰ +
2 4
ହ
Turning point is ቀ− ଶ , 6ቁ
g) ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 8‫ ݔ‬+ 8
‫ = ݕ‬2(‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬+ 4)
‫ = ݕ‬2(‫ ݔ‬+ 2) ଶ + 0
156
Properties
Turning point is (− 2,0)
h) ‫ = ݕ‬3‫ݔ‬ଶ − ‫ ݔ‬− 10
1 10
‫ = ݕ‬3 ൬‫ݔ‬ଶ − ‫ݔ‬− ൰
3 3
1 ଶ 121
‫ = ݕ‬3 ቆ൬‫ ݔ‬− ൰ − ቇ
6 36
ଵ ଶ ଵଶଵ
‫ = ݕ‬3 ቀ‫ ݔ‬− ଺ቁ − ଵଶ
ଵ ଵଶଵ
Turning point is ቀ଺ , − ቁ
ଵଶ
i) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ‬+ 8
1 ଶ 31
‫ = ݕ‬൬‫ ݔ‬+ ൰ +
2 4
ଵ ଷଵ
Turning point is ቀ− ଶ , ସ ቁ
j) ‫ = ݕ‬4‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬+ 1
1
‫ = ݕ‬4 ൬‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ‬+ ൰
4
1 ଶ
‫ = ݕ‬4 ቆ൬‫ ݔ‬+ ൰ + 0ቇ
2
1 ଶ
‫ = ݕ‬4 ൬‫ ݔ‬+ ൰ + 0
2
ଵ
Turning point is ቀ− ଶ , 0ቁ
k) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 3
‫ ݔ( = ݕ‬+ 1) ଶ + 2
157
Properties
Turning point is (− 1,2)
3) Using your answers to questions 1 and 2, graph the following functions
a) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ
y f(x)=x^2
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
b) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − 4
y f(x)=x^2-4
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
158
Properties
c) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ‬− 6
y f(x)=x^2+x-6
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
-6
d) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − 6‫ ݔ‬+ 9
159
Properties
y f(x)=x^2-6x+9
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
e) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬+ 3
y f(x)=x^2-4x+3
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
f) ‫ݔ – = ݕ‬ଶ − 5‫ ݔ‬− 6
160
Properties
y f(x)=-x^2-5x-6
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
g) ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 8‫ ݔ‬+ 8
y f(x)=2x^2+8x+8
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
161
Properties
h) ‫ = ݕ‬3‫ݔ‬ଶ − ‫ ݔ‬− 10
y f(x)=3x^2-x-10
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
i) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ‬+ 8
y f(x)=x^2+x+8
18
16
14
12
10
2
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
162
Properties
j) ‫ = ݕ‬4‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬+ 1
y f(x)=4x^2+4x+1
18
16
14
12
10
2
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
k) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 3
163
Properties
y f(x)=x^2+2x+3
18
16
14
12
10
2
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
4) Using your graphs from question 3, what value(s) of ‫( ݔ‬if any) make the following
inequalities true?
a) ‫ݔ‬ଶ ≤ 0
No values
b) ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4 < 0
|‫ < |ݔ‬2
c) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ‬− 6 > 0
‫ > ݔ‬2 ܽ݊݀ ‫ < ݔ‬− 3
d) ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 6‫ ݔ‬+ 9 < 0
No values
e) ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬+ 3 < 0
‫ > ݔ‬1 ܽ݊݀ ‫ < ݔ‬3
164
Properties
f) – ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 5‫ ݔ‬− 6 ≥ 0
‫ ≤ ݔ‬− 2 ܽ݊݀ ‫ ≥ ݔ‬− 3
g) 2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 8‫ ݔ‬+ 8 < 0
No values
h) 3‫ݔ‬ଶ − ‫ ݔ‬− 10 > 0
5
‫ <ݔ‬− ܽ݊݀ ‫ > ݔ‬2
3
i) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ‬+ 8 < 0
No values
j) 4‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬+ 1 > 0
1
‫ >ݔ‬−
2
k) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 3 > 0
All values of ‫ݔ‬
5)
a) From your previous answers, what is the relationship between the solutions to a
quadratic equation and the point(s) where the graph of the equation intersects
the x axis?
They are the same values
b) From your previous answers, what is the relationship between the solutions to an
inequality and the graph of the equation?
The solutions are all points for which

‫ݐ < ݔݎ݋ > ݔ‬ℎ݁‫ݐ ݂݋ݏݐ݋݋ݎ‬ℎ݁݁‫݊݋݅ݐܽݑݍ‬, ݀݁‫ݐ ݊݋ ݃݊݅݀݊݁݌‬ℎ݁݅݊݁‫ݕݐ݈݅ܽݑݍ‬
165
Properties
If an equation has no roots, an inequality can still be valid, but it is either for all ‫ݔ‬
or for no values of ‫ݔ‬
6) By graphing the quadratic equations determine which values of ‫ ݔ‬makes the following
inequalities true
a) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 1 ≤ 0
y f(x)=x^2+1
18
16
14
12
10
2
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
No values
b) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 3‫ < ݔ‬− 2
‫ݔ‬ଶ + 3‫ ݔ‬+ 2 < 0
166
Properties
y f(x)=x^2+3x+2
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
‫ < ݔ‬− 1, ‫ > ݔ‬− 2
c) ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 5‫ ݔ‬+ 7 > 3
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 5‫ ݔ‬+ 4 < 0
y f(x)=x^2-5x+4
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
‫ > ݔ‬1, ‫ < ݔ‬4
d) ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2‫ ݔ‬− 8 < 12
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2‫ ݔ‬− 20 < 0
167
Properties
5 y f(x)=x^2-2x-20
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-5
-10
-15
-20
‫ < ݔ‬5.58 ܽ݊݀ ‫ > ݔ‬− 3.58

e) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ‬− 17 > 5
‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ‬− 22 > 0
5 y f(x)=x^2+x-22
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-5
-10
-15
-20
‫ > ݔ‬− 5.215 ܽ݊݀ ‫ < ݔ‬4.215
f) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 3 < 2
168
Properties
‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1 < 0
y f(x)=x^2+2x+1
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
No values
g) ‫ݔ‬ଶ − ‫ ݔ‬+ 8 > 2
‫ݔ‬ଶ − ‫ ݔ‬+ 6 > 0
169
Properties
y f(x)=x^2-x+6
18
16
14
12
10
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
All values of ‫ݔ‬

h) − ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 12‫ ݔ‬+ 10 > − 10
− ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 12‫ ݔ‬+ 20 > 0
f(x)=-(x^2)-12x+20
80
60
40
20
x
-18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2
‫ > ݔ‬− 13.48 ܽ݊݀ ‫ < ݔ‬1.48

170
Properties
171
Exercise 2
Identities & Determinants
172
Chapter 5: Quadratic Polynomials-Solutions Exercise 2: Identities& Determinants
1) Calculate the determinant of the following quadratic functions, and hence determine
how many solutions exist for each
When equation is in the form
‫ݔܽ = ݕ‬ଶ + ܾ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
Determinant = ܾଶ − 4ܽܿ
a) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − 3‫ ݔ‬+ 2
Det= 9 − 4 × 1 × 2 = 1
Therefore 2 solutions
ଷ
b) ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬− ଶ
ଷ
Det = 16 − 4 × 2 × = 4
ଶ
c) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ + 6‫ ݔ‬− 9
Det = 36 − 4 × 1 × − 9 = 72
d) ‫ = ݕ‬3‫ݔ‬ଶ + 3‫ ݔ‬+ 1
Det = 9 − 4 × 3 × 1 = − 3
e) ‫ = ݕ‬4‫ݔ‬ଶ − 8‫ ݔ‬+ 4
Det = 64 − 4 × 4 × 4 = 0
Therefore 1 solution
173
ହ
f) ‫ = ݕ‬3‫ݔ‬ଶ + 5‫ ݔ‬− ସ
ହ
Det = 25 − 4 × 3 × − = 40
ସ
ସ ଵ
g) ‫ݔ‬ଶ − ଷ ‫ ݔ‬− ଷ
ଵ଺ ଵ ଶ଴
Det = − 4× 1× − =
ଽ ଷ ଽ
h) ‫ݔ‬ଶ − √2‫ ݔ‬+ 1
Det = 2 − 4 × 1 × √2 = 2 − 4√2 < 0
i) − 2‫ݔ‬ଶ − 6‫ ݔ‬− 5
Det = 36 − 4 × − 2 × − 5 = − 4
2) Express each of the following in the form ‫ ݔ(ݔܣ‬− 1) + ‫ ݔܤ‬+ ‫;ܥ‬

