_ Piping Engineering Perec corn RVR EET ETE he cad i mah cae, Contents Page Commercial Pipe Size and Wall Thicknesses 3 Design Properties of Pipe 5 Pressure-Stress Ratios . . ce 7 Volumetric Capacities of Fittings wee AT Flow of Fluids ce cese ees ce 51 Line Expansion & Flexibility .. . 77 Layout Dimensions of Fittings & Flanges 95 Technical Papers : 103 (Detailed Table of Contents is Given on Each Chapter Title Page) Published By TUBE TURNS, INC. LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY ‘This DosunentObaned From Piping Enginecring"—Rog. T.M, ‘Technical Standards Services ‘International {224M oye Bh Aon Pu PA 1101 USA “eaphore 2)47-707 ax (247-5718COPYRIGHT © 1986 TUBE TURNS, INC. All Rights Reserved PRINTED IN U.S.A. Sixth Edition 1986 Toquved, The PS ates will nt vaty mith coge changes an can be easly applied by Partinent dimensions for a8" pize ana stings were ace, Sccammotation and convenience to pte ua, ree hey a ‘TuBE TURNS AND tt) ARE TRADEMARKS OF TUBE TURNS, INC. (© 1986 TUBE TURNS, INC.Properties of Pipe Commercial Pipe Sizes which are applicable to carbon and Wall Thicknesses Sioa and lays ater than This table lists the pipe sizes and aris seo vae nee Saabisied sete schedules listed in ANSI 598.19 Specifeally and ASTM Specification As03, ps Which are applioabie only to, Dimensions of Seamless and _,hgadional standard weigh, Soraganredetant eto Welded Steel Pipe Stone pipe (NOTE: Shodle 105 a, and B96. 2. The pipe wal thickness fvailable In catbon steel In sizes, eres Senedulos listed In ANS} 896.10, 12 NPS [ON 300] and smaller) roc awa Teac or — a BE Bee ee fet kd Seed fle ene patton Bim. ie eas Toe Te aia Sony > tes Tne Zale Te SS ro ra = om 2am 1a Sinn sso Salen ete Ten Siem 10s 2 en ae essa Tear eden — Efe All dimensions are given in inches “Schedules 5S and 10S are available with milimeters shown below. The in corrosion resistant maletials and decimal thickness listed forthe ‘Schedule 108 is also avaiable in respective pipe sizes represent th carbon steel. ominal or average wall dimensions. {Thieknesses shown in italics are ‘Tho actual thicknesses may be as avallaboalgo in stainless steel much as 12.5% under the nominal Under the designation Schedule fhickness because of mill olerance. 408. ‘Thlcknesses shown in bold face for _sThicknesses shown in italics are Schodule 60 and Heavier Pipe are available alco in stainless steel, ht currently supplied by the mil, Under the designation Schedule Unless a certain minimum tonnage 80S. is ordered Conversion Factor 25.4 mm = 1.0", Fittings are stocked in carbon stool and a vatiaty of oer metals and alloys,Properties of Pipe Commercial Pipe Sizet wich are appcabo te carbon and Wall Thicknesses Hoe an aye omer then ‘Tis able sts th pipe sizes ana —«Sammess te, wal ee esses curen 32 pipe wall thickness wall nlcknesses cure, Scnedulos listed In ANSI B98.19 seaplane : and ASTM Specification AAD, FPethe waditonal standard weight, SCA BR at rears Dimensions of Seamless and f,iTetalilonl standard weight, Gorsionreeistnt mater. Welded Steel Pipe song pipe. (NOTE: Schedule 108 is also ‘ANSI B36.10 and B36.19 2. The pipe wall thickness, {valabie in carbon sieel in sizes ‘Senedules listed in ANSI 826.1, S2NPS [ON 00}and smaller) amin Wa Tee = Fee Seal eed abel eee Sebo Sebo Sed ‘Seah a Hes St fetta ate azn oem 800 Paton Zeta TSE Bee sea est ee tacit rer Eien 0 fs2e0 050m Aden 28st 1227 So eecenc renee Titan —3civn sim {0 Vinn adem 127m nn 7200077. 7omm./tnm Ton oN SaaS Ian aaa gi a a EEE ise 2 Steme 310mm Cin een estan Ison 10312000 Shem S85 stem Sian bison FS2am 10320 sa 7am si a Ties Tho Tm 1a es oem SOc tan inn at) nn San tind tha —5 a Tam 7 east Sta "aan Te rae enn oo re eA CTE Tan a on ae Wan = a ues TTI Sie — ‘All dimensions are given in inches “Schedules SS and 108 are available uti mitimeters shown below. The in corrosion resistant materials and ‘cima thickness fisted for the Schodule 108 is also avaiable in fepectve pipe sizes represent thelr carbon stat. ominal or average walldimensions. _{Thicknesses shown in italics are ‘Tee cclual nckresses may be aa avaliable also instants ste! thueh as 125% under the nominal under the designation Schedule Tokness because of mil olerance. 40S. ‘Thistnesses shown In bol! face for Thicknesses shown in italics aro Schedule 60 and Heavier Pipa are avilable also in sainiess steel, Sot curently supplied by te mils, under the designation Schedule Unies a cetainminimum tonnage 0S. is ordered Conversion Factor 25.4 mm = 1.0. Fittings ate stocked In carbon steel and a vatiaty of other metals and alloys.ANSI B36.10 and B36.19 Specifications ........ API 5L and SLX Specifications ..... Page 6-14 15-16Table of Properties of Pipe Table No. 1 presented on the following pages is believed to be the most nearly complete tabulction of the dimensional properties of commercially avail- tables sizes of steel pipe ever published. It includes. the older weights of pipe (ST = standard weight, XS = extra strong, XX = dobule extra strong), the schedules given in ANSI Standard B36.10 (10, 20, etc,), the lighter commercially standardized pipe (LW' = light weight), and those given in ANSI Standard B36.19 and ASTM Specification A409 (5S, 10S, 40S, 80S), the latter being applicable to corro- sion resistant materials, except that Schedule 10S is also available in carbon steel in sizes 12" and smaller. Piping designers will find herein all the dimen. sional data they may need to determine: pipe wall thicknesses required to resist internal pressure, bending stresses resulting from line expansion, bending stresses caused by weight loadings, pipe column sizes required to sustain given axial loads, flow areas and fifth powers of the diameter, useful in pressure drop calculations, surface areas for use in evaluating heat losses and insulation and coating requirements, ond eer ae omg | 07 1058 | 269 08s | ais DEFINITION OF PROPERTIES = outside dasster of pipe laches Inde diameter of pipe, inches nominal wall thickness o pipe, inches pe = oulside pipe surface, oq ft per ft length A, SE ne im to 6 pea Aa DEI coe snonl maa sin 7 27 geeneenl low ws 9 weight of pipe, Ib per tt gh weight of water filing, Ib per f Jength foe 05s | 410 ss | 68 119 | “30a ast | 1694 | 028 | 04s | "1628 | 0033 | (031 | 11587 | “0038 | oss | 545 ‘ost | 493 128 | 423 rol | aie 088 ‘ ‘om | tee tos | ate F tet | oot |e | oes | gre los | ‘saa M7 | 546 1e7 | 466. 269.0143 | « 81 | ‘071 280! ‘0201 | ‘ 240 | 02a | 219.0243 |x od ’ “267 { 1406 1 tere 1 ‘g| 2172 4 | see 4 ‘saz | 2044 | ‘aea| ase 4 ss| 06s | 1500 | ogee | 425] 401 | 08| 169 1.108 1 i 108] “109 } 1442 | 6.235 | ‘436 | ‘378 | [331 | 11633 | 1:805 J oan sosr 40s| “140 | 1300 | Sos | “aoe | “aot | “660 | 1490 | 2273, | 2x5 00s | 191 | 1.278 | 3.400 | 404 | 224 | 001 | 1.28 | 2.907 | | Deisso | 10 | 250 | 1100 | 2100 | 494 | “Boe | actor | ber | S765 | 1 | wx | (02 | ‘a6 | “srr | “434 | “204 | 1530] ‘sao | 8215 | { 33) 00s] immo) at) aor| 40a] a6) 2001) 1275] 10m] ew 150 1 os) “300 | ema | i346 | “or 2 joey | wosr ats) 48) Ueto | og | Ser| fone 4 “ 80 XS80S/ 200 1.500 7.59 | .497 | 1.767 | 3, pena 10) at) Tame) ar or Taos | j xx | too | io | ter | er “380 | 6 | S| .065 | 2.245 | 97.03 | ea 8 | q 10S| 103 | 2.187 | 46.69 ‘6a2 654 ! wosr 40s! “186 | Zosr | 273 | ‘eae 358 | ier | 208 | 35.42 | am 2 ee | 2.000 | 32.00 | ‘za ia y eoxseos| (218/ ove | anal | “ee 5 pease | 250, 1875 | 2917 | 522! 4 | sia) i760 | teat | cee 160 ‘as ba | 1874 | saa / xx | 9s, aw | zor | 222] j | ss| 083 | 2.709 | 148.9 | .753| 709 a 4 120 | 2.638 | 127.0 | :783| 690 1 j ms) ae | ‘ote | tes) ‘ote ae \ ait) 24 | 96.7 | .753| 639 80 XS a0S| 276 2.923 | 67.6 | .753| .608 . 160 figs | 433 | [50 | ‘s35 um | in| * 1seo |2407 | 7. a0 1.883 fe “tas | 2500 | 7, Soe vse2 765 [2.915 | 6. 2.90 2.168 216 | 759 [3.016 | 660 | 1025 298 2.208 ‘bie | 63/3129 | 649 | 10.84/21 204 fie | ‘70s |3.950| Ser 1303 / 246 2a f 916 | 667 /4213) 5.41 1433) 238 2.819» ie | ‘eo2 |8450 | 415 1858! 180 age | L047 | 1004 [10a 1185” 347! 800 19 Voet | see | 1489 | 1010. 497 | 41 1308; Kear | ‘seo |1'85r | Wor $20 27 181 | LOT | 977 | 1.628 1094) $53, 478) 1s | Koa | ‘s70 | a1 | 1078. 809 | ar Toss tes | 3624 eas | Loar | oe |2ast | tot | Tes! Aer 2.050 | : 40st 4s! 226 | asia | sea | 10e7| 929 |2.0600 999 ol) 4.8 2.204) ‘Bal | Saas | 490 | oat | “s00 | 3.260 | 823 1116 | 40a 288 soxsess | “318 338 43 | Loe? 86) 3678, 889 128i) 388 aaa au | a.s12 10i7 | .g67 9.951) 9.62 1343! 3.73 as! 460 | 2062 | Torr | ‘boa sana, 736 1769) 319 air ee | 2728 Loe | ina eral Sac mas 283 oe 1862 2.81. 1.2401 Yeo 3.961762 136 421 1.869 8 5S | 088 | 4.398 10s | “120 | 4280 12a | 4.286 1178 | 1.138 | Lisi | 1478! 3.91 | Vira | 1115 | Lest | 1428) 5.81 Vira | Vn | 1758) 1418. 8.38 asa | 8.087 1a7a! 18.17) 5.48, as | 4.850 | «ost 408 a 888 | Let 1948. 207 ‘378 | 4.813 | 1a39 2068 743, oe | 4.z32 ire | 1.108 | 1.98 625) 609) 154 438 1949 tea | 426 Live | 1104 | 14 | 1396, 861! Sos! Lsaz Ase 205K: ass | Cho Live | Lowe [2247 | 880) Tee, ser sss $29, 2380 ww | 16 | at2s 1.ize | 1.080 | 2.58 808) 5.78 152 599° 2.64 205 | 4.000 | Lite | Lon | 277 S40 | 569 sa 699 284, dost aos) 207 | Coas oot | 817 ome! ssi: Uso 723 328 é 250 4.000, xr | 3.36 1135/54: L805 758 3:98 Zn | 3958 | 36 | 360! S23. lass 808. 380 D400 gi | 3833 | cat | 374 S21! 149 833. 370! 300 | 3.900 ai | 3.98 | 8.7| 1489 8.78 3.90} a2 | 3806 ais | &10| SL, 1493 9.05 4.02! soxs eos) “3a? | 3808 | oie | tat) lism Se 427 s13 | 3.750 | 982 | 456 | Last 1042) 4.83, 120 498 | 3.624 ‘949 | 8.59 | 1444 11.68! 5.18 6 | (Bo | 3500 sie | 625] Tas in Sar wo | sa | 3.498 | so | 662] Laie 1327 50 xx | bm | Sis | fx | 810| Tn, 189) 870 88/109 | 5.345 399 | 1.928 687, 2.81 10s | Iga | 3.208 38 | 225 1900 843° Sa | (888 5B 825/88 585 8 272 ‘260 "38 | 4.688 za | 7.04) Tals 2331, 838 1o4 | 7.95} 2514. 9.25 129 | 9.70 30.03! 10.80, 8 | 11.38 33.64 12.106.407 | ver | 2.23 | 322 6.357 | Yee 273) 317 esiz 1esz 3.18) 313 169 6287 | 9.82 Les 3.43, 31.0 1181 5.40 180 | 6.265 | 9.65, | Het | se sos. 194 5.72 188 | 6249 3.83 Less | 3.60, 30.7 1971 5.98 Lw 219 8.187 9.07 1.620 4.41 | 30.1 20.84 6.83 250 | 6.125 862 Yet) $01 29.5 235 7.83 27 601 825 1553 5.52. 289 m9 84a 40ST 40S 280 6.065 8.21 1.588 $53. 239 28.18.60 28 378 5.878 7.00 138 | 738 271 36.1 10:80 woxses 42 8761 6.35 1508 | 840 28.1 405 | 1223 soo 8.625 5.63 1473 9.62 24.9 4840 1371 120 62 5.501 5.08 1480 10.70, 23.8 488 1498 160 718 | 5.189 3.78 ¥388 13.92 21:1 58.0 ITB xx | 86 4807 2.82 L2e2 18.64 18.8 68.3 20.08 S109; 8407 42.0 2201, 292| 555 9.91 1S “48 8.329 | 40.1 2.180 | 394! 848. 13.40 158 8.909 396 2am 420| 542 1429 188 8.295 39.3, 21% 439 $40 1491 188 849 32 zie 439 S34 1694 203 8.218 328 2182 6.37 83.1 18.26 Lw aig Bs? 288 2183 5.78 526 1968 238 8143 35.9 21% 627 s22 alse 2 250 8.125 384 212 888 51 0 at son 342 ug 728 81.2 24.70 sos 40s 322 1961 S24 2258, 2089 a4 50.0 20.88 ' 4 7837 GS 2.258 2.078 895 49.5 30.49, D~8.625 952 7921 312 2288. 20% 915 43 311 378 7818 903 2258 202 972 487 330 60 408 7813 29.1 2.258 2.085 1048 47.9 35.8 469 7887 268 2258: 2.012 1202) 46.4 409 oS e0s 500 7.625 258 2258 love 1278 457 404 100 588 7498 22.8 2288 188 14.96 43.5 80.9 62S 1318 21.8 2.258 19a IST 42.7 Sa4 129 M8 Tie 182 2.258 1.e52 1784 40.8 60.8 10 12 7.001 16.8 | 2258 | 1.883 19.88 | 38. | 67.8 XX STS 6.875184 2.288 1.800 21.90, a7 Tad 160 ‘08/6818 147 | 2.258! 1764 |21.97! 368 | 747 8! 134! 10482127 10s, ‘165 10.420. 