where: ‫ܽ = ܣ‬, ‫ܿ = ܥ‬, ܽ݊݀ ‫ ܽ( = ܤ‬+ ܾ)
a) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ + 5‫ ݔ‬+ 6
‫ ݔ(ݔ = ݕ‬− 1) + 6‫ ݔ‬+ 6
b) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − 2‫ ݔ‬+ 8
‫ ݔ(ݔ = ݕ‬− 1) − ‫ ݔ‬+ 8
c) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − 2
‫ ݔ(ݔ = ݕ‬− 1) + ‫ ݔ‬− 2
174
d) ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ݔ‬ଶ − 3‫ ݔ‬+ 6
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ(ݔ‬− 1) − ‫ ݔ‬+ 6
e) ‫ = ݕ‬4‫ݔ‬ଶ + 3‫ ݔ‬− 5
‫ = ݕ‬4‫ ݔ(ݔ‬− 1) + 7‫ ݔ‬− 5
f) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ
‫ ݔ(ݔ = ݕ‬− 1) + 1
ଵ ଶ ଵ ଵ
g) ‫=ݕ‬ ଶ
‫ݔ‬ + ଷ‫ݔ‬− ସ
1 5 1
‫=ݕ‬ ‫ ݔ(ݔ‬− 1) + ‫ ݔ‬−
2 6 4
h) ‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ − ‫ ݔ‬− 1
‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ ݔ(ݔ‬− 1) − 2‫ ݔ‬− 1
i) ‫ = ݕ‬− 3‫ݔ‬ଶ − 3‫ ݔ‬− 3
‫ = ݕ‬− 3‫ ݔ(ݔ‬− 1) − 6‫ ݔ‬− 3
3) Find the quadratic equation that fits each of the three sets of points below
Substitute the three values in to the general quadratic formula and solve for a, b and c
a) (1,2) (0,6) (3,0)
2 = ܽ+ ܾ+ ܿ
6= 0+ 0+ ܿ
0 = 9ܽ + 3ܾ + ܿ
ܿ= 6
ܽ+ ܾ= − 4
175
9ܽ + 3ܾ = − 6
Solving for a and b gives ܽ = 1, ܾ = − 5
‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − 5‫ ݔ‬+ 6
b) (2,8) (1,5) (-1,5)
8 = 4ܽ + 2ܾ + ܿ
5 = ܽ+ ܾ+ ܿ
5 = ܽ− ܾ+ ܿ
ܽ+ ܾ+ ܿ= ܽ− ܾ+ ܿ
Therefore 2ܾ = 0
ܾ= 0
ܽ+ ܿ= 5
4ܽ + ܿ = 8
Solving for a and c gives
ܽ = 1, ܿ = 4
‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ + 4
c) (1,3) (-2,18) (-1,9)
3 = ܽ + ܾ + ܿ, ܿ = 3 − ܽ − ܾ
18 = 4ܽ − 2ܾ + ܿ
9 = ܽ − ܾ + ܿ, ܿ = 9 − ܽ + ܾ
3 − ܽ− ܾ= 9 − ܽ+ ܾ
2ܾ = − 6
176
ܾ= −3
ܿ= 3 − ܽ+ 3
18 = 4ܽ + 6 + ܿ
ܽ = 2, ܿ = 4
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ݔ‬ଶ − 3‫ ݔ‬+ 4
d) (2,-2) (-1,9) (0,6)
− 2 = 4ܽ + 2ܾ + ܿ, ܿ = − 4ܽ − 2ܾ − 2
9 = ܽ − ܾ + ܿ, ܿ = − ܽ + ܾ + 9
6= 0+ 0+ ܿ
ܿ= 6
− 4ܽ − 2ܾ − 2 = 6
− ܽ+ ܾ+ 9 = 6
Solving for a and b gives
1 10
ܽ= − ,ܾ= −
3 3
3‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 10‫ ݔ‬+ 18
e) (1,1) (-2,-8) (-1,1)
1 = ܽ + ܾ + ܿ, ܿ= 1 − ܽ− ܾ
− 8 = 4ܽ − 2ܾ + ܿ
1 = ܽ − ܾ + ܿ, ܿ= 1 − ܽ+ ܾ
177
1 − ܽ− ܾ= 1 − ܽ+ ܾ
2ܾ = 0, ܾ= 0
− 8 = 4ܽ + ܿ
ܿ= 1 − ܽ
ܽ = − 3, ܿ = 4
‫ = ݕ‬− 3‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4
3
ܽ= −
2
3 ଶ 3
‫ =ݕ‬− ‫ ݔ‬+ + 1
2 2
2‫ = ݕ‬− 3‫ݔ‬ଶ + 3‫ ݔ‬+ 2
ଵ
f) ( ଶ,-1) (1,0) (2,6)
1 1
−1 = ܽ+ ܾ+ ܿ
4 2
0 = ܽ + ܾ + ܿ, ܿ = − ܽ − ܾ
6 = 4ܽ + 2ܾ + ܿ, ܿ = 6 − 4ܽ − 2ܾ
6 − 4ܽ − 2ܾ = − ܽ − ܾ
3ܽ + ܾ = 6
1 1
−1 = ܽ + ܾ + (− ܽ − ܾ)
4 2
3 1
1= ܽ+ ܾ
4 2
178
8
ܽ= ,ܾ= −2
3
ଶ
Substituting gives ܿ = − ଷ
8 ଶ 2
‫=ݕ‬ ‫ ݔ‬− 2‫ ݔ‬−
3 3
3‫ = ݕ‬8‫ݔ‬ଶ − 6‫ ݔ‬− 2
ଷ ଽ
g) (2,4) ( ଶ , ସ ) (-3,9)
4 = 4ܽ + 2ܾ + ܿ, ܿ = 4 − 4ܽ − 2ܾ
9 9 3
= ܽ+ ܾ+ ܿ
4 4 2
9 = 9ܽ − 3ܾ + ܿ, ܿ = 9 − 9ܽ + 3ܾ
9 − 9ܽ + 3ܾ = 4 − 4ܽ − 2ܾ
5ܽ − 5ܾ = 5
ܽ= 1+ ܾ
9 9 3 7 1
= ܽ + ܾ + (4 − 4ܽ − 2ܾ) = − ܽ − ܾ + 4
4 4 2 4 2
ܾ = 0, ܽ = 1, ܿ = 0
‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ
h) (1,2) (-2,20) (0,2)
2 = ܽ + ܾ + ܿ, ܿ= 2 − ܽ− ܾ
20 = 4ܽ − 2ܾ + ܿ
2= 0+ 0+ ܿ
179
ܿ= 2
ܽ+ ܾ= 0
20 = 4ܽ − 2ܾ + 2
ܽ = 3, ܾ = − 3
‫ = ݕ‬3‫ݔ‬ଶ − 3‫ ݔ‬+ 2
ଵ
i) (1,-5) (2,7) ( ଶ, -8)
− 5 = ܽ + ܾ + ܿ, ܿ= − 5 − ܽ − ܾ
7 = 4ܽ + 2ܾ + ܿ, ܿ = 7 − 4ܽ − 2ܾ
1 1
−8 = ܽ+ ܾ+ ܿ
4 2
− 5 − ܽ − ܾ = 7 − 4ܽ − 2ܾ
3ܽ + ܾ = 12
ܾ = 12 − 3ܽ
1 1 5
−8 = ܽ + (12 − 3ܽ) + ܿ = − ܽ + ܿ+ 6
4 2 4
ܽ = 4, ܿ = − 9
ܾ= 0
‫ = ݕ‬4‫ݔ‬ଶ − 9
ଵ
j) (1,64) (-1,4) ( ଷ , 36)
64 = ܽ + ܾ + ܿ, ܿ = 64 − ܽ − ܾ
180
4 = ܽ − ܾ + ܿ, ܿ = 4 − ܽ + ܾ
64 − ܽ − ܾ = 4 − ܽ − ܾ
2ܾ = 60
ܾ = 30
1 1 1 1 8
36 = ܽ + ܾ + ܿ = ܽ + ܾ + (4 − ܽ + ܾ) = − ܽ + 4 + 40
9 3 9 3 9
8
− ܽ= −8
9
ܽ= 9
ܿ = 25
‫ = ݕ‬9‫ݔ‬ଶ + 30‫ ݔ‬+ 25
4) Solve the following by first reducing them to quadratic equations of the form
ܽ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ܾ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ = 0
a) ‫ݔ‬ସ + ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 6 = 0
(‫ݔ‬ଶ) ଶ + (‫ݔ‬ଶ) − 6 = 0
(‫ݔ‬ଶ + 3)(‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2) = 0
Real solutions are ‫ = ݔ‬± √2
b) ‫ ଺ݔ‬− 4‫ݔ‬ଷ + 4 = 0
(‫ݔ‬ଷ) ଶ − 4(‫ݔ‬ଷ) + 4 = 0
(‫ݔ‬ଷ − 2)(‫ݔ‬ଷ − 2) = 0
య
Solution is ‫√ = ݔ‬2
c) 4‫ݔ‬ସ + 2‫ݔ‬ଶ − 8 = 0
(2‫ݔ‬ଶ) ଶ + 2(‫ݔ‬ଶ) − 8 = 0
181
(2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4)(2‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2) = 0
Real solutions are ‫ = ݔ‬± 1
d) 8‫ ݔ‬+ 2√‫ ݔ‬− 1 = 0
ଶ
2൫2√‫ݔ‬൯ + ൫√‫ݔ‬൯− 1 = 0
൫4√‫ ݔ‬− 1൯൫2√‫ ݔ‬+ 1൯= 0
ଵ
Real solutions are ‫= ݔ‬ ଵ଺
e) (‫ ݔ‬+ 2) ଶ = 4‫ݔ‬ଶ + 1
‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬+ 4 = 4‫ݔ‬ଶ + 1
3‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬− 3 = 0
Solutions are ‫ = ݔ‬1.867 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬− 0.5333
f) (‫ ݔ‬− 3) ଶ + 2 = (‫ ݔ‬+ 1) ଶ − 1
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 6‫ ݔ‬+ 9 + 2 = ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1 − 1
− 6‫ ݔ‬+ 11 = 2‫ݔ‬
11
‫=ݔ‬
8
g) (‫ ݔ‬− 4) ଶ − 12 = ‫ ݔ‬+ 1
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 8‫ ݔ‬+ 16 − 12 = ‫ ݔ‬+ 1
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 9‫ ݔ‬+ 3 = 0
Solutions are ‫ = ݔ‬8.65, ‫ = ݔ‬0.65
h) 4௫ − 2(2) ௫ + 1 = 0
2ଶ௫ − 2(2) ௫ + 1 = 0
182
(2௫ − 1)(2௫ − 1) = 0
Solution is 2௫ = 1
‫ =ݔ‬0
i) 16௫ − 6(4) ௫ + 8 = 0
(4) ଶ௫ − 6(4) ௫ + 8 = 0
(4௫ − 4)(4௫ − 2) = 0
4௫ = 4, 4௫ = 2
1
‫ = ݔ‬1, ‫= ݔ‬
2
j) 81௫ − 4(3) ଶ௫ + 3 = 0
3ସ௫ + 4(3) ଶ௫ + 3 = 0
(3ଶ௫ − 3)(3ଶ௫ − 1) = 0
3ଶ௫ = 3, 3ଶ௫ = 1
2‫ = ݔ‬1, ‫ = ݔ‬0
1
‫=ݔ‬ ,‫ =ݔ‬0
2
183
Exercise 3
Equations of Parabolas
184
Chapter 5: Quadratic Polynomials-Solutions Exercise 3: Equations of Parabolas
1) Find the equations of the parabolas defined by the given focus, axis and directrix.
a) Focus at (0,1), axis ‫ = ݔ‬0, directrix ‫ = ݕ‬− 1
‫ݔ‬଴ = 0, ‫ݕ‬଴ = 0, ‫ = ܣ‬1
(‫ ݔ‬− 0) ଶ = 4 × 1 (‫ ݕ‬− 0)
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 4‫ݕ‬
‫ݔ‬ଶ
‫=ݕ‬
4
ଵ ଵ
b) Focus at (0,ଶ), axis ‫ = ݔ‬0, directrix ‫ = ݕ‬− ଶ
1
‫ݔ‬଴ = 0, ‫ݕ‬଴ = 0, ‫= ܣ‬
2
1
(‫ ݔ‬− 0) ଶ = 4 × (‫ ݕ‬− 0)
2
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 2‫ݕ‬
‫ݔ‬ଶ
‫=ݕ‬
2
ଵ ଵ
c) Focus at (0,ସ), axis ‫ = ݔ‬0, directrix ‫ = ݕ‬− ସ
1
‫ݔ‬଴ = 0, ‫ݕ‬଴ = 0, ‫= ܣ‬
4
1
(‫ ݔ‬− 0) ଶ = 4 × (‫ ݕ‬− 0)
4
‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ
d) Focus at (0,4), axis ‫ = ݔ‬0, directrix ‫ = ݕ‬− 4
‫ݔ‬଴ = 0, ‫ݕ‬଴ = 0, ‫ = ܣ‬4
(‫ ݔ‬− 0) ଶ = 4 × 4 (‫ ݕ‬− 0)
185
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 16‫ݕ‬
‫ݔ‬ଶ
‫=ݕ‬
16
a) Focus at (2,1), axis ‫ = ݔ‬2, directrix ‫ = ݕ‬− 1
‫ݔ‬଴ = 2, ‫ݕ‬଴ = 0, ‫ = ܣ‬1
(‫ ݔ‬− 2) ଶ = 4 × 1 (‫ ݕ‬− 0)
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬+ 4 = 4‫ݕ‬
‫ݔ‬ଶ
‫=ݕ‬ − ‫ݔ‬+ 1
4
b) Focus at (3,-3), axis ‫ = ݔ‬3, directrix ‫ = ݕ‬3
‫ݔ‬଴ = 3, ‫ݕ‬଴ = 0, ‫ = ܣ‬− 3
(‫ ݔ‬− 3) ଶ = 4 × − 3 (‫ ݕ‬− 0)
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 6‫ ݔ‬+ 9 = − 12‫ݕ‬
c) Focus at (-2,-2), axis ‫ = ݔ‬− 2, directrix ‫ = ݕ‬2
‫ݔ‬଴ = − 2, ‫ݕ‬଴ = 0, ‫ = ܣ‬− 2
(‫ ݔ‬+ 2) ଶ = 4 × − 2 (‫ ݕ‬− 0)
‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬+ 4 = − 8‫ݕ‬
ଵ ଵ
d) Focus at (1,ଶ), axis ‫ = ݔ‬1, directrix ‫ = ݕ‬− ଶ
1
‫ݔ‬଴ = 1, ‫ݕ‬଴ = 0, ‫= ܣ‬
2
1
(‫ ݔ‬− 1) ଶ = 4 × (‫ ݕ‬− 0)
2
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = 2‫ݕ‬

186
a) Focus at (0,-4), axis ‫ = ݔ‬0, directrix ‫ = ݕ‬6
‫ݔ‬଴ = 0, ‫ݕ‬଴ = 1, ‫ = ܣ‬− 5
(‫ ݔ‬− 0) ଶ = 4 × − 5 (‫ ݕ‬− 1)
‫ݔ‬ଶ = − 20‫ ݕ‬+ 20
20‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 20
b) Focus at (0,-2), axis ‫ = ݔ‬0, directrix ‫ = ݕ‬2
‫ݔ‬଴ = 0, ‫ݕ‬଴ = 0, ‫ = ܣ‬− 2
(‫ ݔ‬− 0) ଶ = 4 × − 2 (‫ ݕ‬− 0)
‫ݔ‬ଶ = − 8‫ݕ‬
‫ݔ‬ଶ
‫ =ݕ‬−
8
c) Focus at (0,1), axis ‫ = ݔ‬0, directrix ‫ = ݕ‬− 3
‫ݔ‬଴ = 0, ‫ݕ‬଴ = − 1, ‫ = ܣ‬2
(‫ ݔ‬− 0) ଶ = 4 × − 2 (‫ ݕ‬+ 1)
‫ݔ‬ଶ = − 8‫ ݕ‬− 8
8‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 8
d) Focus at (0,3), axis ‫ = ݔ‬0, directrix ‫ = ݕ‬− 1
‫ݔ‬଴ = 0, ‫ݕ‬଴ = 1, ‫ = ܣ‬2
(‫ ݔ‬− 0) ଶ = 4 × 2 (‫ ݕ‬− 1)
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 8‫ ݕ‬− 8
187
8‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ + 8
a) Focus at (3,1), axis ‫ = ݔ‬3, directrix ‫ = ݕ‬0
1 1
‫ݔ‬଴ = 3, ‫ݕ‬଴ = ,‫= ܣ‬
2 2
1 1
(‫ ݔ‬− 3) ଶ = 4 × ൬‫ ݕ‬− ൰
2 2
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 6‫ ݔ‬+ 9 = 2‫ ݕ‬− 1
2‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − 6‫ ݔ‬+ 10
b) Focus at (2,-4), axis ‫ = ݔ‬2, directrix ‫ = ݕ‬− 6
‫ݔ‬଴ = 2, ‫ݕ‬଴ = − 5, ‫ = ܣ‬1
(‫ ݔ‬− 2) ଶ = 4 × 1 (‫ ݕ‬− − 5)
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬+ 4 = 4‫ ݕ‬+ 20
4‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬− 16
ଵ
c) Focus at (1,ଶ), axis ‫ = ݔ‬1, directrix ‫ = ݕ‬1
3 1
‫ݔ‬଴ = 1, ‫ݕ‬଴ = ,‫ = ܣ‬−
4 4
1 3
(‫ ݔ‬− 1) ଶ = 4 × − ൬‫ ݕ‬− ൰
4 4
3
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = − ‫ ݕ‬+
4
1
‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬−
4
188
d) Focus at (-2,-1), axis ‫ = ݔ‬− 2, directrix ‫ = ݕ‬5
‫ݔ‬଴ = − 2, ‫ݕ‬଴ = 2, ‫ = ܣ‬− 3
(‫ ݔ‬+ 2) ଶ = 4 × − 3 (‫ ݕ‬− 2)
‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬+ 4 = − 12‫ ݕ‬+ 24
12‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬+ 20
5) By rewriting the following in parabolic form, find the focus, vertex, axis and directrix
a) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ
1
4× (‫ ݕ‬− 0) = (‫ ݔ‬− 0) ଶ
4
Vertex is (0,0)
ଵ
Focus is ቀ0, ସቁ
Axis is ‫ = ݔ‬0
ଵ
Directrix is ‫ = ݕ‬− ସ
b) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ + 4
‫ ݕ‬− 4 = (‫ ݔ‬− 0) ଶ
1
4× (‫ ݕ‬− 4) = (‫ ݔ‬− 0) ଶ
4
Vertex is (0,4)
ଵ଻
Focus is ቀ0, ସ ቁ
Axis is ‫ = ݔ‬0
ଵହ
Directrix is ‫= ݕ‬ ସ
189
c) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − 3‫ ݔ‬+ 2
3 ଶ 1
‫ = ݕ‬൬‫ ݔ‬− ൰ −
2 4
1 3 ଶ
‫ ݕ‬+ = ൬‫ ݔ‬− ൰
4 2
1 1 3 ଶ
4 × ൬‫ ݕ‬+ ൰ = ൬‫ ݔ‬− ൰
4 4 2
ଷ ଵ
Vertex is ቀଶ , − ସቁ
ଷ
Focus is ቀଶ , 0ቁ
ଷ
Axis is ‫= ݔ‬ ଶ
ଵ
Directrix is ‫ = ݕ‬− ଶ
d) ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 3‫ ݔ‬− 2
1 3
‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ‬− 1
2 2
1 3 ଶ 25
‫ = ݕ‬൬‫ ݔ‬+ ൰ −
2 4 16
1 25 3 ଶ
‫ݕ‬+ = ൬‫ ݔ‬+ ൰
2 16 4
1 25 3 ଶ
4 × ൬‫ ݕ‬+ ൰ = ൬‫ ݔ‬+ ൰
8 8 4
ଷ ଶହ
Vertex is ቀ− ସ , − ቁ
଼
ଷ
Focus is ቀ− ସ , − 3ቁ
ଷ
Axis is ‫ = ݔ‬− ସ
190
ଵଷ
Directrix is ‫ = ݕ‬− ସ
ଵ ଶ ଵ
e) ‫=ݕ‬ ଶ
‫ݔ‬ − ସ‫ݔ‬+ 1
1
2‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − ‫ݔ‬+ 2
2
1 ଶ 31
2‫ = ݕ‬൬‫ ݔ‬− ൰ +
4 16
31 1 ଶ
2‫ ݕ‬− = ൬‫ ݔ‬− ൰
16 4
31 1 ଶ
2 ൬‫ ݕ‬− ൰ = ൬‫ ݔ‬− ൰
32 4
1 31 1 ଶ
4× ൬‫ ݕ‬− ൰ = ൬‫ ݔ‬− ൰
2 32 4
ଵ ଷଵ
Vertex is ቀସ , ଷଶቁ
ଵ ସ଻
Focus is ቀସ , ଷଶቁ
ଵ
Axis is ‫= ݔ‬ ସ
ଵହ
Directrix is ‫= ݕ‬ ଷଶ
f) ‫ = ݕ‬4‫ݔ‬ଶ − 6‫ ݔ‬+ 2
1 3 1
‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − ‫ ݔ‬+
4 2 2
1 3 ଶ 1
‫ = ݕ‬൬‫ ݔ‬− ൰ −
4 4 16
1 1 3 ଶ
‫ݕ‬+ = ൬‫ ݔ‬− ൰
4 16 4
1 1 3 ଶ
൬‫ ݕ‬+ ൰ = ൬‫ ݔ‬− ൰
4 4 4
191
1 1 3 ଶ
4× ൬‫ ݕ‬+ ൰ = ൬‫ ݔ‬− ൰
16 4 4
ଷ ଵ
Vertex is ቀସ , − ସቁ
ଷ ଷ
Focus is ቀସ , − ቁ
ଵ଺
ଷ
Axis is ‫= ݔ‬ ସ
ହ
Directrix is ‫ = ݕ‬− ଵ଺
6) Find the general equation of the parabola with axis ‫ = ݔ‬2, and vertex at the point (2, ‫ݕ‬଴)
by considering the values of ‫ݕ‬଴to be
General equation will be (‫ ݔ‬− 2) ଶ = 4‫ ݕ(ܣ‬− ‫ݕ‬଴), where A is the distance from the vertex
to the focus
a) -1
(‫ ݔ‬− 2) ଶ = 4‫ ݕ(ܣ‬+ 1)
b) -4
(‫ ݔ‬− 2) ଶ = 4‫ ݕ(ܣ‬+ 4)
c) 1
(‫ ݔ‬− 2) ଶ = 4‫ ݕ(ܣ‬− 1)
d) 0
(‫ ݔ‬− 2) ଶ = 4‫ݕܣ‬
e) 3
(‫ ݔ‬− 2) ଶ = 4‫ ݕ(ܣ‬− 3)
ଵ
f) ଶ
192
1
(‫ ݔ‬− 2) ଶ = 4‫ ܣ‬൬‫ ݕ‬− ൰
2
7) Find the general equation of the parabola with axis ‫ = ݔ‬− 3, having a focal length of A by
considering the values of A to be
General equation will be: (‫ ݔ‬+ 3) ଶ = 4‫ ݕ(ܣ‬− ‫ݕ‬଴), where ‫ݕ‬଴ is the y co-ordinate of the
vertex
a) 2
(‫ ݔ‬+ 3) ଶ = 8(‫ ݕ‬− ‫ݕ‬଴)
b) 4
(‫ ݔ‬+ 3) ଶ = 16(‫ ݕ‬− ‫ݕ‬଴)
c) 1
(‫ ݔ‬+ 3) ଶ = 4(‫ ݕ‬− ‫ݕ‬଴)
d) -3
(‫ ݔ‬+ 3) ଶ = − 12(‫ ݕ‬− ‫ݕ‬଴)
e) 0
(‫ ݔ‬+ 3) ଶ = 0
f) -2
(‫ ݔ‬+ 3) ଶ = − 8(‫ ݕ‬− ‫ݕ‬଴)
193
Year 11 Unit 2
Mathematics
Plane Geometry
194
Exercise 1
Angles Formed by Transversals
195
Chapter 6: Plane Geometry-Solutions Exercise 1: Angles Formed by Transversals
1) From the diagram below, give examples of the following pairs of angles
a) Vertically opposite: (‫ܣ‬, ‫ܦ( )ܥ‬, ‫ܧ( )ܩ‬, ‫)ܨ‬
b) Alternate interior: (‫ܥ‬, ‫)ܨ‬
c) Corresponding: (‫ܤ‬, ‫ܥ( )ܦ‬, ‫ܣ( )ܧ‬, ‫)ܨ‬
d) Co-interior: (‫ܥ‬, ‫)ܦ‬
e) Alternate exterior: (‫ܣ‬, ‫ܤ( )ܧ‬, ‫)ܩ‬
B C
A D E
F
G
2) Identify which diagrams show parallel and which show non parallel lines; give reasons for
your answers
a)
70°
70°
Parallel since corresponding angles are equal