123 ‘eB 103% 120, | 209 10.94 is iw 218103106 2» 280 / 10280 13, 279 | 10.192 110 D=10.750 39 (or | 10.136 107 ‘348 | 10.054 109 { 40ST 408 365 | 10.020 101ees 427 160 125° aso 44. | 2an | 2.23 58.4 367 118.7 | SS 166) 12408 250 | 304 | 3.25 | GIT] M15 210) S20 4a za 102] os ‘100 12.390 202 | 334 | 524 TAL} tas 242 saa, 44a 40S 220 ‘203! 12.944 287 | 3.34 | 323 | 8.00|ite7| a72| S18 | 444 is7s 24.7} zig) t2si2 23 334 | 322 | go2|iiea| aas/ sis | eas 603 au) 22m) 2m 334 | 321 | 96! ties! sie] a2 ez 1e8z 2LW ‘250| 12.250, 276 | 3.94 | 321 | 982|117.9/ 334] 51.0 4.42 191.9 79, vee, 289 | 324 | 219 /1099/ 1ie7, o72| 608 «41 2127 $00 | 12180) 25 834 | 318 /1179| 1180; s99| 502 «a0 2278 Fo “so 12000) 253 | 384 | 317 1288 las el a7 439 2408, “MM 12082) 255 | 994 | 316 1241/1143! 56) as 450 28 “4 sr as, (315, 1200 29 34/314 488/11 46) 40, 438 ZO ‘2 | oo i198) 22 | 334 | 3131574] m9, 538/485 | <37 300 oa) tieta! 236 | 336 | Su | 1694 107) 578/479 | 436 at xs0s| Soo! 11760 224 | 394 | 3.08 | 1024 1084) 684) 470 | 433 35e # se2/ 11628 212 | 334 | 304 | aL.a2 1082, 732) 480; 431 40 25/ 11.s00) 21 | 3a¢| a01 | sat| 1039| 809) 480 | 429 439 0 S81 11378191 | 334 | 2.98 | 2604 1018) wes 440, 427 478 100 AS. 11064, 165 336 | 290 3183 98.1 1072) 418 | 422 Be 18| 11.000) 161 | 334 | 298 |s264/ 980) 1110) a1 | 421 ste | 120 1.000; 10.750| 144 | 3.34 | 2a | ez 140 1125) 10.800} 128 | 3.94 | 2.75 701 1219 10813) 117 | 3.94 | 2.70 m2 160 rai2/ 10.198 | 108 | 3.34 | 268 | 781 SS 186 19.688 481 | 3.67 | 358 6.78) 147.2) 231 637/490 163) 2322 10S 186, 13.624) 469 | 3.67 | 188 | 278 20, 19580 a2 | Se 26 | 308 a0) 13.500 458 | 3.67 me 323 | z2e| 13.52 aa | 3.67 a4 | 348 | 10° ‘230| 1350 44a | ger 233 | 335 c » siz’ 13378 43 | 3.67 33) 4805 | ost | 37s) 13.50/08 | 367 as af 11s 388 | 3.67 ol 573, 13.125 989 3.67 a9 aa i i308 380 | 367 | 13.000/ 71 1281413 Pee aa se | | he | tee |" | | 7 12.800 . 91.22 | 122.7 | 106.1. 4.09 | 687 | 98.2 . Sa teas [St [fear | es| ima) so] ter | as [ine : there oo facse {toes |iaot| azs| tse | ao | ase 11,500 | 90.07 | 108.9 | 170.2] 45.0) 4.83 1027 [iss 11313 96 | 83.42 | 10055 | 181.6 | 4501082 | 158.6, tH | [i [eee] limi] Ss] 22 [IRs & 88) 18.670 | 45 | 4.19 | 4.10 | 8.21| 1929! 27.9| 638] 5.60 257 | saz a) ee] a 2 |e | as] mee) a] glee gr] a - 15.524 902 | 4.19 4.08 |11.78 | 189.3 40.1) 82.0) 366 | 45.8 8 | 10 250 | 18.800 | 998 | 49 | 408 j12.97 | 188.7 | 421 384 | 49.0 > zal | 18.498 | a77 | 4.19 | 404 |13.88 | 1872) 472 429 | 538 2 aia} 15375! 989 | 419 | 402 /15.40/ 1057| s24| oo4| 555 474 | 50.9 Bu | s13| 7o7| 550 | S19 | e68 | sosr | ‘sus 15250 | eas | 4s | Sao lisa teat | exe | tel | sss sea | Tos ‘40s | 15.188 | 908 393 |1999/1812| 78 | 704| 552 605 | 738 1% 438/ 18.124 | 781 4.19 | 3.96 2141/1796! 72.8 77.8| 5.50 649 | 81.1 469 | 16.062, 775 | 4.19 eee 22.88 |178.2/ 77.8 | 77.2/ 549 691 | 86.3 | peiso0 | XS —-s00| 15.00 759 at | 990 24as | 1707 | a2e| zes| sus 72 | O18 | ‘smu se nu | Gig | 31 jase /atsa | an7 | ee! sar 77 | one © (So sss Geko | 385 (51g ied iors | a4 sa 8 ules ss18 | 14625 | 669 | 419 | 309 |s907 | 1500 ni24| maz | saz 97a tala “Too | 1400 | Ga | 419 | 390 g50 jtes1 iets | 11 | S40 our 1908 oe ‘a4 | 18.12 | 842 one Jes | 184.1 cy wad) ont | 4s | 75 40.16 t609 | tees | a7 | 837 Tier 148 100 tom} isa | sae | cio | aes [ase jteze | ete | 661529 1285 1708 1 | aa | 1as6¢ | aso | 41 955 sese [1445 |1s08 | exe | 523 isse tons Ho Wigs | gee | eo | Co | ak esas 188 zzn7 | ret | 220.1 ° | 100, 2000! sm 48 | so 'oa.ss azar | asa | ters | 269 > Le eee 104 | 206.7 ss| 165, 17.670 | 1723 | 4.71 | 4.63 | 924 | 2452 314 368 | 40.9 wos | ‘ise wteze | to | | de ose zee | la at) a 10 ‘aso | 7s00 | tear | 421 | 450 teat aos | ana 52 a3 | G1 2 gia vrais | set | an | 458 (1798 | 2001 | s80 | ere | 758 st | ms) ras | tser an | sz aoe |2s7 | Toe tor | t28 #0 os | irae | uaz | 4 jacit azo | tea | sea [1088 1 xs | so | 1z00 | 1420 | an | 44s fers |aazo | oa toss | 1120 0 ‘sea | tere | iso | 421 ore | | 1047 un | 1302 So 16619 | tae | ant | 440 [soe [azz | lod raat | 1988 25 | 16.250 | 1318 | 4.71 34.12 |220.4 | 116.0 vaa9 | 143.9 = 18,000 ng | 16.562 | 1247 | 471 36.08 | 218.8 | 122.5 1458 | 162.0 ‘reo | 18800 | tas | ani | 422 [aoe [aise | ise2 rsis |i683 eos | um an ser {2108 | 14022 | | 1624 | 08 ris | tow | 42 | 422 [soa [ance | 17008 | oa. Ina | 008 18.688 | 980 | 4.71 fe 1.17 | 193.3 | 208.0 aio 242.2 ras | 15250 | as }4n [seo [rat |iea7 [22 nse 778 Use |tse7s | 728 | 471/300 fons |1za.8 |zra3 2750 | 305.5 |i.ess | 14825 | 669 | 471 | es [eae [168.0 |2080 2008 | 323.1 vase | sa jan [am fom [ieez jos | me [srr so ise1358 | 300.8 | 181 | 28.8 19.36 | 298.8 | zz | 221.0 | 28.9 | 2812 91.8 908 | 28.6 , 104.1 | 343 | 2708 1168 362 | 278.0. 122.8 be b 2s 1879 292 | 524 | 401 990, 2781 1008 eas ver 1707) 0 ‘sz 183% 210 S24 481 4g 2652 68 | Sie mst 257 D-=20.000 Ss 1820 202 S24 478 28) 2616 178.7! err 209 2408 905 18.188 199° 5.24 4.76 54.3 / 2508 104.8) 6.76 2483 240.3 30 21.031 17.938 1.86 5.24 | 4.70 61.4 | 252.7 208.9 | 6.72 2772 277.2 1.250 17.500 1.64 8.26 4.58 73.6 | 240.5 | 250.3 6.64 3251 328.1 100 1261 12498 161 524 | 457 753/208 2551/1004 66 s8I6 ssl ie Y500 17000 142 824 44S G72 | 270 aed 883 BSE STss ISS 10 Vso 1680 122 824 432 1003298 ald eae B48 aal? eal? Lad 16313 116 | 524 | 427 1052 | m0 aszs| 9S 64s «379 479 160 Yee 16058. Lor | S24 421 MMS | aa) smo1| ers Bal 4596 oe 0 250. 21.900 459 | S76 | 56 1z1| 960) 81/1572 769 100 LB ‘Biz aise 445 | 876 | 560 2is| aso | 723 | i556 | ter 1250 1187 st bus! 212m 433 | S76 Sas S| ass BSE ISG | 7e5 M90 1984 XS BH). 1.000 409578 550 | age! 945 1148 1500! 760 1959 ITS 625. 20750 385 | 8.76 | 543 420/ 38/1427 145.4) 7.56 2400 2182 D~22.000 780 20500 362 876 537 S01! Sm 1702 1429; 782. 2890 , 2573 1 m250° 941 876 | 5:90 | S01; 922 1974 1998) 748 5248 2051 Yow zoo 320 576/524 680 | 314203 1980 743 Soe LS SS 218 23.864 7.26 | 6.28 | G17 | 163, 496 95.4 / 1888) B41 1152 96.0 10 108 5) 2a500 717 88 | Gs | 1eT| a4| G24 tere B40 1816 1098 S12 2516, G98 628 012 242) >| 709 / lesa a8 1629 108.8 st 315 23250! 679 | 628 | 609 | are) 425| o46| 1638) 2.95 1943 161.9 438 23.125 6.61 6.28 6.08 | 32.4 420 | 110.1 | 181.9; 8.33 2249 1874 xs 800 23.000 6.44 | 6.28 | 6.02 | 96.9 415 | 128.5 | 179.9 | 8.31 2550 212.5 » 2 more | 620 joan js | a4! ar |iwz|rm0| a0! a |r0 ‘as 2750 | 609 | 628 | 806 | 9/406 | 1560 |1760/ Bar S140 | 2a D=90000 0 687 22.626 5.93 | 6.28 | 5.92 | 50.3) 402 ma | 741 | 8.25 3420) 285 730 22.500 8.77 | 6.28 | 5.89 | 54.8| 398 | 19683 |1722| 822 3710 C ee 22.08 523 6.8 | 878 | 700) sae |amE1 1656 | Bs seas og) ; 21.838 8.08 | 628 [sx | m4 | 378 deze | ss] 013 | ean state aioe ase [ome [sat | ara | ae ae [isnt | gor soo | an 28 | 88 | omI 1812, 20378} 3.81 . 49.4) 41.2 2osa, 19878/ 3.10, 628) 8: . 483.2 | 134.3, 2.ise! i9.625' 201 | 628 | 800.7 | 131.0 1 pemmo 160 2218 19d 269 | 028 S05 1594 29 SkEO! 1m59 770 OMS 8 312| 25.576 | 10.52 | 681; 6.64 252 508 85.7, 2190 9.08 2078 st (gTS 25.250 | 1026 | 681 661 202 S01 1026! 2168 9.08 2479 } 498 25.124 10.01 681 6.58 352 496 1196 2147 9.06 2874 | xs 500, 25.00 9.77 681, 654 40.1 491 136.2, 2128) 9.02 257 562 26.876 | 953 681 651 449 488. 152.7 2104 9.00 3639 i 5 1525 24780 9.29 681, 648 49.8 481 160.4 2083 B97 4014 160 191 at 250 20 309 656 24608 9.17 | 681 6.46 522 479 ITL6 219 8.96 4198 923 368 398 420 ar 413 {Pease nso! aus | sas @al eal | 508! af ai2d 2041 899 ater ; a2 24376! est Gal 638 | G43 467 18S 021 B81 BlOe | S75 24250/ 59 681 695 691 462 2948 200 Bao 558 8 242 8.17 Gel 632 739 457 812, 1979 B87 Sa08 1000 | 26000 796 | G81 6.28 705 482 2620 1959 865 BlAT : 312) 516 1828 799 717 71 989 92.3 549 970 2602 106 i sr BS 12m 1802 7a, 713 32856 «MOT 2525 977 5108 mB aoe mi 1468 750' 710 828 Sie 1289 2502 07S 3503 257 | XS S00 TOM 1435753. TOT 3a BT MBS 29 OTe Hoa UE sez meats 1402 733 104 484 SET 1647 256 870 6562506 | 3 25 26730 1370 799 700 S48 562 1628 2433 968 5029 360 eon 650 nec00 1954 799 699 Se4 559 I9L6 2422 67 san amt 760 25500 1307 799 69 Gh2 S52 2183 2388 see a8 ia| bese 1277 789 G81 GOA. HS BSB 286 es 458 a 875 26.250 12.46 7.33 6.87 | 74.6 S41 253.5 234.3 6867 490 i S02 meia 1217 783; Gt | 797 896 271 wel ost Ta Hz 1000 25.000 | 118 733 Gael Gk SS BRA wa99 O55 TAZ 53 a a i ; ss | .20| ms | 223 | 795 772 234. 682 TOA 2060 1082 2506 172 | to 108 | aia) 20276 | 21915 | 760 | 201 GTB G9 2935, 1080 s2I0 214 ood st | (51S 20250 | 214 | 75 | 768 KG) Gta! NBT 29101048 SERS a5 4 I | 498 | zo.tzs | 21.0 788 | 7.62 | 406 | 688 19800 2084 104s 4404 296 woxs | S00) mom ms Ts Ts ea el sre med om moe See's . 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Ggsom | loa7 lois e965 1167 3567 | S10 1595 1ss4a 679 Stk ‘Gas $8000 G7Som_ oar lois 77st 1199 2620 $103 | 1892 16991 750 SLE 406 41.188 119Sem | 11.00 1078 5505 1559 | Wedd) e768 1471 W1a77 547 p= 4000 Stk “agp doen Hevem | {hep tors eis Isa¢ | 2oe1 S783 | Laas 1sio8 6a SEX 40847188) 259 97M | 1250 12.95, oo.71 1749 | 2084 7573 | 1689 ITI9S 716 SU 4bs!S7082| S50.oM | 12586 | 1232, 70.03 |1M0 | 2st 7502 | Ie.el are a4 a's Thouands't > MEMillonsFor Barlow Formula y = 0.0.. For Modified Lamé Formula y= 0.4 .. For Average Diameter Formula y = 0.5 For Creep Formula y= 0.7... +2227 + 28-33 + 34-39 = 40-45 7By means of one simple arithmetical operation of multiplication or division, P/S ratios may be used to readily determine ~ 1 allowable working pressure 2.working stress 3, wall thickness required ‘This extreme simplicity arises because in the formulas devised to predict the stresses in 9 pipe under inter pressure the P/S ratio may be equated to a quantity that is dependent only on the diameter and thickness of the pipe land the applicable allowance for threading, mechanical strength, and/or corrosion The general formula, adopted by the Power Boiler Section of the ASME Boiler Code and the ANS! Code for Pressure Piping, is: 25 (tm —C) D-altn-O ‘This formula may be written as: 2ltm —C) D2 lta —o) PIs= where P= maximum internal. service pressure in pounds per square inch = allowable stress in material due to internal pressure +t = minimum pipe wall thickness in inches. C= allowance for threading, mechanical strength, and/or corrosion, in inches D= outside diameter of pipe, in inches y= a coefficient whose value is dependant on formula in applicable code, 8 Pressure /Stress Ratios “The “y” value in the general formula reflects the effect of creep at high temperatures. In order to use this formul you must determine the “"Y"" value from the applicab\> code. “The tables on the following pages give the precalculated values for the right hand side of the above generat equatic for each pipe size and weight based on a well thickne 871% of nominal and for values of C varying from 0.0 to 100" in steps of 005". For any pipe size, wall thickness, {and corrosion allowance, the allowable working pressure is found merely by multiplying the P/S ratio by the allowabl: stress, Obviously, this relieves the designer from making annoying multiple arithmetical manipulations which might be subject to error, “Tables are presented for four values of y: y= 0.0 Barlow ¥=0.4 Modified Lame Y= 0.5 Average Diameter 7 CreepInstructions and Example: To determine an Allowable Working Pressure A. Example: A 12” schedule 80 steam line, A106 Grade B materials operating at 750° is to be in accordance with ASME Section VIL, Division 1 Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 1983 edition. What is the maximum allowable working pressure permissible? 