196
b)
110° 70°
70°
Parallel since alternate exterior angles are equal

c)
80°
110°
Not parallel since co-interior angles do not add to 180°

d)
100°
70°
Not parallel since angle to left of 70° is 110°, which is not equal to corresponding
angle of 100°
197
3) For each of the diagrams below, state which of the lines A, B and C are parallel to each
other, giving reasons for your answers. Assume that the transversals are parallel to each
other
a)
120°
60°
B
60°
The angle next to 120° is 60°. It is alternate exterior to the angle on line B, which
is corresponding to the angle on line A. Therefore all lines are parallel
b)
70°
C
60°
B
60°
A and B are not parallel due to corresponding angles not being equal, as is the
case for B and C
198
c)
130°
C
50°
B
50°
All lines are parallel; A and B have alternate exterior angles equal, and B and C
have co-interior angles equal
d)
100° 60°
C
B
60°
A and C have alternate exterior angles equal and are parallel, B is parallel to
neither as vertically opposite angles are not equal between B and C
4) Find the value of ‫ ݔ‬in each of the following
a)
‫ݔ‬°
199
Triangle is equilateral , therefore all angles are 60°, so ‫ = ݔ‬120°
b)
‫ݔ‬°
38°
Two known angles are 90° and 38°, therefore ‫ = ݔ‬52°
c)
‫ݔ‬°
2‫ݔ‬°
51°
3‫ = ݔ‬129, ‫ = ݔ‬43°
d) 5‫ݔ‬°
4‫ݔ‬°
Two internal angles = 90°
5‫ ݔ‬+ 4‫ ݔ‬+ 2 ݅݊‫ = ݏ݈݈݁݃݊ܽܽ݊ݎ݁ݐ‬360°
9‫ = ݔ‬270°
‫ = ݔ‬30°
200
e)
3‫ݔ‬°
7‫ݔ‬°
2‫ݔ‬°
2‫ ݔ‬+ 7‫ ݔ‬+ 3‫ = ݔ‬180°
‫ = ݔ‬15°
f)
70°
‫ݔ‬°
2‫ = ݔ‬110°
‫ = ݔ‬55°
5)
a) Find the size of an interior angle of a regular pentagon
The sum of the interior angles of an n-sided polygon is
௡ିଶ
Interior angle of a polygon of n sides = × 180°
௡
ଷ
Angle of pentagon (5 sides) is ହ × 180° = 108°
201
b) What is the sum of the internal angles of a regular octagon?
଺
One internal angle = × 180° = 135°
଼
Sum of angles = 8 × 135° = 1080°
c) What is the sum of the external angles of a regular nonagon (Taking one angle per
vertex)?
The sum of the external angles of any polygon is 360°
6) Find the value of ‫ ݔ‬in the following
a) AB || CD
A
60° 40°
‫ݔ‬° D
B
‫ܦܥܤ݈݁݃݊ܣ = ܤܥܣ݈݁݃݊ܣ‬
Therefore ‫ = ܦܥܤ݈݁݃݊ܣ‬60°
‫ = ݔ‬80°
b)
110° ‫ݔ‬°
‫ݔ‬° 80°
Interior angles of a quadrilateral sum to 360°
202
Two other angles sum to 70° + 100° = 170°
2‫ = ݔ‬190°
‫ = ݔ‬95°
c) AB || CD
A B
50°
‫ݔ‬°
C D
‫ݔ‬°
‫ = ܦܣܤ݈݁݃݊ܣ‬50°
Therefore ‫ = ܣܦܥ݈݁݃݊ܣ‬50°
2‫ = ݔ‬130°
‫ = ݔ‬65°
d) AB || CD
AD BC
AD = AC
55°
A
B
‫ݔ‬°
C D
Find the size of angle ACB
‫ = ܥܦܣ݈݁݃݊ܣ‬55°, ‫ = ܦܥܣ݈݁݃݊ܣ‬55°, ‫ = ܦܣܥ݈݁݃݊ܣ‬70°, ‫ = ܣܳܥ݈݁݃݊ܣ‬90°
Therefore ‫ = ܤܥܣ݈݁݃݊ܣ‬20°
203
Exercise 2
Similarity & Congruence
204
Chapter 6: Plane Geometry-Solutions Exercise 2: Similarity & Congruency
1) Determine if each pair of triangles is similar. If so, state the similarity conditions met
a) B E
13°
112°
55°
D F
A
C
112°
AAA
b)
A B
8cm
10cm
C
25cm
20cm
D E
SAS
A
c) AB || DC
80°
80°
D
B C E
AAA
205
d)
S
V
ଶ
30cm 5cm 6 cm
ଷ
20cm
W
U 10cm
R 15cm T
SSS
e)
30cm
A B
12cm
16cm
C
40cm
30cm
D 77.5cm E
Not similar, ratios of sides are not equal
f)
B
A
C
AA
206
2) A tower casts a shadow of 40 metres, whilst a 4 metre pole nearby casts a shadow of 32
metres. How tall is the tower?
‫ݔ‬
4m
4m
8m 32m
The triangles are similar therefore
௫ ସ଴
=
ସ ଷଶ
‫ = ݔ‬5݉
3) A pole casts a 4 metre shadow, whilst a man standing near the pole casts a shadow of 0.5
metres. If the man is 2 metres tall, how tall is the pole?
‫ݔ‬
2m
3.5m 0.5m
௫ ସ
=
ଶ ଴.ହ
‫ = ݔ‬16݉
207
4) A ladder of length 1.2 metres reaches 4 metres up a wall when placed on a safe angle on
the ground. How long should a ladder be if it needs to reach 10 metres up the wall, and
be placed on the same safe angle?
6m
‫ݔ‬
1.2m
4m
௫ ଵ.ଶ
=
ଵ଴ ସ
‫ = ݔ‬3݉
5) A man stands 2.5 metres away from a camera lens, and the film is 1.25 centimetres from
the lens (the film is behind the lens). If the man is 2 metres tall how tall is his image on
the film?
1.25cm
2.5m
2m ‫ݔ‬
௫ ଵ.ଶହ
The triangles are similar therefore =
ଶ ଶହ଴
‫ = ݔ‬1ܿ݉
208
6) What is the value of ‫ ݔ‬in the following diagram?
3 cm 4 cm
3 cm ‫ݔ‬ 4 cm
10 cm
3 4 ‫ݔ‬
= =
6 8 10
‫ = ݔ‬5ܿ݉
7) State which of the following pairs of triangles are congruent, and the reasons for their
congruency
a)
ASA
b)
AAS
209
c)
SSS or SAS
d)
SAS
e)
ASS does not prove congruence
210
f)
ASA
g)
SAS
211
Exercise 3
Pythagoras’ Theorem
212
Chapter 6: Plane Geometry-Solutions Exercise 3: Pythagoras’ Theorem
1) Find the value of ‫ ݔ‬to 2 decimal places in the following diagrams
a)
3 cm ‫ ݔ‬cm
4 cm
3ଶ + 4ଶ = ‫ݔ‬ଶ
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 25
‫ = ݔ‬5 cm
b)
8 cm ‫ ݔ‬cm
6 cm
8ଶ + 6ଶ = ‫ݔ‬ଶ
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 100
‫ = ݔ‬10 cm
213
c)
6 cm ‫ ݔ‬cm
9 cm
6ଶ + 9ଶ = ‫ݔ‬ଶ
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 117
‫ = ݔ‬10.82 cm
d)
‫ ݔ‬cm 12cm
22 cm
22ଶ + 12ଶ = ‫ݔ‬ଶ
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 628
‫ = ݔ‬25.06 cm
e)
13.5 cm
‫ ݔ‬cm
6 cm
6ଶ + 13.5 = ‫ݔ‬ଶ
214
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 218.25
‫ = ݔ‬14.77 cm
f)
11.5 cm
7.5cm
‫ ݔ‬cm
7.5ଶ + 11.5ଶ = ‫ݔ‬ଶ
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 188.5
‫ = ݔ‬13.73 cm
2) Find the value of ‫ ݔ‬to 2 decimal places in the following diagrams
a)
‫ ݔ‬cm 13cm
12 cm
‫ݔ‬ଶ + 12ଶ = 13ଶ
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 25
‫ = ݔ‬5 cm
215
b)
7 cm 25 cm
‫ ݔ‬cm
7ଶ + ‫ݔ‬ଶ = 25ଶ
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 576
‫ = ݔ‬24 cm
c)
11 cm 25cm
‫ ݔ‬cm
11ଶ + ‫ݔ‬ଶ = 25ଶ
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 504
‫ = ݔ‬22.45 cm
216
d)
10 cm
‫ ݔ‬cm
10 + 10ଶ = ‫ݔ‬ଶ
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 200
‫ = ݔ‬14.14 cm
e)
‫ ݔ‬cm
12 cm
‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݔ‬ଶ = 12ଶ
2‫ݔ‬ଶ = 144
‫ = ݔ‬8.49 cm
217
f)
‫ ݔ‬cm
4 cm
‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݔ‬ଶ = 4ଶ
2‫ݔ‬ଶ = 16
‫ = ݔ‬2.83 cm
3) A man walks 5 km east then turns and walks 8 km south. How far is the shortest distance
to his starting position?
5km
8km
‫ݔ‬
5ଶ + 8ଶ = ‫ݔ‬ଶ
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 89
‫ = ݔ‬9.43 km
4) A ladder 2 meters long is placed against a wall and reaches 1.5 meters up the wall. How
far is the foot of the ladder from the base of the wall?
2m
1.5m
‫ݔ‬
218
1.5ଶ + ‫ݔ‬ଶ = 2ଶ
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 1.75
‫ = ݔ‬1.32 m
5) A farmer wishes to place a brace across the diagonal of a rectangular gate that is 1.8
metres long and 0.6 metres wide. How long will the brace be?
0.6 m ‫ݔ‬
1.8 m
0.6ଶ + 1.8ଶ = ‫ݔ‬ଶ
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 3.6
‫ = ݔ‬1.9 ݉
6) A square room measures 11.7 metres from corner to corner. How wide is it?
11.7
‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬
ଶ ଶ ଶ
‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ = ݔ‬11.7
2‫ݔ‬ଶ = 136.89
‫ = ݔ‬8.27 ݉
219
7) The size of television sets are stated in terms of the diagonal distance across the screen.
If the screen of a set is 40 cm long and 30 cm wide, how should it be advertised?
‫ݔ‬
30 cm
40 cm
30ଶ + 40ଶ = ‫ݔ‬ଶ
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 2500
‫ = ݔ‬50 ܿ݉
8) A student has two choices when walking to school. From point A, he can walk 400
metres, then turn 90° and walk a further 200 metres to point B (school), or he can walk
across the field that runs directly from A to B. How much further does he have to walk if
he takes the path instead of the field?
B
‫ݔ‬
200 m
400 m
200ଶ + 400ଶ = ‫ݔ‬ଶ
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 200000
‫ = ݔ‬447.21 ݉
He will walk an extra 152.79 m by taking the path

220
Exercise 4
Area Calculations
221
Chapter 6: Plane Geometry-Solutions Exercise 4: Area Calculations
1) Find the area of the following
a)
6cm
10cm
ଵ
Area = ଶ ܾܽ‫ݎ݈ܽݑܿ݅݀݊݁݌ݎ݁݌ × ݁ݏ‬ℎ݁݅݃ℎ‫ݐ‬
ଵ
‫=ܣ‬ × 10 × 6 = 30ܿ݉ ଶ
ଶ
b)
5cm
3cm 8cm
ଵ
ଵ
‫=ܣ‬ × 11 × 4 = 22ܿ݉ ଶ
ଶ
c)
10cm
7cm
ଵ
ଵ
‫=ܣ‬ × 14 × 10 = 70ܿ݉ ଶ
ଶ
222
d)
10cm
5cm
4cm
௔ା௕
Area of trapezium = × ℎ݁݅݃ℎ‫ݐ‬
ଶ
ଵ଴ାସ
A= × 5 = 35 ܿ݉ ଶ
ଶ
e) Perimeter = 12 cm
Perpendicular height = 4cm
Area of rhombus = ܾܽ‫ݎ݈ܽݑܿ݅݀݊݁݌ݎ݁݌ ×݁ݏ‬ℎ݁݅݃ℎ‫ݐ‬
A= 3 × 4 = 12ܿ݉ ଶ
2) Calculate the area of the following composite shapes
a)
6 cm
4 cm
2cm 12 cm
Area = Area of rhombus + area of trapezium
ଵଶା଺
A= (2 × 4) + ቀ × 4ቁ = 8 + 36 = 44ܿ݉ ଶ
ଶ
223
b)
22 cm
8 cm
Height of triangle = 22 − 8 = 14 ܿ݉
Area of shape = Area of triangle + Area of square
ଵ
Area = ቀଶ × 8 × 14ቁ+ (8 × 8) = 120ܿ݉ ଶ
c) Area of triangle = 40 cm2
15 cm
8 cm
2 cm
Height of trapezium = 15 − height of triangle

ଶ× ஺௥௘௔ ଶ× ସ଴
Height of triangle = = = 10
஻௔௦௘ ଼
଼ାଶ
Area= 40 + ቀ ଶ × 5ቁ = 40 + 25 = 65ܿ݉ ଶ
224
d)
3 cm
Area = Area of triangle + area of parallelogram
ଵ
Area ቀଶ × 6 × 3ቁ+ (3 × 3) = 18ܿ݉ ଶ
3) A badge is in the shape of an equilateral triangle with a perimeter of 18cm. What is the
area of the badge?
6 cm
h
ℎଶ + 3ଶ = 6ଶ
ଵ
Area ଶ × 6 × ൫√6ଶ − 3ଶ൯= 3 × √27 = 9√3ܿ݉ ଶ
4) A rhombus has one diagonal measuring 8cm and the other measuring 6cm. What is its
area?
Diagonals of a rhombus bisect at right angles
Rhombus can be divided into 4 right angles triangles of base 4 and height 3
ଵ
Area = 4 × ቀଶ × 4 × 3ቁ = 24ܿ݉ ଶ
225
5) What height must an isosceles triangle of base 2cm be in order to have an area the same
as an equilateral triangle of side length 4cm?
4 cm
h
ଵ
Area = × 4 × ൫√4ଶ − 2ଶ൯= 2√12 = 4√3
ଶ
ଵ
Area of isosceles = × 2× ℎ= ℎ
ଶ
Therefore ℎ = 4√3
6) Calculate the area of the shaded regions
a)
6cm
4cm
Area of rectangle = 6 × 4 = 24
ଵ
Area of triangle = × 4 × 6 = 12
ଶ
Area of shaded = 24 − 12 = 12ܿ݉ ଶ
b) 8cm
6cm
20cm
226
Area of large parallelogram = 20 × 6 = 120
Area of small parallelogram= 8 × 6 = 48
Area of shaded= 120 − 48 = 72ܿ݉ ଶ
c)
14cm
8cm
30cm
ଷ଴ାଵସ
Area of trapezium= × 8 = 176
ଶ
Area of parallelogram= 14 × 8 = 112
Area of shaded= 176 − 112 = 64ܿ݉ ଶ
d) Area of large triangle = 32 cm2
8cm
2cm
ଶ× ஺௥௘௔ ଶ× ଷଶ
Base of large triangle= = = 8 ܿ݉
ு௘௜௚௛௧ ଼
227
Centre portion of base = 4 ܿ݉
Height of rectangle and small triangle = 8 − 4 = 4
Area of rectangle = 4 × 4 = 16
ଵ
Area of small triangle = × 4× 4= 8
ଶ
Area of shaded = 16 − 8 = 8 ܿ݉ ଶ
228
Year 11 Unit 2
Mathematics
Derivative of a
Function
229
Exercise 1
Continuity
230
Chapter 7: Derivative of a Function-Solutions Exercise 1: Continuity
1) Graph the following functions in the domain − 3 ≤ ‫ ≤ ݔ‬3
a) ݂(‫ݔ = )ݔ‬ଶ
y f(x)=x^2
x
-2 -1 1 2
-5
b) ݂(‫ = )ݔ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ 3
y f(x)=2x+3
x
-2 -1 1 2
-5
231
ଵ
c) ݂(‫= )ݔ‬ ଵା௫
y f(x)=1/(1+x)
x
-2 -1 1 2
-5
ଵ
d) ݂(‫= )ݔ‬
√௫
y f(x)=1/sqrt(x)
x
-2 -1 1 2
-5
232
௫మିଵ
e) ݂(‫= )ݔ‬ ௫ାଵ
ଵ
f) ݂(‫= )ݔ‬ ଶି௫
y f(x)=1/(2-x)
20
15
10
x
-2 -1 1 2
-5
-10
-15
233
2) Using your graphs in question 1 as a guide, state whether functions are continuous or
discontinuous over the domain. Give mathematical proof
c, e and f are discontinuous
None of the functions are defined at the points ‫ = ݔ‬− 1, ‫ = ݔ‬− 1, ܽ݊݀ ‫ = ݔ‬2 respectively
3) Show at what point(s) the following functions are discontinuous
ଶ
a) ݂(‫= )ݔ‬ ௫మି௫
Function is undefined and hence discontinuous at ‫ = ݔ‬1, ‫ = ݔ‬0, ‫ = ݔ‬− 1
௫ାଵ
b) ݂(‫= )ݔ‬ ௫ାଷ
Function is undefined and hence discontinuous at ‫ = ݔ‬− 3
‫ݔ‬+ 2 ݂‫ < ݔݎ݋‬0

c) ݂(‫ = )ݔ‬ቈ ଷ
݂‫ ≥ ݔݎ݋‬0
቉
௫మାସ
Function is defined for all values of ‫ݔ‬
3
݂(0) =
4
3
limశ ݂(‫= )ݔ‬
௫→଴ 4
lim ݂(‫ = )ݔ‬2

௫→଴ష
Therefore function is discontinuous at ‫ = ݔ‬0
ଵ
d) ݂(‫= )ݔ‬ ௫మିଵ
Function is undefined and hence discontinuous at ‫ = ݔ‬1, ‫ = ݔ‬− 1
|௫|
e) ݂(‫= )ݔ‬ ௫
௫
Case 1: ‫ > ݔ‬0, ݂(‫= )ݔ‬ = 1
௫
234
lim ݂(‫ = )ݔ‬1