8, Instructions and Solutions. (1). List known information PPE Size: (See Design Pronerties 12” Nom, (12.7500.0.) ‘of pipe page 10) Wont (or schedule number) Schedule 80 Wall Thiexness (Se Design Properties min. = 7/8 tnom. of Pipe page 10) {687 nom. (602:min} Materiat ‘108 Grade B Code Section* ASME VINI, Div. 1, 1983 ed. ‘Operating Tempersture 750°F. Corrosion Allowance (The 1989 ASME formula door not include tliowance for corrosion, therefore, it ie tere Sponsibility of the de Slgner 10 adjust wall thick esses, where corrosive Conditions exit (2) Obtain from ASME 1983 Code Section (pages 254-256} Allowable Stress, S 13,000 psi (3) The following two solutions can be used to determine the maximum allowsble working pressure permissible 3) Using the design formula from ASME Section Vill, Div. 1, 1983 and the symbol definitions contained therein set Woe s 13,000 psi E 1.00 See UW-12 Joint Efficiencies page 75 ASME, 1983 t ‘min, 602 R= Inside Radius or 2°-— tmin 2 = 113000101)1.6021, 573 + (0.6)(.602) 7826 5 pm B28 = 1276p: 3b) A simpler, less time consuming method is to ‘obtain the applicable P/S ratio from the Pressure/Stress Ratio Table on page 31, listing Y=04 Note that in the ASME Section VIII, 1983 formula, te PIS* 55 - ot thus. y in the basic ASME formula of alim— a PIS* Daytime) must equal 0.6 With the allowable stress (s) obtained from ASME Section Vill, Diy. 1 — 1983 (pages 254-265 at 13,000 psi land the P/S ratio obtained from the table on page 31 (.0980) P=SxPis P= 13000 X,0980 = 1,274 psi 2. Todetermine a Stress or Required Yield Strength ‘A. Example: A 10” schedule 60 gas line, A106 Grade B pipe, is to operate at 1100 psi at 250°F. Design is to be in accordance with ANS! B31.8-1982 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems Code, type C construction. What is the stress or required yield strength for these conditions? * For actual calculations consult latest edition of codes. 1920 B._ Instructions and Solutions (1) List known information e Size (See Design Propertiesof 10” nom. (10.7500.0.) pipe page 10) Weight (for schedule number) Schedule 60 Wall Thickness (See Design 500 nom Properties of pipe page 10) Material A106 Grade @ Code Section 318-1982 Operating Temperature 250°F Operating Preaure,P 1700 psi Corrosion Allowance 20 (2) Obtain from Gas Transmission Code Section (page 107) Minimum Yield Strength 35,000 psi Design Factor (F) for Type C .. 205 construction (page 31) (3) The following two solutions can be used to find the stressor required yield strength 3a) Using the design formula from ANSI 831.8-1982 and the symbol definitions contained therein: 2st a) pa FLX FXEXT or Ses cpr P= 1100 D (nom) = .500 Fe5 = 1.0 (page 31) .0 (page 31) g-,(1100110.75 (2)(-500)1.5N(17) 11825 11828 « 2 7 B= 73.850 ps since the stress or required yield strength of 23,650 psi is less than the minimum yield strength of 35,000 psi for A106 Grade B pipe, the pipe correctly meets Code requirements, 3b) A simpler, less time consuming method is to obtain from Pressure/Stress table y = 0, page 25, the applicable P/S ratio, then multiply to determine the stress or required yield strength. P/S ratio= .0814 Because we are using a construction factor of 5 from B31.8 code and because 831.8 is based on nominal wall, we must use the .5 factor and an 8/7 factor in the following formula along with our P/S. ratio, s P/s (8/7115) $= 1100 + .0814 (8/7)(.5) = 23,656 psi To determine a Wall Thickness Required Example: An 8” steam line, A106, Grade B pipe, is to ‘operate at 900 psi at 750°F at maximum allowable stress, with @ corrosion allowance of 0.050". Design is 10 be in accordance with ANSI 831.1 - 1983 Code for Power Piping. What pipe wall thickness is required for these conditions? (1) List known information Pre Size (See Design Properties of 8” nom. (8.625 0.0) Pipe paie 3} Matera A106 Grad 8 Code Section 831,1- 1983, Operating Temperature 750°F Operating Pressure, P 200 si Corrosion Allowance, C 080" (2) Obtain from Power Piping Code Section-1983 edition Allowable Stress, S (page 90) . 13,000 psi y Factor (page 17)... eseeeeeee wee 04 (3) The following two solutions can be used to find ‘the required wall thickness.3a) Using the design formula from ANSI 831.1 and the symbol definitions contained therein: tm = 222. ™ = 21SE + Py) P Do = 8.625 SE = 13,000 y A=0 tm = —1900018.625)__ 9 2173,000 + (200) (4) 7782.5 tm eps 201 “To obtain nom. wall, Thom. = .291 + 87%4% or 291 X 8/7 = .332. Because ANSI 831.1 design formula makes no allowance for corrosion and/or erosion, the corrosion allowance determined by the designer must be added to the nom. wall calculated, ‘Therefore, Thom. = .332 +.050 = .382 ‘Then, refer to Design Properties of Pipe to determi the next thicker commercially available pipe which is schedule 60, having a nom. wall thickness of ,406. 30) A simpler, less time consuming method is to calculate the minimum required P/S ratio by dividing P/S = 100 + 13,000 = 0682 Reading from the Pressure/Stress table across from the 8” nom, size on page 30 where y = 0.4 and under the column for .050" corrosion allowance, pick the pipe wall thickness having a P/S ratio equal to or greater ‘than that caleulated above which is.0728. 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Tees, Caps, Crosses, Lap Joint Stub Ends . Reducing Outlet Tees, Concentric and Eccentric Reducers .. 47ford = inside siomater ‘A= cantar to teee Poe Pod Ect ES er to contar ES fees Boos % 7 6 14 1 al 2 % | ra} 1s 3 4 1 zo} 7, a 41 34] 27 10 3 1% aa] 3.7] 29 87) 74 59 22| 18 1% 7a| = ea), | ae) taal ume) 25) 296 as) 36) 3a 2 is8{ 139| 105| 92) 316/278] ata} tas) 79) 70 4 z2| 249| 188| 166 sea] 499] 376) 8.2/1 | 124 3 $22} 467| 348; sia|1oaa| 933/696] 622| Hl] 8S 4 ais| 732| 543} 48.7 1630) 146.5| 1086) 97.4) | 40.7| 36.6 4 niss| 108s) 799| 720| 259.7| 2166, 1599] 1439) 59.9) SA s | 255| m42| 1570 1426] 47.0) aaa] Sido] 2852) 117.7 J07 6 4o81| 3683/ 2721| 2454] 161} 7366) 544s] 4908] 2040/1842 8 oa23| 0608) 6283) 572.7| 18047] 17206| 12567) 11455] 47a] 430.1 ro | 19569| 17582/ 12380} 11722] smse] 35165} 24760| 23443) 928.5) 879.1 12 | 31989) 30642| 21307| 20428| 6s91.8/ 61285] 42615] 40856] 18980] 15821 te | asase| 45762] s0s07| 2oiza| 90018) 0752.2| cos1a| sasae| 22750) 21081 re | 0022| 66saa| 430.4| 4161.5) 157645) 1386.9] 86028| 8523.0| Saal] 3829.2 13 | 99065| 9621.7| 60540| 5879.9) 19ais.i| 192434] 121080] 117598) 49535} 48108 2 | 137075| 13953.8| 93668) 91251] 274150] 267076) 167536] 18250.2) 6853.8) 6676.9 22 | 18365.2| 179358 36750.9| 239145 91827 89679 24 | 2390586 | 234824| 146640) 14350.5| 479911) 46964.7| 29527.9] 2700.7} 1197.8) 117412 2% | 30644.8| 3041.0 612896 400546 15322.4| 150205 30 | 47ai9.7| 466421| sieas.e| sinio.s| 948994] 621804] 63297.7) 6221.0 34 | 694901 | 6449.0) | sa7aso| 342245 36 | 2695.4] 1526.6) 551303) s4361.0| 1102605 1102605 | 1087021) 41347.7 | 40763:5, 42 | 132116.7| 130520.2| 68077.8| 870154 1761556 6604.8 | 65260.1 4a [198322 | 196203 4os71 | 40538 ‘STD = Standard Wall Thickness ‘XS = Extra Strong Wall Thickness“CROSSES: ats FULL Size OUTLET TEES i veto +M) =I 3 Dales hci: ‘ bea C+ centr to god ot run” | Me center to ed of bronch C= center to end of run IM center to ond of branch -LAP.JOINT STUB ENDS, y=20tt = D= Inside lemeter F Sonat | Cay FULL size OUTLET SU 1% 78 65 18 1s 98 a2 60 51 1% 124 10.8 25 20 155 13.7 al va 2 22.2 197 39 32 27 24.7 20. 178 2% 429 so 51 42 ara 428 28.7 254 3 65.2 58.7 na 94 80.5 729 444 396 34 96.5 a3 193 165 1185 107.9 593 58.3 4 138.8 1236 24.2 20.8 166.5 152.4 764 69.0 5 249.7 2286 45.8 30.1 304.4 280.5 160.0 1456 6 413.2 367.1 73 65.7 501.3 441.0 231.1 208.5 8 281.1 a2 148.5 122.3 1061.9 983.0 400.2 365.3 10 1675.4 1594.9 298.6 264.4 2010.4 1920.6 788.5 746.6 12 269 | 223 517.0 47.0 | 339 | 32559 1131.0 10843 4 3809.3 | 3681.0 6846 640.0 aims | 4043.7 16546 1592.8 16 5804.3, 5634.3 967.6 suo | 6317 | e440 | aos 21206 18 8396.5 8179.2 14326 1363.0 | 9081.3 | 6868.1 20045 | 27238 20 u7013 | 114294 2026.4 | 1938.0 | 126341 | 123682 | 34925 34024 22 14348.0 | 14049.2 2784.1 2682.9 4 20647.2 | 20249.7 | 3451.0 | 33130 | 221804 | 218029 8094.7 | 4985.7 26 239123 | 2349.2 | 40143 | sae41 30 5965.0 | 354425 | 5163.1 5006.4 u 5286.7 | 52135.9 36 62945. | 621575 710.8 | 6811.5 42 94207.0 | 932090 | 109863 | 1066.7 48, 143443 | 144092 13480 13187 snp = sundew mae XS = Extra Stony Wall TleknenRaed ones Corey Piece ca 1a PIESIZE | concenTaie | REDUCING Dace metro Frets maa alae oT femal i rere ee fas iss2| 7225] 1682| 7306 1972| 7559] 2565| 791.1] aa1| 273 298) 202 304 464 ans 495 526 oa ne m8 202 97 999 1032 108.6 nas 182.9 186.1 | ira 1975 2622 2018 saa 7286| 2567 | 2468, | 2764 1375 | 1300 s076| 1596 | 1523 3i2| taza | 1350 41a1| 1806 | 1426 4653 | 2318 | 2224 5072| 2548 | 2250 601.6) 2430 | 2329 ea | i992 | 1915, uss | 2567 | 2488 1388 | 2922 | 2816 1566 | 2976 | $022 zea | 2832 1536 | 3596 | 3283 1788 | 380s | 3701 200s | aae1 | a7ai 2173 | S054 | 4902 asi8 | 4191 | 228s | sao | a7 | 2546 | 4993 | sous 2028 | G1a7 | 5976 Cre 32682 3548@ 34102 44779 95265 45851 | aases | 4 |4 46548 | 4: 47564 e018 43058 50242 52701 5098 53587 sal77 54078 55700 36359 57004 50504 59940 [rer | ma 77639 7974 boas 1462 85276 @ 4 ie 5 s eg 7288 9 aca arias le | soa _| iso | soes 3560 | 5214 | coro | sess sesr_ | 6204 | e2a 4106 | 7606 | 7414 4377 | 387 | 8657 so9a | ro16s | 9916 12027 12236 12594 12620 | 12995, [13458 125166 125667 125683 127388 r2a088 129561, 120462 | raiai9 | :ss5a | r3e710 135960 138742 140286 12578 1235,Introduction ..... Pressure Drop Calculations by Rational Method . fi Chart No, 1 — Rational Solution of Pressure Drop for Liquids Chart No. 2 — Rational Solution of Pressure Drop for Gases and Stearn Chart No. 3 — Equivalent Lengths of Fittings Chart No. 4 ~ Viscosity Conversions Chart No. 5 — Specific Volume of Gases Table No, 6A — Properties of Steam — Saturated Steam; Pressure Table ‘Table No. 68 ~ Properties of Steam — Saturated Steam: Temperature Table Table No, 6C — Properties of Steam — Superheated Steam Empirical Formulas for Water, Steam and Compressible Gases . Chart No. 7 — Saph & Schoder Formula for Pressure Drop for Water . . Chart No. 8A Fritzsche's Formula for Pressure Drop in Steam Pipes - . Chart No. 88 — Unwin’s Formula for Pressure Drop in Steam Pipes Chart No. 9 — Panhandle Formula for Pressure Drop in Natural Gas Lines . Steam Flow Through Pipes at Maximum Velocity... . Chart No, 10 — Discharge Pressure in Steam Pipe Operating ‘at Maximum Capacity . Chart No. 11-~ Discharge Velocity Pressure at Outlet of Safety Valves, Flow of Flashing Mixtures of a Liquid and Its Vapor Chart No. 12 — Capacity and Outlet Pressure of Boiler Blow-Off Lines Page 63 54-55 86-57 58-59 6 63 64 65-66 67 68 69 70 n 7273 R " 75 76 6152 BIBLIOGRAPHY: ‘tapetimental Resazoben 9. he Flow of Seu Theos} eee Raters Van Nowwand, NY. 1868 CFiow of Hot ino Tazough Nonlan p. 8274. ‘patibglum Fath Vaporzation of Oll and Canying Dect of Hsht GURENG, Tposumee f Bierwenger, American Poucivun Sositta ule 18, nef tect, p eee 18. Diacnrge Capsciy of Tape,” By A.B, Kitredge and EJ. Dougherty, ‘Gomburons ral. 1638, Sept 196 vapor Prosure & Vepocietion of Petoloum Fractions" by Brows, & ‘Fee halal and gineering Chowiesy, vol 2. 