௫→଴శ
ି௫
Case 2: ‫ < ݔ‬0, ݂(‫= )ݔ‬ = −1
௫
lim ݂(‫ = )ݔ‬− 1

௫→଴ష
Function is discontinuous at ‫ = ݔ‬0
ଵ ୡ୭ୱ௫
4) Let ݂(‫ݔ = )ݔ‬ଶ, ݃(‫= )ݔ‬ ଵି௫ ,
, ℎ(‫= )ݔ‬ ௫
, ‫ݔ = )ݔ(ݎ‬ଷ − 1
State whether the following functions are continuous, and give reasons
Let the two functions be ݂(‫ݕ݈݁ݒ݅ݐܿ݁݌ݏ݁ݎ)ݔ(݃ ݀݊ܽ)ݔ‬
ଵ
a) ݇(‫ݔ = )ݔ‬ଶ + ଵି௫
݂(‫ )ݔ‬is continuous
݃(‫ )ݔ‬is discontinuous at ‫ = ݔ‬1
Therefore ݇(‫ )ݔ‬is discontinuous
ୡ୭ୱ௫
b) ݇(‫ݔ = )ݔ‬ଶ − ௫
Both functions are continuous, therefore ݇(‫ )ݔ‬is continuous
c) ݇(‫ݔ = )ݔ‬ଶ(‫ݔ‬ଷ − 1)
ଵ ୡ୭ୱ௫
d) ݇(‫= )ݔ‬ ଵି௫
+ ௫
݂(‫ )ݔ‬is discontinuous at ‫ = ݔ‬1
݃(‫ )ݔ‬is continuous
235
ଵ
e) ݇(‫= )ݔ‬ ଵି௫
− ‫ݔ‬ଶ
݂(‫ )ݔ‬is discontinuous at ‫ = ݔ‬1
݃(‫ )ݔ‬is continuous
௫యିଵ
f) ݇(‫= )ݔ‬ ଵି௫
݂(‫ )ݔ‬is continuous
݃(‫ )ݔ‬is discontinuous at ‫ = ݔ‬1
ୡ୭ୱ௫
g) ݇(‫= )ݔ‬ ௫
+ (‫ݔ‬ଷ − 1)
௫మ(ୡ୭ୱ௫)
h) ݇(‫= )ݔ‬ ௫
= ‫)ݔ(ݏ݋ܿݔ‬
Therefore function is continuous
236
Exercise 2
Secant to a Curve
237
Chapter 7: Derivative of a Function-Solutions Exercise 2: Secant to a Curve
1) Using the curve ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ, determine the gradient of the line joining the following points on
the curve(the secant)
a) (-4,16) and (-2,4)
16 − 4 12
݉ = = = −2
−4− 2 −6
b) (0,0) and (-1,1)
1− 0
݉ = = −1
−1− 0
c) (2,4) and (5,25)
25 − 4 21
݉ = = = 7
5− 2 3
d) (2,4) and (-2,4)
4− 4 0
݉ = = = 0
−2− 2 −4
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
e) ቀଶ , ସቁand ቀ− ସ , ଵ଺ቁ
1 1 3
−
݉ = 16 4 = − 16 = 1
−1 1 3 4
4 − −4
2
2) For the same curve, determine the gradient of the secant from the point (1,1) to the
following points
a) (-4,16)
16 − 1 15
݉ = = − = −5
−4− 1 3
b) (-3,9)
9− 1 8
݉ = = = −2
−3− 1 −4
238
c) (-2,4)
4− 1 3
݉ = = − = −1
−2− 1 3
d) (-1,1)
1− 1 0
݉ = = = 0
−1− 1 2
e) (0,0)
0− 1 −1
݉ = = = 1
0− 1 −1
ଵ ଵ
f) ቀଶ , ସቁ
1 3
− 1 − 3
݉ = 4 = 4=
1 1 2
2− 1 − 2
ଷ ଽ
g) ቀଶ , ସቁ
9 5
− 1 5
݉ = 4 = 4=
3 1 2
2− 1 2
h) (2,4)
4− 1 3
݉ = = = 3
2− 1 1
239
i) (3,9)
9− 1 8
݉ = = = 4
3− 1 2
j) (4,16)
16 − 1 15
݉ = = = 5
4− 1 3
k) (5,25)
25 − 1 24
݉ = = − = 6
5− 1 4
3)
a) Does the pattern of numbers in question 2 suggest that there is a limiting value
for the gradient of the secant to the point (1, 1) as ‫ → ݔ‬1? If so what is that
value?
b) What is the general equation for the limit of the gradient of the secant to the
point (1, 1) as ‫ → ݔ‬1?
݂(‫ )ݔ‬− ݂(ܿ)

lim
௫→ଵ ‫ݔ‬− ܿ
c) Calculate the limit of the gradient of the secant to the point (1, 1) as ‫ → ݔ‬1
݂(‫ )ݔ‬− ݂(1)

lim
௫→ଵ ‫ݔ‬− 1
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 1
= lim
௫→ଵ ‫ ݔ‬− 1
(‫ ݔ‬+ 1)(‫ ݔ‬− 1)

= lim
௫→ଵ ‫ݔ‬− 1
= 2
240
4) Calculate and hence construct a table of the limits of the gradient of the secant to the
function ݂(‫ݔ = )ݔ‬ଶ at the following points
a) (-1,1)
݂(‫ )ݔ‬− ݂(− 1)

lim
௫→ିଵ ‫ ݔ‬− (− 1)
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 1
= lim
௫→ଵ ‫ ݔ‬+ 1
(‫ ݔ‬− 1)(‫ ݔ‬+ 1)

lim
௫→ଵ ‫ݔ‬+ 1
= −2
b) (2,4)
݂(‫ )ݔ‬− ݂(ܿ)

lim
௫→ଶ ‫ݔ‬− ܿ
݂(‫ )ݔ‬− ݂(2)

= lim
௫→ଶ ‫ݔ‬− 2
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4
= lim
௫→ଶ ‫ ݔ‬− 2
(‫ ݔ‬− 2)(‫ ݔ‬+ 2)

= lim
௫→ଶ ‫ݔ‬− 2
= 4
c) (-4,16)
݂(‫ )ݔ‬− ݂(ܿ)

lim
௫→ିସ ‫ݔ‬− ܿ
݂(‫ )ݔ‬− ݂(− 4)

= lim
௫→ିସ ‫ݔ‬+ 4
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 16
= lim
௫→ିସ ‫ ݔ‬+ 4
241
(‫ ݔ‬− 4)(‫ ݔ‬+ 4)

= lim
௫→ିସ ‫ݔ‬+ 4
= −8
d) (3,9)
݂(‫ )ݔ‬− ݂(ܿ)

lim
௫→ଷ ‫ݔ‬− ܿ
݂(‫ )ݔ‬− ݂(3)

= lim
௫→ଷ ‫ݔ‬− 3
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 9
= lim
௫→ଷ ‫ ݔ‬− 3
(‫ ݔ‬− 3)(‫ ݔ‬+ 3)

= lim
௫→ଷ ‫ݔ‬− 3
= 6
e) (10,100)
݂(‫ )ݔ‬− ݂(ܿ)

lim
௫→ଵ଴ ‫ݔ‬− ܿ
݂(‫ )ݔ‬− ݂(10)

= lim
௫→ଵ଴ ‫ ݔ‬− 10
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 100
= lim
௫→ଵ଴ ‫ ݔ‬− 10
(‫ ݔ‬− 10)(‫ ݔ‬+ 10)