158, pe 107% “Tow of Boing Wat Through Onifias and Pipes" by W. 7. Bato ay, “lmatanen ol basisenre sod Shipbuldcre, wel 82, Be S408, 18. ‘mia Flow Through Two Qilins in Saree” by Me C. Start and ‘On Yara bochanos! Engineering, wel: 6, 78404, Rag. 196 “Tow of Hot Water Though a None." by B, Hodkinton, Easiserng Sah Tap e060), ane 4 187. “Tlow of Saturated Water Through Thotting Oricon.” by MW. apm nde ase ASHES et > «ts ae piestinon Bauipmest in the Of Reining Induatey* by nies [Aitie tease, AG wal 3) 1M, pe SU Bente “ot wa Tow shou, Ores, fg Fw of ated a $55 for Contauous Blowdows:" by (Mc W, Benjamin and J. BELL Haat enslnesing, vol Sr pe 679, March, 19. ota Tow of Flashing Miu of Water and Steam throush Pipes STG" Wi Spent’ and Gs Mil, Seana ASME vals BS, pr eaF608, Osaber, 1982. piacharge though Fipes, of Water Sieam Flashing lattes” by Rice, Hpgminn sn Ber Howe Reve a3 ES, Tiow of Miature of Water and Stee though Pipe: Erosion in Drs ‘ihe"bipias: Rowsl of Experimental Work Caried Out at Comnert ‘Cet Bower Baa of Detect Enon Company.” by F Alton “teteermst and Adisbaic Flow of Compromible Fini." by C. E ses nae, ALEE, vol 3, 20.8. tne 2-100, “Tow of Tesing Weler in Pipe,” by Philip J Ptr, Master’ Thess, "Soe Scene Senet, Universe ot Peunay ani, Ttow of Boing Water Through Norle, Orion and Pipe" by I. eget of Bier Rab, vo 2, Moh ‘tho Dicharge of Saturated Water Through Nose." by B.S. 81 ob SR bchall North Eat Cont inttstion of Tagawere a5 ‘Bibeadces Bolbee Hal Newesale on Tyo aseral Chareteristies of Flow Tough Notte at Near Ciieal Since iy it Bat Rartery Commitee Anne, ok 2M, W, Benjamin and I. G. Miler. 8FLOW of FLUIDS Early experimenters in the field of hydraulics, working with different fluids under different condi. tions, developed a diversity of empirical formulas of limited range of application, most of which are reducible to the following general form: L hat where h designates the loss in head, L and d, respec tively, the length and inside diameter of the pipe, V the average flow velocity; the factor f' and expo: nents x and y are derived from test data, Formulas of this type give satisfactory results when applied to the specific fluids and within the limited ranges of temperature, pressure and flow conditions for which they were developed: if used beyond the limits, however, they may load to costly errors. Based on the fundamental hydraulic relation v!—2gh and using the method of dimensional analysis and dynamic similarity, the following gen eral formula, known as the Fenining equation, was evolved for steady flow in uniform cylindrical con. duits running full under isothermal conditions: ALV? bet ag This formula is the basis used for the rational method covered in the following chapter. It should be noted that the coefficient of friction f used therein is dimensionless so long as all terms are expressed in the same linear and time units. For any given condition of pipe wall xoughness, the value of this ‘oelficient solely depends upon a further dimension. Tess constant R, which is designated as the Reynolds Number. This constant describes the following rela- tion between flow velocity, flow diameter, and kine- matic viscosity of the fluid: av ‘An alternate forraula, in which the ratio of the abso: lute ‘or dynamic viscosity to the density is subst tuted for the kinematic viscosity, i: =a 322 The effects of conduit wall roughness and stages of turbulence have been explored quite extensively in very recent years, but the relation between the coetficient of friction, the Reynolds Number, and the proportion of turbulence induced by wall roughness fas yet to be given in mathematical form as related to some practical measure of the wall condition. To date, the only directly usable correlations are em- pirieally derived and given in the form of charts father than formulas. The graphs for the friction factor correction ¢ included in Charts No. 1B and 2B are examples of such correlations, the only dit ference from the usual form being the substitution ofc for f as the ordinate These graphs, particularly that on Chart No. 1B which extends to lower Rey nolds Numbers, show the two easily recognized forms of flow, straightline or laminar, and turbulent. The socalled critical zone, which extends from the fend of the laminar flow zone up to Reynolds Num- bers of about 3000, has been iguored in the prepara- ion of these graphs: since the type of flow is un- certain in this region, it has been considered prefer able (more conservative) to exiend the curves given, for the turbulent flow zone to their intersection with the straight line for laminar flow, which is defined by the equation = 16. Methods using the Reynolds criterion are usually described as rational solutions. In contrast to the empirical formulas mentioned earlier, they are ap- plicable to any problem of uniform flow through Continuous ducts. While strictly confined to incom- pressible fluids, such formulas can be applied also to problems of compressible gases by using the ex- pedient of breaking up the line into sections short enough to keep the pressure drop per section below 15% of the initial pressure for the section: if an estimated average pressure is used for each section, the error will be of a low order. In the following chapters, generally applicable charts based on the rational method will be followed by charts based on the empirical formulas of Saph and Schoder for water lines, such by Fritzsche and Unwin for steam lines, and the socalled Panhandle Formula for natural gas transmission lines. Two final chapters will be devoted to special problems en- countered in steam exhaust and blowdown piping.PRESSURE DROP Calculations by RATIONAL METHOD ‘The Fanning Formula (second formula p, 117) is readily transformed to give pressure drop (rather than loss in hydrostatic head) by multiplying its right side by the density of the fluid. After making the necessary conversions from dimensionally con- sistent units to the conventional units given in the Index to Symbols and Units below, the following formulas for the pressure drop per 100 ft of straight pipe are obtained: For liquids: AV? 1:2 ap=051e2¥= — poaes 4Q" For gases or vapors: tv" few! o.oo134 2H aps 4382 SYMBOLS and UNITS USED uietion cowlicient cotection G=inside diameter of pipe (smaller dlameter for com ef Sinsido diameter of farge end for contractions and en latgomenta, inches inside darter of pipe, ft {friction cotlcint (Faaning)* gH 12.2 acceleration due gravity, tt por xe per see oss in heads tt of uid vs ropotionality constant in formula h=k-Y=tor fising ES prpstont formula B= ag ESL, F2L,=toua equivalent length of eaight pipe, (SS sigma, denotes a summation) {1-=tokal (equivalent) length of stesiht pipe, miles 1, Soquivalont (excess) Iength of Stings, based on (0005 (always in term of the smaller diameter for contractions and enlargement), 1,=axlal length of line of constant diameter, including fitings Gnelude contractions and enlargements with pipe of smaller ameter), tt ‘= molecular weight v m= = mace velocity, 1000 tb por min por 99 tt ‘Sabsolute of dynamic viscosly, Ib force see per ea Ht =m 72 = kinematic viscosity, Mt per see += nal sbsolule compressor outlet presture= inlet pressure to line, pia = abuolute compressor lot pressure of fine, pela AP= total pressure drop in ine, pal: unit pressure dep, pat per 100 unit pressure drop based on f=0008, pst per 100 J low quantity gpm low quantly, 1000 cu ft por day (Bld) at 14.7 pei snd 60 F R=bend radi, inches Reynolds Number tomporature, degrees F leasity Ip per eu tt [p= rho) 190 flow velocty t per see verage flow velocity, 1000 ft per min i ="P= epecte volume, cu f per mass flew ral Bb per hr Be Eansig, etic eauts, ono Charts No. 1 and 2 present a quick means of solving the ‘above formulas, No. 1 applying to liquids and No. 2 to gases and vapors. From the nomographs on the left hand pages (Charts No. 1A and 2A), an approximate value of the unit pressure drop Sp, can be obtained, which is usually adequate for estimating purposes; this is based on a friction coefficient of 0.008. This preliminary solution at the same time forms the first step in an accurate solution; the latter is obtained by applying the friction coelfi- cient correction c determined from the nomographs. on the righthand pages (Charts No. 13 and 28). Chart No. 3 can be used to determine the (excess) equivalent length L, for each fitting of a particular type, which is to be combined with the total axial length L of the piping system (including all fittings); this equivalent length is based on a friction coelfi- cient of 0.006, The total pressure drop aP in a line, by the ac curate method, thus becomes: = Pech 4s ap= Beeb + xt, where ¥ signifies a summation of all the individual equivalent lengths of fittings, valves, etc., in the sec- tion of the line considered. In the quicker, more approximate method, the value c is faken as unity and the total pressure drop, is calculated as: Pi yy aP=FEML + Sh) EXAMPLES 1, 2 & 3: Deuiled procedures and examples show {ng their appliation ate given on Charla No. 1A, 2A and &. The ‘ust two apply to the ealelation of the pressure drop per 100 ft length of pipe, and the lat illustrates the manner of taking fing losses inl account Brief general comments on Charts No. 1 to § and their application follow. The selection of a suitable pipe size or flow velocity should be based on considerations of overall econ- ‘omy; in particular for long lines, an effort should be ‘made to balance first costs against operating costs, keeping in mind that excess pressure drop is reflect ed in increased expenditure for power. Service con- ditions also influence the line size selection, and most engineering companies have evolved flow velocity standards suited to their own types of work. In the absence of more directly applicable informa. tion, the following easily remembered rules giving a variation of the velocity with the line size d (in inches) will be found to lead to reasonable pipe sizes: For pump discharge line For pump suction lines: V (in ft/sec) = For steam lines: V" (in 1000 ft/min) =dCompressibility effects are not taken into considera tion in Chart No. 2, and hence a proper solution will not be obtained wherever the pressure drop exceeds 107% to 15% of the initial pressure, unless the average line pressure is used in determining the specific voluine. Where a high pressure drop is anticipated, it becomes expedient to broak the line down into sections so proportioned that the pressure drop with. in any one of them does not exceed 15% of the absolute pressure at the entrance to the section, For Jong lines transmitting natural gas, Chart No. 9 is, used to advantage; this includes the compressibility effects and accordingly gives a direct solution. The density or specific volume of any fluid whether liquid or gaseous, to some extent is in fluenced by both temperature and pressure, Where such effects are pronounced, they have been con sidered in the preparation of the charts, but minor variations have been ignored in order to avoid con fusion. As an example, tho markings on tho right side of cele on Chart No. 1A rofer strictly to onsitios at room temperature: but most liquids vary tile over the range from 32 10 300 F, and accordingly the eifect of temperature need not ordinarily be considered. There are some exceptions, however (eg. saturated liquid carbon dioxide) and the reader requiring results of a high degree of accuracy is cautioned to secure proper data from reliable sources, and enter with these on the left side of tho scale Chart No. §, giving the density and specific volume of gases, is strictly applicable only to monatomic 1280s, but will ao yield results of adequate practical accuracy for the other gases noted thereon EXAMPLE The viscosity of a liquid is relatively litle affected by pressure; as an example of the order of variation encountered, liquid mmonia at 0 F has about 12/: higher viscosity at a pressure of 300 pai (gauge) than at 30 psi. In the case of gases and vapors, the effect ' more pronounced: where the influence of pressure 5 considered significant, the temperature-viscosity chart forming part of Chart No. 28 gives curves for the viscosities at selected pressures in addition to the basic ones at atmospheric pressure. s Soo Chart No. 5. The equivalent lengths of fittings given in Chart No. 3 are based on a review of available published data and 2 conservative evaluation of a number of lest series conducted on welding fittings in the Tube Turns Research Laboratories. Experimentally deter. mined values have been increased to allow for field Conditions; as an illustration, the loss as determined from Chart No. 3 for a long-radius welding elbow is about 95% higher than the average actual loss found im carefully conducted tests embracing 2”, 4", 6” and 8" sizes. fa Theoretically, fiting losses are most appropriately expressed in terms of velocity head, by the appli cation of an experimentally determined proportional: ity constant k; most designers, however, prefer to work with equivalent lengths L. which are derived dy from the formula 1, = 4 In Chart No. 3, the equivalent lengths are uni- formly referred to a coeificient f of 0.006, and accord- ingly it is unnecessary and improper to apply the friction coefficient correction c to the fitting losses, as is apparent from the formulas given on p. 2 The constants k for most fittings can be directly located on k-scale of Chart No. 3. For others, the procedure is to enter the chart at the top or bottom scales with either the percentage of closing (tor valves), the ratio R/d of bend radius to pipe diem. eter (for elbows and bends), or the ratio dd’ of the small diameter to the large diameter of the fitting for contractions and enlargements), and to go down or up to the appropriate line and thence across to the k-scale. The value on the kscale is then con. nected to the inside diameter on the dscale by a straight line, and the equivalent length in feet is read on the L, scale, For all forms of contraction or enlargement (ie, fittings with two different end diameters d’ and di the equivalent length obtained by the chart is found in terms of the smaller diameter d, For eccenttic re- ducers, the values read for concentric reducers must be increased by 93'4%. The values for tees and laterals apply to full-size fittings: the losses in redue- ing-outlet fittings will be very much greater, ‘The equivalent lengths L, determined from the chart apply strictly only in the range of turbulent flow. Losses caused by fittings in the laminar range have not yet been thoroughly explored, and accord. ingly no comprehensive information can be offered. From tests conducted by the Naval Boiler & Turbine Laboratory.? it appears that valves create about the same pressure drop whether flow is turbulent or laminar; the losses caused by tees are somewhat greater for laminar flow than for turbulent flow, and the losses in elbows and bends are of the order of {ive to ten times as great in laminar flow as compared with turbulent flow. 55CHART) NO. TAS), 35, 8 peLUTION of Pressure. Drop for LIQUIDS “> FRICTION cORrFicienT Connection 10% < enamanic MUCOSY vg pao) \ ‘ 8 SOI LTS ear rr fe R R8aees 8 F888 8 2 888 pee RReS if 7NOMINAL PRE sae SD. WAIT ( 3 Iuass FLOW RATE Ww (bo par) E-coveoe E-covoce E cavtor E-ooo'eor F=coo'oon Ewer a”60 a FoR eows & eNOS. Rid= 0 ERARGDMENTSS df= 0 EXAMPLE 3 coveted la Baan =oroxzmorest7s) Soasumed e*esBeq — SH gayana5 aytoedg, Fay svesSe + set om Tr = 06/09 S303 op:o0dg Capig ye nesang "gf savem wey aojneoy epmnbry (erssie, 1a) sore wey FORGOT SPNDNT Aavreooeys evnyoege wasp (spuoass) prepuers poompony wos; (epuoses) sojoug wiosy (spuo2es) youn af0qseg 1053 (epu02ee) Geshe "ecg Misys ssoarun H0qKes wos; 58 s0d 34 bs) sapun yo 1053 91.010 000°0 = * (eoqovenua) spun Onno WOH} (Doensed y boon Ca eons eT remeron nguare Ws alPRESSURE Png) —f— (inches of Hg gous) DENSITY perc Tenpenarune # (49) erence une101.74 | 0.01614 | $33.6, 1036.3 1106.0 128.08 | 0.01623 ‘93.99 | loz 116.2 Yai4s o0oieso | er | 1 joisa | lize 0. Yooe-e | 127% Yoo | 131.1 e262 1138.2 832.1 866.5 ig Beds ee 2200 is 2 aaa gages wegS= SESBE BRETS te gee iy HESSE SHERS REE E 0286 20028 2 § 58 a8 G8 BARB BERR i 18 BEBSS BRSAE BEERS TSNBA FSRSS BEB 368.41 | 0.01822 37.08 | Oolea7 S77st | ootess 1838 EGE EuEea © ie Ba a8 2 2 aE 3 888 seed Bagge 88 SRSS SSSNB i gaze Se8%g guage BB: SRS Bagls C488: # 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 4 1 1 i 0: og 0 0 8: 0 9, 0 0 9, 8. os 0; ag S28RS Sass ABRs: ef jaBS SESE & rin) ctr) Pee 4 8 2eeS8 S88 SSB BSSRE SBBRR RSL SBBT! S828 B88 = Bags 188 BeesCeca 3 aBe Be B geass PRReR RSRh > SESz8 8 BER Bsgen Sha BSB: geo8 zg BREED SASS2 BS85 ESSES SRSER ore? 0.01789 ogi go38 & 8: 228 2 fa ES BES: fo HEHE GBH esas & e882 & ca xf : 4 Of uy é x ; : Ree ; ; : f] “*Abstracied by permission trom “Thermodynamic Properties of Steam” 4 Rar er eee / eae + i ’ Feee ATEDESTEA Min ees ae ace) | j 3026 | «s23| si20/ sn.s| e2| cae! re04| aoag! e608 | e201 | 960.7 s1078 | 1207.0 FMMNO 1350.6 | 1195:8 | 12417 | 1200°3 | 1595°7 | 1969.8 | 149228 | 4ba.7 | 1593-8 | 1595.2 | 1637.7 | 1748-7 | 18578 | GO amem 20512 | 21150 | 21750 | 22253 | 22162 | ar | asa | aeas | ces | 2eas | 2iea | 2se6 | 2616 | # 73,18 | 90,25 | 102.26 | 114.22 | 126.16 | 138.10 | 150.03 | 161.96 | 173.87 | 186.79 | 197.71 2a. | 245.4 POM 2S ES | IC | HRS | TERT IRE IS A a CYMER Lio | 1.070 | Loaaa | Z0u3e | 2oszt | 21361 | 2.1767 | 2-2tee | 22s | 2aest | 2suza | 2a | Zale |” 32.85 | 45.00 | 51.04 57.05 | 63.03 | 9.01 | 74.08 | e0.05| g6.92| 92.68 | 90.04 | 110.77 | 122.69 5 yi¥i Has | Hes | ies | ear | see | sae | hae | ete | 18878 | as | ar | Inka | teers 2 reat | 1880s | Le1za | leads | 2.0160 | 2.0sse | 21062 | asso | arzee | 2200s | 22sio | 29008 | 20588 112 5: | s053| 463} 3.78 | 4266 | 46.04 | 51.00| s5.07| 0.13 | 62.9 | o72s| 7597) aa.ae | i | ilgas | aie | 1281 | xaakg | 1anag | dana | saga | eee) see | errs | 1788 | aor |i 1.8160 | 1.8743 | 1.9261 | 1.9734 | 2.0170 | 2.0876 | 2.0988 | 2.1319 | 2.1662 | 2.1989 | 2.2603 | 2.3174 f;'* | | | star | ozas | goas | ace | agaz | aa.at $5.37 | 61.36 |° rea | saat | 14821 | 16980 | 16887 | 1eazes 7484 | 188h2 | Hoais | 210288 | 2taie | 2toare | 2iadl | aviese | 22088 | 2.2864 | aoe 17,198 | 18.702 | 20.20 | 21.70] 23.20 | 26.¢9| 27.68 | 90.66 Tas | 1S | R22 | Baze | 8828 | ahs ASE | 8 ae | 1906s | Laser | 1380 | 2aia | 20sse | 2088s | 21408 | 2.2000 Sie | 7250 | 9.357 | 9.403 | ro.s27 | 124a1 | 12.449 | 13.452 | 4.458 | 15.453 | 16.481 | 18.446 | 20.48 Q viaig | 12336 | 12830 | 1321.8 | I3ao. | Ian | 1980.8 | 1831.9 | 1sea.8 | Lese's | Peas | 1896 Lease | 17138 | reve | Leté2 | 1e60s | ois | 19400 | Ls762 | 20108 | 2osae | 21049 | lead |e : 6.220 | 7020 | 2797 | 882 | 9.222 | tor? | 10.830 | 11.582 | 12.302 13.000 | 15.908 | $F 20 | 1880-7 | 12BL1 | 133065 | 89 | set | NMeoud | 1831.3 | Isaa.e | 1636.2 74a | Loses Et} etal | Laie | te | Looe | Leos | 1'soro | 104d | 1) | agar | Seep | 621s | 6.005 | 7.438 | g.082 | 00 i wzre | wate. | 1938.1 | S769 | 4388 | 18708 | Coa | resis | 1Zoas | 17s8l | e029 | Leeds | L'gei9 | 19183 | =| sie: | agen | ane | ses | same | ess | e702 | 2.207 | es Fc pata | vain | v3an7 | r377e | aaa | 14768 | ferries | Hee267 | 1.6863 | 17370 | 1-7e22 | 1.6237 | 1.8633 | | j .--. | 3.g6e | 3.654 | 4.413 | 4.861 | 8.201 | 8.738 | | rome roc [abana | adie |e. | iatee | wars | die | 8202 | coe Megat |18S5 | en | Cas | t's | 10st | asi | : | gow | 3. | s0c9| 424 | 4901 | sis | sz7s ’ ‘ eae waits | wore | 3380 | 15767 | dee | r¥irs | 1820.1 | 1881.4 18 I (ee sgoe | Lesig | 17039 | 1iaai | veil | Leaor | Lecer | Leoie | Lees | 1062 | 20808 | >t c 2.649 | 3.044 | 3.411 | 3.764) 410! 4.452 4.792 | S129) 5.466 6.136 6.804 "7 ico Valeo | 1270 | 13255 | 1a7eT | 14288 | ioe w2R6 | 1881.0 | det 1TaB8 |1eeBe os, ‘ow Kens | Leste | Leaos | 17286 | zrie | eter | Lessa | eesa | aia Tosst | 2040 id aasl | 273 | 3020 | 3290 | 3093 | «002 | 4ame | Ls eh Ft rege ee IFECIVE LINE LENGTH L’ (ol) NOMINAL PIE SIE, STO. WEIGHT (chs) [ACTUAL INSIE DIAMETER ee) FLOW QUANTI. (Mei)STEAM FLOW Through Pipe at MAXIMUM VELOCITY Im the usual equations for gas or steam flow through pipes, the pressure drop is given as.a direct linear function of the length of the pipe and an in- verse function ofits diameter. For a given difference Jn presnure at the inlet and outlet, the rat of flow accordingly would increase as the length of the pipe decreases or as the diameter increases and, if the length were reduced to zero or the diameter in creased 10 infinity, an infinite flow rate would ac cordingly be computed. Now, a 2er0 length corre. sponds to the condition in nozzle or orifice, which 1s known to have a definite discharge rater this is com. trolled by the so-called “critical pressure” which approximately equals onehalf the initial. absolute pressure, and the corresponding velocity is referred fovas the “acoustic velocity,” which usually ranges between 80,000 and 120,000 ft per min for steam. The discharge through a nozzle thus must be recog. nized as a limiting condition for the discharge through a pipe, and it becomes apparent thal the usual pressure drop equations will lose their validity as the condition obtaining in a nozzle is approached The possibility of flow at acoustic velocity and corresponding critical pressure accordingly must be taken ino consideration in such cases of gas, vapor, or steam flow where the absolute pressure at the downstream end of the pipe is calculated as less than onehalf the absolute pressure at the upper end by the usual approaches. Three practical examples are: 1. The condition where a relatively large pressure difference is available to causa flow and it is desired to use as small a pipe as possible in lieu of a larger pipe and throtiling device. 2. The exhaust steam connection between a steam turbine or engine and a condenser located some distance away. 3, The flow of gas or vapor through a safety valve on a pressure vessel and through the safety valve vent pipe, For pipe lines operating under such conditions, check calculations of the type outlined in the follow: g paragraphs should be made with the aid of Charts No. 10 and 11, and the result obtained should govern the design if the rules are found applicable to the problem involved, Chart No. 10 gives the pressure at the discharge end of a pipe carrying steam, for different initial temperatures and various ratios of weight of flow w to pipe cross-section A,, The effect of initial pressure in the range of flow ratios covered is so small that it may be disregarded, The procedure to be used in applying this chart is shown directly on the chart, If the outlet pressure thus determined is lower than the pressure of the container or atmosphere into which the pipe discharges, the usual pressure drop DISCHARGE PRESSURE in Steam Pipe Operating at MAXIMUM CAPACITY CHART NO. 10 M255 vidoe bp eromectonal tree Ay st Iipe marked’ with the nal soe 20 PRESSURE AT DISCHARGE END OF PIPE Bo Pst VACUUR i 1 { 500 p00 300 Cherk applies where: the teciver press is less then oneal the 2300 2900 POUNDS PER HOUR PER SQUARE INCH, «/Ay 72formulas apply. If it is higher, the limiting velocity phenomenon applies and the further procedure de pends upon the question to be answered: 1. For determining the pressure at the inlet end, it is necessary only to calculate the pressure rise going upstveam from the outlet end, for which the pressure has been determined irom Chart No. [0. This pressure rise may be calculated by Fritesche's formula or by any other appropriate method. It is suggested, however, that because of the large