= lim
௫→ଵ଴ ‫ ݔ‬− 10
= 20
5) Formulate a rule for the value of the gradient of the secant to the curve ݂(‫ݔ = )ݔ‬ଶ at any
point
Gradient of secant at point ࢞ ࢏࢙૛࢞
242
Exercise 3
Methods of Differentiation
243
Chapter 7: Derivative of a Function-Solutions Exercise 3: Methods of Differentiation
௙(௖ା௛)ି௙(௖)
1) Using the equation: ݂ᇱ(ܿ) = lim௛→଴ ௛
, calculate the derivative of the
following functions at the nominated values of ‫ݔ‬.
a) ݂(‫ݔ = )ݔ‬ଶ at ‫ = ݔ‬1, ‫ = ݔ‬− 2
݂(1 + ℎ) − ݂(1)
݂ᇱ(1) = lim
௛→଴ ℎ
1 + 2ℎ + ℎଶ − 1
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎ(2 + ℎ)
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
= lim 2 + ℎ
௛→଴
= 2
݂(− 2 + ℎ) − ݂(− 2)
݂ᇱ(− 2) = lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎଶ − 4ℎ + 4 − 4
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎ(ℎ − 4)
lim
௛→଴ ℎ
= −4
b) ݂(‫ݔ = )ݔ‬ଶ + 3 at ‫ = ݔ‬2, ‫ = ݔ‬1
݂(2 + ℎ) − ݂(2)
݂ᇱ(2) = lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎଶ + 4ℎ + 7 − (7)
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎ(ℎ + 4)
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
= 4
244
݂(1 + ℎ) − ݂(1)
݂ᇱ(1) = lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎଶ + 2ℎ + 4 − 4
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎ(ℎ + 2)
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
= 2
c) ݂(‫ݔ = )ݔ‬ଷ − 3‫ ݔ‬at ‫ = ݔ‬− 1, ‫ = ݔ‬3
݂(− 1 + ℎ) − ݂(− 1)
݂ᇱ(− 1) = lim
௛→଴ ℎ
݂(− 1 + ℎ) − ݂(− 1)
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
(ℎ − 1) ଷ − 3(ℎ − 1) − (− 1 + 3)
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎଷ − 3ℎଶ
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎ(ℎଶ − 3ℎ)
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
= 0
݂(3 + ℎ) − ݂(3)
݂ᇱ(3) = lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎଷ + 9ℎଶ + 27ℎ + 27 − 3ℎ − 9 − 18
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎଷ + 9ℎଶ + 24ℎ
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎ(ℎଶ + 9ℎ + 24)
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
= 24
245
d) ݂(‫ݔ = )ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 4 at ‫ = ݔ‬1, ‫ = ݔ‬− 1
݂(1 + ℎ) − ݂(1)
݂ᇱ(1) = lim
௛→଴ ℎ
(ℎ + 1) ଶ + 2(ℎ + 1) + 4 − 7
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎଶ + 2ℎ + 1 + 2ℎ + 2 − 3
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎଶ + 4ℎ
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎ(ℎ + 4)
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
= 4
݂(− 1 + ℎ) − ݂(− 1)
݂ᇱ(− 1) = lim
௛→଴ ℎ
(ℎ − 1) ଶ + 2(ℎ − 1) + 4 − 3 − ݂(− 1)
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎଶ − 2ℎ + 1 + 2ℎ − 2 + 4 − 3
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎଶ
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
= lim ℎ
௛→଴
= 0
e) ݂(‫ݔ = )ݔ‬ଷ − 6‫ ݔ‬at ‫ = ݔ‬0, ‫ = ݔ‬2
݂(ℎ) − ݂(0)
݂ᇱ(0) = lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎଷ − 6ℎ
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
246
ℎ(ℎଶ − 6)
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
= −6
݂(ℎ + 2) − ݂(2)
݂ᇱ(2) = lim
௛→଴ ℎ
(ℎ + 2) ଷ − 6(ℎ + 2) − (− 4)
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎଷ + 6ℎଶ + 6ℎ + 8 − 6ℎ − 12 + 4
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎଷ + 6ℎଶ
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
= 6
f) ݂(‫ݔ = )ݔ‬ଷ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1 at ‫ = ݔ‬1, ‫ = ݔ‬2
݂(ℎ + 1) − ݂(1)
݂ᇱ(1) = lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎଷ + 2(ℎ + 1) + 1 − 4
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎଷ + 3ℎଶ + 3ℎ + 1 + 1 + 2ℎ + 2 − 4
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎଷ + 3ℎଶ + 5ℎ
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎ(ℎଷ + 3ℎ + 5)
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
= 5
݂(ℎ + 2) − ݂(2)
݂ᇱ(2) = lim
௛→଴ ℎ
(ℎ + 2) ଷ + 2(ℎ + 2) + 1 − 13
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
247
݂(ℎ + 2) − ݂(2)
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎଷ + 6ℎଶ + 12ℎ + 8 + 2ℎ + 4 + 1 − 13
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎଷ + 6ℎଶ + 14ℎ
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
ℎ(ℎଶ + 6ℎ + 14)
= lim
௛→଴ ℎ
= 14
2) From question 1, find the equation of the tangent line to each equation at the
specified points
a) When ‫ = ݔ‬1, ‫ = ݕ‬1
From Q1, ݉ = 2
Therefore ‫ ݕ‬− 1 = 2(‫ ݔ‬− 1)
When ‫ = ݔ‬− 2, ‫ = ݕ‬4
From Q1, ݉ = − 4
Therefore ‫ ݕ‬− 4 = − 4(‫ ݔ‬+ 2)
b) When ‫ = ݔ‬2, ‫ = ݕ‬7
From Q1, ݉ = 4
Therefore ‫ ݕ‬− 7 = 4(‫ ݔ‬− 2)
When ‫ = ݔ‬1, ‫ = ݕ‬4
From Q1, ݉ = 2
248
Therefore ‫ ݕ‬− 4 = 2(‫ ݔ‬− 1)
c) When ‫ = ݔ‬− 1, ‫ = ݕ‬2
From Q1, ݉ = 0
Therefore ‫ ݕ‬− 2 = 0
When ‫ = ݔ‬3, ‫ = ݕ‬18
From Q1, ݉ = 24
Therefore ‫ ݕ‬− 18 = 24(‫ ݔ‬− 3)
d) When ‫ = ݔ‬1, ‫ = ݕ‬7
From Q1, ݉ = 4
Therefore ‫ ݕ‬− 7 = 4(‫ ݔ‬− 1)
When ‫ = ݔ‬− 1, ‫ = ݕ‬3
From Q1, ݉ = 0
Therefore ‫ ݕ‬− 3 = 0
e) When ‫ = ݔ‬0, ‫ = ݕ‬0
From Q1, ݉ = − 6
Therefore ‫ = ݕ‬− 6‫ݔ‬
When ‫ = ݔ‬2, ‫ = ݕ‬− 4
From Q1, ݉ = 6
Therefore ‫ ݕ‬+ 4 = 6(‫ ݔ‬− 2)
249
f) When ‫ = ݔ‬1, ‫ = ݕ‬4
From Q1, ݉ = 5
Therefore ‫ ݕ‬− 4 = ‫ ݔ‬− 1
When ‫ = ݔ‬2, ‫ = ݕ‬13
From Q1, ݉ = 14
Therefore ‫ ݕ‬− 13 = 14(‫ ݔ‬− 2)
3) Graph each of the functions from question 1 and their derivatives (use the same
graph for each function and derivative)
a)
y f(x)=x^2
f(x)=2x
8
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
-6
-8
250
b)
y f(x)=x^3+3
f(x)=3x^2
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-2
-4
c)
y f(x)=x^3-3x
f(x)=3x^2-3
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-2
-4
251
d)
y f(x)=2x+2
6 f(x)=x^2+2x+4
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-2
-4
-6
e)
y f(x)=3x^2-6
6 f(x)=x^3-6x
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-2
-4
-6
252
f)
y f(x)=3x^2+2
6 f(x)=x^3+2x+1
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-2
-4
-6
ௗ௬
4) Find ௗ௫ for each of the following functions
a) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ
݀‫ݕ‬
= 2‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݔ‬
b) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − 2‫ ݔ‬+ 12
݀‫ݕ‬
= 2‫ ݔ‬− 2
݀‫ݔ‬
c) ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݕ‬
= 4‫ ݔ‬− 2
݀‫ݔ‬
253
ଵ ଶ
d) ‫=ݕ‬ ଶ
‫ݔ‬ − ‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݕ‬
= ‫ݔ‬− 1
݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ
e) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ସ + 3‫ݔ‬ଷ − 4‫ݔ‬ଶ + ଶ ‫ ݔ‬+ 2
݀‫ݕ‬ 1
= 4‫ݔ‬ଷ + 9‫ݔ‬ଶ − 8‫ ݔ‬+
݀‫ݔ‬ 2
ௗ
5) Find ௗ௫ (݂(‫))ݔ‬, where ݂(‫= )ݔ‬
a) 4
݀
൫݂(‫)ݔ‬൯= 0
݀‫ݔ‬
b) 2‫ݔ‬
݀
൫݂(‫)ݔ‬൯= 2
݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ ଷ
c) ଷ
‫ݔ‬ − 4‫ݔ‬
݀
൫݂(‫)ݔ‬൯= ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4
݀‫ݔ‬
d) 2‫ݔ‬ହ − 4‫ݔ‬ଶ
݀
൫݂(‫)ݔ‬൯= 10‫ݔ‬ସ − 8‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ ସ ଵ ଵ
e) ସ
‫ݔ‬ + ଷ ‫ݔ‬ଷ − ସ ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 100
݀ ‫ݔ‬
൫݂(‫)ݔ‬൯= ‫ݔ‬ଷ + ‫ݔ‬ଶ −
݀‫ݔ‬ 2
6) Find the derivative of the following functions
a) ݂(‫ݔ√ = )ݔ‬
254
1 ିଵ
݂ᇱ(‫= )ݔ‬ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ
2
1
=
2 √‫ݔ‬
b) ݂(‫ିݔ = )ݔ‬ଵ
݂ᇱ(‫ = )ݔ‬− ‫ିݔ‬ଶ
1
= −
‫ݔ‬ଶ
ଵ
c) ݂(‫= )݌‬ ௣మ
݂ᇱ(‫ = )݌‬− 2‫ି݌‬ଷ
−2
‫݌‬ଷ
ଵ
d) ݂(‫= )ݐ‬
√௧
1 ିଷ
݂ᇱ(‫ = )ݐ‬− ‫ݐ‬ଶ
2
1
= − ଷ
2‫ݐ‬ଶ
ଵ
e) ݂(ܽ) = √ܽ + ௔
1 ିଵ
݂ᇱ(ܽ) = ܽ ଶ + (− ܽିଶ)
2
1 1
= −
2 √ܽ ܽଶ
f) య
݂(‫ ݔ√ = )ݔ‬− ‫ିݔ‬ଵ
ଷ
= ‫ݔ‬ଶ − ‫ିݔ‬ଵ
255
3 ଵ
݂ᇱ(‫= )ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ିݔ‬ଶ
2
3 √‫ ݔ‬1
= + ଶ
2 ‫ݔ‬
7) Find ݂ᇱ(‫ )ݔ‬using the product rule, where ݂(‫= )ݔ‬
a) ‫ݔ‬ଶ൫√‫ݔ‬൯
ᇱ(‫)ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬ଶ
݂ = 2‫ݔ‬൫√‫ݔ‬൯+
2√‫ݔ‬
4‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݔ‬ଶ
=
2 √‫ݔ‬
ଷ
5‫ݔ‬ଶ
=
2
ଵ
b) ௫
(2‫ ݔ‬− 3)
2
݂ᇱ(‫ = )ݔ‬− ‫ିݔ‬ଶ(2‫ ݔ‬− 3) +
‫ݔ‬
3 − 2‫ ݔ‬2
= +
‫ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݔ‬
3 − 2‫ ݔ‬+ 2‫ݔ‬
=
‫ݔ‬ଶ
3
=
‫ݔ‬ଶ
ଵ
c) ௫మ
(‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4)
2‫ݔ‬
݂ᇱ(‫ = )ݔ‬− 2‫ିݔ‬ଷ(‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4) +
‫ݔ‬ଶ
8 − 2‫ݔ‬ଶ 2
= +
‫ݔ‬ଷ ‫ݔ‬
256
8 − 2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ݔ‬ଶ
=
‫ݔ‬ଷ
8
=
‫ݔ‬ଷ
ଵ
d) 2‫ିݔ‬ଵ ቀଶ ‫ݔ‬ଷቁ
1 3‫ݔ‬ଶ
݂ᇱ(‫ = )ݔ‬− 2‫ିݔ‬ଶ ൬ ‫ݔ‬ଷ൰+ 2‫ିݔ‬ଵ
2 2
‫ݔ‬ଷ 3‫ݔ‬
= − +
‫ݔ‬ଶ 4
7‫ݔ‬
=
4
ଷ௫
e) ଶ
(2‫ݔ‬ଶ − 1)
3 3‫ݔ‬
݂ᇱ(‫= )ݔ‬ (2‫ݔ‬ଶ − 1) + (4‫)ݔ‬
2 2
3
= 3‫ݔ‬ଶ − + 6‫ݔ‬ଶ
2
3
9‫ݔ‬ଶ −
2
௫మ ଵ
f) ସ
ቀ‫ݔ‬ଶ − ସ ‫ݔ‬ቁ
‫ ݔ‬ଶ 1 ‫ݔ‬ଶ 1
݂ᇱ(‫= )ݔ‬ ൬‫ ݔ‬− ‫ݔ‬൰+ ൬2‫ ݔ‬− ൰
2 4 4 4
‫ݔ‬ଷ ‫ݔ‬ଶ 2‫ݔ‬ଷ ‫ݔ‬ଶ