variation in specific volume in a case of this kind, the line be divided into a series of Short lengths for the purpose of computing iriction loss, making a correction to the specific volume for each successive length. For example, jn calculating the exhaust preseure on the steam turbine of Fig. h, the pressure P, would be de- termined from Chart No. 10. Then the pressure tise would be determined for the sections P, to P,, Ps to Ps, Py to Pr, and Pr to Ps. The sum of these pressure rises’ added to P, ‘will give the turbine exhaust pressure, that is, the pressure at the inlet end of the pipe. 2, For determining the capacity of a given size line ‘working between stated initial and final pres- sures, a trial and error process is required. Firs a capacity must be assumed and from this the corresponding outlet end pressure determined from Chart No. 10. Next, the pressure rise from cut'et to inlet would be calculated as described in the preceding paragraph, and the inlel pres sure computed as the sum of the pressure rise ‘and the outlet pressure. If the calculated inlet pressure agrees with the available inlet pressure then the assumed capacity is correct for the actual capacity. If the calculated inlet pressure js lower than the available inlet pressure, a higher capacity should be assumed, a new out- Jet pressure determined from Chart No. 10 and the whole process repeated. Additional trials should be made until a satisfactory agreement js oblained between computed and available inlet pressures, 9, Tor determining the required diameter of pipe for a given capacity and available pressure drop, the calculation should follow the same pattern as above except that an initial assumption of diameter is made. The end pressure is taken from Chart No. 10 for the w/A, ratio obtained from the given weight of flow and area corre sponding to the assumed diameter. If the inlet pressure obtained as the last step of the calcula. tion agrees with the given inlet pressure, then the assumed diameter is satisfactory. If the cal culated inlet pressure is too high, a larger diam. eter should be assumed and the process re- peated through successive trials until there is satisfactory agreement between the calculated and given inlet pressures. Chart No. 11 presents auxiliary information for use in determining whether an umbrella fitted vent pipe on a safety valve will operate satisfactorily. If the velocity pressure at the outlet of the safety valve is equal to or greater than the static pressure at the inlet end of the vent pipe, the design will work prop- erly. Ifthe velocity pressure at the valve outlet is less than the static pressure at the vent pipe inlet, steam will blow out through the umbrella fitting. ‘The design of a vent line is checked as follows: 1. Determine the pressure at the outlet of the vent pipe, point A in the diagram of Chart No. 11 as discussed above for the turbine exhaust line, using Chart No. 10 and the steam temperature which exists ahead of the safety valve. 2. Add the friction losses to determine the static pressure in the vent pipe Inlet, point B, using Fritesche’s formula or some other suitable method, 3. From Chart No. 11 determine the velocity pres- sure at point C as follows: (a) Divide the rate of steam flow in lb por hour by the eres: fectional ares of tho sslety valve elbow to get the ratio wid, This value wil be higher than for the vent pipe be Cause the valu of & i smaller, while w i the seme for oth (@) Select the velocity pressure chest conesponding to the ‘eal steam lempert (1) On the proper chert projet {othe inal pressure line eo ping pressure (a) Project orzontlly to the left to obtaln the velocity Dresture at the valve Outlot, point C 4. Compare the velocity pressure at C with the slatic pressure determined for B. If the velocity pressure at C is greater than the static pressure atB, the design is satisfactory. If the velocity pressure at C is less than the slatic pressure at B, the design is faulty and successively larger vent pipes should be checked, using this same meth. od. For a given valve and initial steam condition, there is litle the pipe designer can do to change the velocity pressure at C. scaly from the w/Ay value sponding to the valve. pop oe aeake teresa. ES:Flow of FLASHING MIXTURES of a Liquid and Its Vapor When a saturated liquid flows from a receiver at saturation pressure through a pipe or a throttling valve and pipe to a receiver at a lower pressure, the following changes take place: 1. As the pressure decreases, the saturation temperature also decreases, and the enthalpy (or total heat) of that part of the fluid that romains liquid is reduced in proportion to the drop in temperature, 2. The heat liberated by the reduction in enthalpy of the liquid is all absorbed as latent heat in evaporating part of the liquid. 43. The specific volume of the mixture of liquid and vapor increases rapidly as the vapor is produced. 4. The energy which becomes available with the decrease in pressure is expended in accelerating the mixture and thus increasing its kinetic energy. tas 700 200, LENGTH ALONG LINE, FT. Flashing mixtures are encountered in a wide variety of services, and, as a result of the desire for a rational guide for the design of piping to carry such mixtures. a sizable bibliography has grown up, The following development applies only to flashing mixtures of water and steam such as occur in boiler blow-off lines, but similar procedures could be developed for evaporator and feedwater heater drain lines and other lines in «hich hot water flows at a pressure less than the saturated pressure corresponding to the temperature of the water entering the line, To illustrate the importance of the influence of vaporization on the design of a blow-off line, the pressure gradient for a typical example has been plotted below. It will be noted thet the pressure existing in most of the blow-off line is nearly as great as the initial boiler pressure and does not closely approach atmospheric pressure as is often assumed. Chart No. 12, presented incooperation with the authors of a series of papers on this subject.*affords a ready means for estimating the capacity and outlet, pressure of boiler blow-off lines. When saturated water, such as water from the mud drum of a boiler. expands into mixtures of water and steam, the specific volume increases by an amount depending on the end pressure condition. The end pressure is dependent upon the pipe size and length and is, independent of the pressure in the receiving vessel, so long as the latter is below the calculated end pressure. The end pressure and the the carrying capacity of a given line are readily obtained from the chart, following the procedure outlined in the example, EXAMPLE 9 Seo Chart No. 12, 1sPRESSURE AT’ DISCHARGE END OF PIPE PSI Sour] jo-mojg s9]/0g Jo JUNSSTNd J1LN0 pu Alva) Lid iLdStresses in Z-, L:, and U-Bends, and Expansion Loops .. .. ‘Teble 1: Effective Diameter O, and Length L, for Long Radius Elbows . Chart 2: Shape Factor f, for Symmetrical Expansion Loops (Chart 3: Shape Factor f, for Z:, L-, and U-Bends with Small H/w-Ratios . (Chart 4: Shape Factor f, for Z-, L-, and U-Bends with Lerge H/w-Ratios . Table 5: Expansion Factor fy and Allowable Stress Range Sq. - Stresses in Complex Bends . Forces and Moments at Anchors... +++ esses Supports and Anchorage of Piping .....--- +++ eee 8081 82 83 a4 85 86-87 88 88-89 91-93 7‘$4007 NOISNVaXa GM “SONSE-f| GNY-Z =] a0 NOlWwInd Wo GINS WUOS NOI TNT ALITIGIXITS ONidld “oD0.ND on 'SNUNL BEML aSFe! LINE EXPANSION When a piping system expands (or contracts) under the influence of a change in temperature of the con- tained fluid or surrounding atmosphere, each indi- vidual run increases (or decreases) in length. If only cone point of the line were held fixed, the individual engths could grow outward from this point with comy ste freedom. No expansion stresses would be set up. Actually, piping systems are almost always fully restrained from moving at their two or more terminals, by anchors or connected equipment: and often partially restrained at intermediate points, by rollers, hangers, guides, stops, or sway braces intro- duced to support the line or control its movement. ‘These restraints develop resistance to expansion and thereby put the line under stress and cause it to deform. ‘The American National Standard Code for Pressure Piping, in par. 618 to 624, establishes general rules for the evaluation of the flexibility of piping layouts. It also sets up allowable stress ranges, but does not specify in detail how the corresponding actual stress ranges are to be computed. For their determination, the designer has the option of applying any one of the numerous methods published in the literature.! Why there should be many different methods yielding different results,? while there is strictly only ‘one correct solution, will be briefly explained in the following. mathematically precise flexibility anal ysis of any but the simplest pipe line configurations presents an extremely complex problem comparable to the analysis of a many times statically indeter- minate building frame, with the further complication that curved pipe (and other non-cylindrical compo- “pansion Staten and’ Rescons in Piping Syatema* published ‘how Yorks No vrnea wall orn’ pei “Dante ef Pipa Systeme” publased by fekn Wily sng Geet Cltlaton, Simla” oa a oS tnd rt, SRL ngewe oa cay Babe MSW, Regd By tate Seeker tna Het Sa cei seaounicrihed ‘pated on momentareas which Is ‘eg tor Pexiy ih i alt ae enor 1 Chat" by EA. ny Fubra. Pa and FLEXIBILITY nents of the system) exhibits peculiar stress distribu. tions and deflection characteristics which often exert ‘a pronounced influence on the magnitude of the end reactions and stresses in the system. A precise anal- ysis is invariably cumbersome and time-consuming, and hence the efforts of most investigators have been directed toward simplifications which unavoidably are attended by a greater or lesser loss in accuracy. The most common expedient is to neglect the in- creased flexibility of curved members, jc. to assume square comers; if the corresponding stress intensifi- cations are likewise ignored, this usually leads to too low an evaluation of the stresses (an unconserva- tive design), and if the stress intensifications are included, the results invarlably are excessively on the conservative side. In the following chapter, an approximate solution® is presented for certain elementary shapes which ‘occupies a middle-ofthe-road position between these two extremes, While it is essentially a square-comer solution, its accuracy is greatly enhanced by the inclusion of corrections, not only for the stress intensi- fications, but also for the compensatory increased flexibilities associated with curved members. The latter effect, however, is only approximately evalu: ated, this being accomplished by adding the so- called “elfective excess virtual lengths” of the elbows to the axial length of the system measured between corners; the magnitude of this added length has been ‘50 established as o assure that the remaining error (as compared with a precise analysis) will almost invariably be on the conservative side; the more of the line is composed of straight pipe, the more nearly correct will be the results obtained. ‘Sitedy ances aorurecy Siete howe ta eect 207% om ‘reams esa ade worn apple togo The extremely simple approximate method of cal culating thermal expansion stresses given hereafter is applicable to the following two groups of commonly ‘encountered singleplane piping configurations: 1. Z, Ly and UBends with fully fixed terminals ie. no anchst movement. 2, Symmetrical Expansion Loops, elther fixed or guided; guided loops need be symmetrical only with respect fo the restraints nearest to both sides of the loop; the straight lengths beyond the guides need not be equal. The method is based on the following formula which provides a reasonably closo—and usually conservative—evaluation of the expansion stress range!: For guided expansion loops, the total expansion, and therewith the expansion stress range Sr, is cor rected by application of a factor U'/U. ‘The computed value Sz has to be compared with the allowable expansion stress range Sy. The actual working of a solution is done on Piping Flexibility Caleulation Form 4.02 using auailiary Tables and Charts 1 through 5. wale obtained in tho overwheiming mafatyof aplication ‘Sea Tar typical eto, re fostros 0 Buampiw Ta SYMBOLS and UNIT: SS, < allowable expansion stens range (pal ae Tablo§ for values computed in accordance with par. 622() of ANSI Code for Presrure Piping as sum of 154 the cold allowable strose 8. fod 4 tho hot allowable tress Su see Notes to Table § or further details c= computed expansion sttss rango (pa to obisin this follow Piping Flexibility Caleslation Form 402. fepanson factor (pal; compute fom Table § as algebraic (iference of veluee fy and fo tod minimom (cold) metal tm prodvcte ofthe room te Unit expansion of the pipe material between 70F and the smaxiqum metal leaperature, = ellecive diameter length of line (t/in): compute on Piping Flexibility Calculation Form 402 az zalo L/D,, where L = 1a + aly = alletive line length (1: 1. developed length of squarecormeraystom (9 engi of le asi of aubsttute system whereln the elbows ‘tom Chart 2 (actual number of elbows is uted forall ‘other shapes fctive elbow dameter in): see Tale 1 for values for Tongradius elbows and formula oa which they are bared, shape factor t/a), a factor which takes account of both the configuration and dimensions of the line axis of subattute sm: obinin from Chart 2. 2, or 4 configuration, latance betwoon anchors for fined loops: between guides, for between guide and anchor nearest to Toop. for guided oops total distance between anchors (t)Evanote 1 Evomgle 2 [pepo orneseer] 2 cig a? Pomona ceme] Poa? = 299 flor camene [Oe fe a7 | ree fea tie 3 [renernce f= lew we [pecorcan aeelc So Joveevtercns} sacri B k= 166 fSSse= ses es ‘Shbuieo caLcuLaTion EXAMPLES 14: Compute expansion stress range for four casce, an LBond and a ZBend under one act of conditions, an unguided and a guided loop under « second sot. Pipe size and weight, axial dimension, naerial end service, including extremes of metal tom perature, are ehown on the form above for each case Operation is ascumed to be only mildly cyclic, be. to fnvolve no more than 7000 cycles during lle of system, SOLUTION: In each ease the following detail oper tons aze favolved: 1 Select column appropriate to given ehape of system 2 Baler given deta to right of heavy bars 2. From Table 1, vad Elbow Factors for given siz bb Enter Chast 2,3. or 4 with speciied ratios of axial dimensions to obtain Shape Factor f.. © Pesform specified operations to obisin Etiecive Diameter Length 4. 4 From column in Table § applying to given materi oppenite max (hot) temperature read Allowable Su: opposite max (hot) and min (cold) temperatures read values of fy and fy, and compute Expansion Factor f. as thelr algebraic etference, © Compute Actual Expansion Stress Range St. 4 Compare Actual with Allowable Expansion Stess Range “Caleulions by « precte methed (asuming the moment athe sochar cones) DISCUSSION: The Lend of Example 1 appears slightly ‘oversueased™ on the basis of this approrimate calla tion: The computed stress range of 23600 pai exceeds the allowable of 29200 pei by 4400 pal, The layout can be justied. however, by recourse to the clause in. Per 622(c) of the Code for Pressure Piping which permite the diference between the hot allowable stress (in thle Instance, 16800 pal. per Table 12 of the Code Jor the speciic material end fomperature Involved) andthe sum (ofthe sustained longitudaal stresses from extertal load. ings to be added tothe allowable tress range, Baring special conditions, enly pressure and weight are. in volved: the longitudinal pressure attess will never exceed onehall the allowable stress tad tho. welght Stress will probably be of the order of one-quarier the Allowable avers, zo that one-quarter of 18800 psi temaing fvalable to cover the excess of the computed over the SMlowable expansion atess range In tho other examples, the computed sttess range is either below of only slighty above the Basie allowable value, ¢o that all layouts ean be passed a= acceptable Particular atontion is directed to the two expantlon loops, Examples $ and 4, which are ential except for the addition of guides in the latter case. Note that. by selecting a guide spacing equal lo twice the loop width 4 Balanced. layout hes beon achieved which, affords coatrel of pipe movement without significant Increase is rene level stcees Sotenaicaton factor of 19 a the anchor psint for Example 1 where reveal thot one of the layouts sand ln hese sampler i oveatensed. A compare flow Skete Renge Computed by towable __Brampte Preice Metnod Present Approximate Method sitess Haase ry 7740 pal 28% of precoe 2 Bead! 1.509 ps 20% of precen 3 tied loo) 18200 pat 04% ot preciee 4 fguied op) 19400 be 088 ot resee" 7 i Perret mr mem Perea a rT Acca dala Pree TT ac oa aes ; cot Sis eaieae | oa) Bs cmt isle ome om ie pee lacy i ar elas O.1s1 1.98 1.893 17.8 0.968 _1.08 40-ST=408, 0.322 | 0.312! 71.6 ae conten la eae es eel aes ee aloes ase | esa Same dias oo. es corte 0218 3.146 1.781 20.0 0.343 2.38 0: omoges 0.496 2.38 0.375 75.4 cage eal jas 0120 678 0583 548 0203 47 oa 438 | oz7 3.59 Los | 36.6 037s 2.88 Lael, 318 0582 2.08 1500! 276 Se 1750) 244 0.083 12.50 1 ae 0.120 9.56 1.988 il 0.250 135.4 eee 0.378 102.8 eee 0.800. 84.0 0.600 3.50 0.406 0.562: 77.5 Oo 1538 xs Bsedesn may | cersoay | gosta 25,700 sanerr ee co a sp se: = 14,000 | 22,500 21,000 20.150 19,900 19.650 18,500 19,400 18,300 1,200 a 5; a ry TS on = 19,000, = 15,000 = 8.000, ° 6,000 17,000 28,000 38,000 131,000 2/000 174,000 136/000 98,000 111,000 123,000 cpl Boe!STRESSES in COMPLEX BENDS Simple chart solutions, of the type presented in the preceding chapter, are practical only for the most elementary types of bends. Where an engineer is faced with the task of deciding whether a complex line is adequately flexible, two alternative procedures are open. One is to prepare a detailed analysis by one of the accepted methods, usually a rather diffi cult and tedious undertaking. The second, which will be found to serve well in many cases, is to subdivide the line by real or hypothetical anchors, thus break jing it down into a number of singleplane units amenable to a simple analysis or chart solution, A certain amount of experience is necessary for the selection of suitable locations for the anchors, so as to provide comparable degrees of flexibility in the various units thus formed. The results of the analysis will show whether the assumed anchors can or can- not be actually installed without overstressing the line, If the chart analysis of each unit shows stresses ‘equal to or below the allowable, the entire line will be adequately flexible, whether the added anchor is actually used or omitted in the final installation, If ‘only one or the other unit proves to be overstressed, this condition can often be corrected by a relocation of the assumed anchor and a recheck of the affected units. While it is possible to state that a complex line will always be adequately flexible if each of the units of which it is composed in itself is sufficiently exible, no similar positive conclusion can be drawn in the event one or more units prove to be over- stressed under the conditions assumed in this ap- proach. Even if every single unit is shown to be overstressed when restrained by hypothetical anchors, the composite bend may still be adequately flexible upon removal of non-existent restraints, To illustrate how far in error (on the conservative side) the method of subdivision by hypothetical anchors can be, Example 5, below, has been paralleled by a precise analysis, the results of which are given in the discussion following the approximate solution. EXAMPLE &: The twoanchor space bend ilstated above is to be analyzed for flexibly on the basis ofthe line ite, matsial snd operating conditions given in Examples 1 and'2 LUTION: By locating a hypothobcal archor at polot A, the broken: dows into ‘margin for lonltudinalsteaner from external loading bd been shown to be amply Mesible. The rpace bend accordingly is pronounced adequate, ISCUSSION: Even without considering the reserve matgi, the bend would be passed ar arcepiable: Fisaly i enjoys the ot torsional lenbity which t about 30% greater thas Dending Wesiilty, secondly the sive ia the Lend could ‘reduced, with a commensurate increase to tht sf the a yet ner Stressed ZBend, by shiting the asuined anchor A foward the le ‘Actually 3 precise calculation shows the spnce band tobe sessed to-only 22.800 pet which menos thatthe simu stess computed Using the hypotheieal anchor overestimates the actual sess by (756! the same anchor paint controls te In Example 1 FORCES and MOMENTS at ANCHORS For a complete description of the reactions at any one end of a single-plane piping system, three quan- tities must be given, the end moment and the force ‘components in two directions, or, as an alternate, the resultant force, its direction, and the distance of its line of action from the anchor point. While it would have been possible to plot these data, the preparation of several charts similar to those pro- vided for the controlling stresses appeared unwar- ranted in view of the limited importance of an ac- curate determination of the anchor reactions in an average problem. Instead, a simple general approach is offered in the following: The maximum moment Myay (in-lb) at any point in any one of the systems covered by Tube Tums! chart solutions can be readily derived from the flex: ibility calculations as follows: M, D 32D. where Z (in.!) is the section modulus of the pipe. This value obviously at the same time furnishes @ top estimate of the moments which could possibly exist at the anchors, and may be used as such wher further refinement is considered unnecessary. Where a closer estimate is wanted, it becomes nec: essary to either calculate or estimate the location of 83Lota F447 A dL T1104) the so-called neutral axis or thrust line, The above illustration, giving scale sketches of L, Z, U- and Expansion U-Bends of different proportions and the corresponding thrust line locations,’ illustrates the effect of the bend configuration on the location and direction of the thrust line, and thus may serve as 2 guide. Once the thrust line is located, the resultant F (Ib) of the forces is readily evaluated from the formula where aes: (ft) is the distance from the thrust line to the furthest removed point on the azis of the pipe line, at which the controlling stress normally is found, With the resultant force and its line of action known, the moment M, (in-Ib) at any other point of the system (and consequently also at the anchor points) can be readily calculated from the formula M,=12 Fa, where 2, (ft) designates the distance from the thrust line to the point under consideration, How this rough