= − + −
2 8 4 16
8‫ݔ‬ଷ − 2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 8‫ݔ‬ଷ − ‫ݔ‬ଶ

16
16‫ݔ‬ଷ − 3‫ݔ‬ଶ
=
16
257
8) Find the derivatives of the following functions
a) ݂(‫ݔ( = )ݔ‬ଶ − 2) ଶ
݀‫ݕ‬
= 2(‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2). 2‫ = ݔ‬4‫ݔ(ݔ‬ଶ − 2)
݀‫ݔ‬
b) ݂(‫ݐ( = )ݐ‬ଶ + 1) ିଵ
݀‫ݕ‬
= − (‫ݐ‬ଶ + 1) ିଶ. 2‫ݐ‬
݀‫ݐ‬
− 2‫ݐ‬
=
(‫ݐ‬ଶ+ 1) ଶ
௔ାଵ
c) ݂(ܽ) = ௔ିଷ
݀‫ ܽ( ݕ‬− 3) × 1 − (ܽ + 1) × 1
=
݀ܽ (ܽ − 3) ଶ
−4
=
(ܽ − 3) ଶ
௫యିସ௫ାଶ
d) ݃(‫= )ݔ‬ ௫
݀݃ ‫(ݔ‬3‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4) − 1 × (‫ݔ‬ଷ − 4‫ ݔ‬+ 2)

=
݀‫ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬ଶ
3‫ݔ‬ଷ − 4‫ ݔ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଷ + 4‫ ݔ‬− 2

=
‫ݔ‬ଶ
2‫ݔ‬ଷ − 2
=
‫ݔ‬ଶ
ଵ
e) ℎ(‫= )ݔ‬ (௫మିଵ)మ
ℎ(‫ݔ( = )ݔ‬ଶ − 1) ିଶ
݀‫ݕ‬
= − 2(‫ݔ‬ଶ − 1) ିଵ × 2‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݔ‬
258
− 4‫ݔ‬
=
(‫ݔ‬ଶ − 1)
௫మ
f) ݂(‫= )ݔ‬ ௫ିଶ
݀‫ ݔ( ݕ‬− 2)2‫ ݔ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ

=
݀‫ݔ‬ (‫ ݔ‬− 2) ଶ
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫ݔ‬
=
(‫ ݔ‬− 2) ଶ
g) ݂(‫ݔ√ = )ݔ‬ଶ − 3
ଵ
݂(‫ݔ( = )ݔ‬ଶ − 3) ଶ
݀‫ ݕ‬1 ଶ ଵ
= (‫ ݔ‬− 3) ି ଶ × 2‫ݔ‬
݀‫ ݔ‬2
‫ݔ‬
=
ඥ(‫ݔ‬ଶ − 3)
259

Ezy Math Tutoring - Year 11 Answers

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Ezy Math Tutoring - Year 11 Answers

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Year 11 Unit 2

C2009 Ezy Math Tutoring | All Rights Reserved www.ezymathtutoring.com.au

CHAPTER 1: Basic Arithmetic & Algebra 2

Basic Arithmetic &

Rational Numbers & Surds

d) Let ‫ = ݔ‬0. 1̇ 5̇ , then 100‫ = ݔ‬15. 1̇ 5̇ = 15 + ‫ݔ‬

c) (ܽ + 1)(ܽଶ) + (ܽ + 1)(2ܽ) + ܽ + 1 = (ܽ + 1)(ܽଶ + 2ܽ + 1) = (ܽ + 1) ଷ

(௔ିଵ)ଶ௫ାଷ(௔ିଵ) (௔ିଵ)(ଶ௫ାଷ) (௔ିଵ)(ଶ௫ାଷ)

a) 42731= 4.27 × 10ସ

b) 0.91326= 9.13 × 10ିଵ

c) 6139900= 6.14 × 10଺

d) 0.034= 3.40 × 10ିଶ

b) 0.2565443 0.2565 0.2565

c) 0.00012739 0.0001 0.0001274

d) 1.128755 1.1288 1.129

a) 6√2 + 2√2 = 8√2

b) 4√8 + 2√2 = 4√4 × 2 + 2√2 = 8√2 + 2√2 = 10√2

c) √27 + 2√3 = √9 × 3 + 2√3 = 3√3 + 2√3 = 5√3

d) 2√45 + 3√20 = 2√9 × 5 + 3√4 × 5 = 6√5 + 6√5 = 12√5

a) √108 − √48 = √36 × 3 − √16 × 3 = 6√3 − 4√3 = 2√3

b) √32 − √18 = √16 × 2 − √9 × 2 = 4√2 − 3√2 = √2

c) 3‫√ݔ‬18 − ‫√ݔ‬128 = ‫ݔ‬൫3√18 − √128൯= ‫(ݔ‬3√9 × 2 − √64 × 2 =

d) 2√20 − 4√5 = 2√4 × 5 − 4√5 = 4√5 − 4√5 = 0

√଺ √଺ ସା √଺ ସ√଺ା଺ ଶ(ଶ√଺ାଷ) ଶ√଺ାଷ

= (− 2ܽ − 9ܾ) + (ܽ − 4ܾ)(√5). To be rational, cannot be a surd. Therefore

ܽ − 4ܾ = 0, ܽ = 4ܾ; (ܽ, ܾ ‫)݈ܽ݊݋݅ݐܽݎ‬. NOTE if ܽ − 4ܾ = √5 to rationalise the surd,

Inequalities & Absolute Values

b) 3‫ ݕ‬− 5 > − ‫ ݕ‬− 4

− 10‫ > ݔ‬72

d) No solution as |‫ |ݔ‬is always positive

‫ ݔ‬+ 2 = 7 ‫ݎ݋‬− (‫ ݔ‬+ 2) = 7

‫ ݔ‬− 3 = 4 ‫ݎ݋‬− (‫ ݔ‬− 3) = 4

2‫ ݔ‬− 3 = 8 ‫ݎ݋‬− (2‫ ݔ‬− 3) = 8

2‫ = ݔ‬11 ‫ݎ݋‬− 2‫ = ݔ‬5

2‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = 7 ‫ݎ݋‬− (2‫ ݔ‬+ 1) = 7

(‫ ݔ‬+ 7)(‫ ݔ‬− 1) = 0

Applying the quadratic formula (or using calculator) gives

‫ = ݔ‬− 3 + 2√2 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬− 3 − 2√2

(‫ ݔ‬+ 3)(‫ ݔ‬− 1) = 0

c) |2‫ ݔ‬− 3| = |‫ ݔ‬+ 1|

d) |3‫ ݔ‬+ 1| = |‫ ݔ‬+ 3|

‫ = ݔ‬2; on substitution solution is valid

f) |2‫ ݔ‬− 5| = |‫ ݔ‬− 3| + 6

b) |2‫ ݔ‬+ 2| = |‫ ݔ‬− 1|

Solution is ‫ = ݔ‬0 , ‫ = ݔ‬8

a) 3‫ ݔ‬+ 4(‫ ݔ‬− 2) = 3‫ ݔ‬+ 4‫ ݔ‬− 8 = 7‫ ݔ‬− 8

b) 2(3 − ‫ )ݕ‬+ 3(2‫ ݕ‬+ 2) = 6 − 2‫ ݕ‬+ 6‫ ݕ‬+ 4 = 10 + 4‫ݕ‬

c) – (5 − 2‫ )ݐ‬− (− 3 + 4‫ = )ݐ‬− 5 + 2‫ݐ‬+ 3 − 4‫ =ݐ‬− 2 − 2‫ݐ‬

e) 2 + 5(2‫ ݕ‬− 4) − 4(4 − ‫ = )ݕ‬2 + 10‫ ݕ‬− 20 − 16 + 4‫ = ݕ‬14‫ ݕ‬− 34

f) − 2 − (− 3 − ‫ )ݔ‬+ (2‫ ݔ‬− 3) = − 2 + 3 + ‫ ݔ‬+ 2‫ ݔ‬− 3 = 3‫ ݔ‬− 2

a) (‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬+ 3) + (2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬− 6) = 3‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2‫ ݔ‬− 3

d) − 2(2‫ ݔ‬− 2) − 3(− 3‫ ݔ‬− 3) = − 4‫ ݔ‬+ 4 + 9‫ ݔ‬+ 9 = 5‫ ݔ‬+ 5

a) (2 + 5‫()ݕ‬2‫ ݕ‬− 4) = 4‫ ݕ‬+ 10‫ݕ‬ଶ − 8 − 20‫ = ݕ‬10‫ݕ‬ଶ − 16‫ ݕ‬− 8

b) (3‫ ݔ‬− 2) + (2‫ ݔ‬+ 3) = 3‫ ݔ‬− 2 + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 3 = 5‫ ݔ‬+ 1

f) – ‫ݔ‬൫(‫ ݔ‬+ 2) + (‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫)ݔ‬൯= − ‫ݔ(ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 2) = − ‫ݔ‬ଷ − 2‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2‫ݔ‬

a) 4‫݌‬ଶ − 2‫ = ݌‬2‫(݌‬2‫ ݌‬− 1)

b) 3‫ݕ‬ଷ + 2‫(ݕ = ݕ‬3‫ݕ‬ଶ + 2)

c) 6‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬+ 2 = 2(3‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1)

d) 10‫ݔ‬ଷ − 4‫ݔ‬ଶ + 8‫ = ݔ‬2‫(ݔ‬5‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2‫ ݔ‬+ 4)

e) − 4‫ ݔ‬− 3‫ݔ‬ଶ = − ‫(ݔ‬4 + 3‫)ݔ‬

a) ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4 = (‫ ݔ‬− 2)(‫ ݔ‬+ 2)

b) 4‫ݕ‬ଶ − 9 = (2‫ ݕ‬− 3)(2‫ ݕ‬+ 3)

c) 25‫݌‬ଶ − 25 = 25(‫݌‬ଶ − 1) = 25(‫ ݌‬− 1)(‫ ݌‬+ 1)

e) ‫ݕ‬ସ − 100‫ݕ‬ଶ = (‫ݕ‬ଶ − 10‫ݕ()ݕ‬ଶ + 10‫)ݕ‬