method is applied to a simple example is shown in the following: EXAMPLE 6; Estimate the anchor reuctions and moments for the expaction UBend consldered in Example 3 SOLUTION: Refer to Example 9 on the Celeulaon Form on 4 guelold and the thet atthe botiom of this page. For reasons tf eymmetry, the thrort line mst po {toe the top Tun Se determined sm the same way a0 tho conter of Gravity of & sttutoral shape te obtained, by summing up the FPreducte of the lengths of individual members and the ditanc fo their centroids, and dividing by tho total length: From the above: 04 f= aggy sace 2 > 05H) From the known controlling sires, deive: Marinum moment: sats = woe0 x 05 x 8828 — 65300 In. Force resultant Mans _€3900 anes ~ WX 1OA Moment at anchor: 12% $07 % 88 = 21.800 ind... t Sey Sane aust une 1 Haut ti, 39SUPPORT and ANCHORAGE of PIPING ‘The subject of support and anchorage is closely allied with that of piping flexibility; in fact, any in- telligent expansion stress analysis must be preceded by at least a tentative location of all solid anchors, guides, limit stops and other devices used to inhibit or direct expansive motion. ‘The provision of judiciously located anchors or rigid ties is expedient in tho interest of better general prediction and control of the line behavior when heated; anchors are also often installed for the pro- tection of weak links in the system, such as smaller branch connections which are likely to be over loaded by too much expansion travel. Stops or guides are useful in directing the expansion away from sensitive equipment, such as pumps or turbines, and thus prevent overstrain of casings or misalignment of rotating parts Pipe hangers and sway braces, being less restric. tive, are usually ignored in flexibility calculations, on the premise that the selection of type and design will be such as to avoid undue interference with free expansive movements between anchors. As a rule, the use of rigid hangers for the support of an entire line is limited to applications where there is, Iitlle vertical movement. The same applies to rollers which are sometimes preferred for steam lines as offering betler assurance of the maintenance of a desired pitch for drainage. While the general use of rigid hangers or struts may not be practical for many lines, an occasional, strategically located, rigid tHe will often be found beneficial, particularly for the control of important junction points where fixed anchors would introduce excessive stiffness. Com- mon spring hangers, with provisions for adjustment, ‘will serve the majority of cases where vertical travel is moderato; at risers or other locations where con. siderable up or down movement has to be absorbed, compensating spring hangers (relying on toggle ac- tion to give relatively constant support) or counter- welghis may become necessary. Where resilience cr vibration is met or is to be expected, either in the piping and its attached power equipment or in the supporting structure, non-resonant constant support hangers are necessary. ANCHORS Where a detailed flexibility analysis is available, it will provide all the required information on thrusts, and moments at the anchor points. For a simple so- Jution for flexibility, refer to the booklet on line expansion and flexibility. In the following, it will be shown that anchors connected to nearby structural members can be adequately designed without any actual knowledge of the anchor reactions, provided that the line eystem itself has adequate flexibility. SYMBOLS and UNITS N=dllowable spacing of supports, fat weight of empty line, pls Saruation and other permazent Toads, Ib per 7; weight of Hine full of figuid, plus laaulaton and other par ‘manent loads, Ib per ft 2=tecton modulus of pipe, Inches third: ‘ios of Pipe” bocklet 0 “Design Proper: ‘The reasoning here proceeds from the basic fact that the bending moment at the anchor cannot be greater than at most the sum of the maximum bend ing moments in the pipe to either side of the anchor: actually, it is usually more nearly equal to their difference. Obviously, if the anchor is proportioned to twice the section modulus of the pipe being anchored, its design will be ample. Usually, making the anchor of pipe of the same size as the line, or one size larger, will be sufficient, moment of inertia of pipe, laches fourth Properties of Pipe" booklet. fable sess or Swale, psi ety modulus, pei (=23,000000 at atmoepherie tom erature) 1/@=qradient, 1 inch per G foot “Derg WSUPPORTS ‘The basic loading to be considered in the design and spacing of the supports is the operating load, which is composed of the weights of the pipe, valves and fitings, the fluid carried, the insulation, and some- times snow or ice loads. In addition, a check should Be made of test and emergency loadings to assure that those will not lead to failure. Weights of pipe and water contents for use in load calculations will be found in the "I Properties of Pipe” booklet; weights of Tube Turns fittings are listed opposite each item in the catalog section; weights of other components must be obtained from manufacturers’ catalogs and handbooks.! The moments and reactions caused by these loads can be computed by the laws of statics. Where drainage is no factor, the spacing is obtained from 'ress considerations alone, while for horizontal runs of steam lines, or for other piping which has to be drained completely, the consideration of detlection oF sag often assumes controlling influence. tn gting up general formulae based on sess Gonsideraions, from which support spacings canbe determined for any average horizontal tm, i is Froper to assume thal no more than onehall the sllowable Svalue ia absorved by longitudinal pres fue stresses and it could hence be reasoned thst the remaining half could be assigned to, bending stresses due to weight loadings. However, in view Of possible cumulative effect ofthe letter end bons ing stesses caused by thermal expansion, appears txelerable to utilize no more than oneguare’ the Svalue for weight loadings. This has been done in Aoriving the following formalas forthe support spac ing N (i), which consider the two normally liming Conditions of end restraint For a continuous beam; N— ‘zs Vows Similarly, from a standpoint of drainage, the {ol lowing limiting support spacings can be asiablichod on the basis of maitaining Roriontl fnsonte one Aotection slope (ora given condition whore wxcces hive supports are ret | inch lower for evely © el For a free span: horizontal distance between them): a Visaw.G nade Tew.G For a continuous beam: For a free span: A free-span condition is rarely, if ever, encountered in piping work, and the assumption of a fully con- tinuous beam (center span of a number of uniform spans) can likewise not be considered representa- five of average conditions. For this reason, the four charts presented herein, which are intended to serve as a general quide in the selection of reason able spans for different pipe sizes and materials, types of fluids and temperature conditions, have been based on conditions intermediate between the two extremes. The spans read from the charts apply directly to stendard weight for seamless carbon steel (ASTM A106, Grade A) and to Schedule 10S for 18% chrome 8% nickel stainless steel; for heavier weights, slightly longer spans would be permissible. The heavy lines on the charts give reasonable support spacings based on stress considerations. The lighter dash-dot lines give the spans allowing drainage, based on specific gradients; since the slope for drainage becomes important only when the line is nearly empty, the limiting spans based on deflec- tion have been computed for a line which is only 3% full. The selection of a suitable gradient depends upon the speed with which a line is intended to drain, the thoroughness of drainage required, the accuracy of the support line-up, and last, but not least, the extent to which expansion of the line and any at tendant yielding or selfspringing may alter the po- sition of the line during operation and shutdowns.® It should be noted that the average weight of insulation suitable for the temperature has been included in all computations, but that no allowance is made for the weight of flanges or fittings. Lines with concentrated weights should be considered individually, and heavy fittings, such as valves, should always be supported directly or located close to supports to avoid overstrains or pulsations, giletlatge Tond Catan patehed byw’ Cian) Coe oe"SPACING of SUPPORTS LINE CARRYING LIQUID (WATER) NOMENCLATURE FOR AlL CHARTS— suaNoano weer z pan tasen on LOW ARE SHES 108 OF, Gx, ARON SEL Aas, OR é TOR A Hanson PNG a YAe) —— os cD OM AUOWAM sess ror piste —Tiestine t rower sen (at Tene MasntD) __}spav ncquneo fo% otanact Fon nen GRADIENT (1" in Ge) BETWEEN. SUPPORTS Lo Fu Miasea 5 6 8 ww mui 1 Km % mK ame 5 6 8 OW NOWNAL PIPE SI (inches) NOMINAL PPE SIZE (inch) 10 NUS en 8 LINE CARRYING GAS OR VAPOR : yy 0 #0 Ekeeow Bret Sos, oR. & Zo Seer crest sree, y ” A PAN N ee) 10 p TS a az a 16 18 26 hha Lk as s 6 8 NOWIAL PPE Sie (rch) NOMINAL PPE SIZE (che) vee rn tin on ht en ‘SOLUTION; Follow dotted Jina. tn.uppet lft hand schist up, {he epport epeday lt a conlatous hovboslal rin oft hom24" ‘houlaal oe to wold Ine tasked 2200 F ant ondonate ern ne, 24"In waa? What graon Je tqated rad N = 16H en vara! sal. Als toad required miaonum vo ansure drainage? (Gradient batween suppoits on dash-dot Use a 1” In 20 10 93oFANSI Butt-Welding Fittings .. ANSI Forged Flanges... Dimensional Tolerances, Fittings & Flanges -....-. 062+ 0.2e05 5 Page 96-97 98-99 100-101 953 7 ' v fash jaf ache | A] ae fie 4 wm |x 2 1% | 1.660] 1%, 1% 2% Bho 1 Vv % Me 4 | % oh | 1% a4 Ma | 1.900] 2% % Me The Vy 2% % % 4 we 7 2 2 2 | 2375] 3 2 aie eee ee | alee |e m | 6 2% | 2875) 3% 2 ee eee 3 4 3 6 ay % rie 6 3 3.500} 4% 3 6% 4% 2 cif 2 3% 6 S 10 3 6 % | 4000] 54 | se | m | oe | om | ax jm | ae] se fam fim}s | ¢ 4 4.500] 6 4 cy 6% 2M 4% 2h 6 12 3 6 4 5 5.563) 7% s 3h 4% 3 | 8 13% ky 8 5 | 6 6.625| 9 6 KS yy 3h 8 14% ki 8 € 8 8.625] 12 8 16%_ | 12%) 5 7 4 7 8 10% 1% mi) Bs & . 10 [10.750] 15 10 20% | 15% | 6% wm 1S a 10 12% | 20% | 5 10 10 12° 12.750) 18 12° | 24% | 18% | 7% | 10 6 10 10 15, 24% | 5% 10 12 uw fusco] a [rs fae fa fox fu fo |u| lmla le 2 6 fisooo} 2 | is | a2 | 2 fio fie | > jaz | i ji] a | oe 2 | 18 freow) 7 [ie [a |e ju fim) e fil ja [es |e) [a | 20 | 20.000} 30 20 40 3 12% | 18 9 15 12 23 35 8 t | 2 |e2000| 3 a 4 | 6% [10 | tex i 2 |reoo0| 56 | | 43 | [is | ar [ioe | ir | a2 | 2m.| aon | o 2 2 [asco] 39 2 xe [ag | ios | ams 2 |! 30 |so000] a | so | eo |as | isn | 22 | tos | 22 2 | H |34000| st a | 2 [10% | 2 % |ss000] s4 | se sa | 20% | aoe Tio 2 |aaooo| | a8 2%. [Ral 12 48 48.000] 72 2974/35 33) 1314 All dimension are ia inches and conform to ANSI B16.9 and MSS SP44. “For Dimensional Tolerance rater io pige 162, | sDimensions are for Standard Wall thickness! ia“ Corn arc Pestteins Coed ity TEES & CROSSES 6 |3 % 1 Py jeeeles 1 1 oY 8 | a je J 7 18 22 | 19% » % Se |e zo | 2 | # | 22 | 2 eels ie % 6 fe |7 2 2 | 20% i 4% | me 1% ata tes | am | | a 2% | 24 | 22 | 21% % [2 [am | s [7 | % lea de w le 15 | 28 | 2% | 22 | 2% x [2 a | 7 | a 16 25 | 2 18 25 | 21% lee eee a 20 2s | 22 a | 4 22 25 | 22% mys La Bye |e |i ul | aw | 3 | % 10 8 10 2% | m@ | 25 a % | m | a | m% 5 28 25 | 23 wy | * | 2% | mm | 2% ee sea % go | 24 | 25 | 24 r | 2 | 2 | 24 wu] S | PR | mH 32_| 2 | 25 | 20% 1% | 24 | a | aK wpe | a | 3K ra =i], i: fe les oa 6 12 | 10% 20 26% | 23 ee eles a a [ia | 12 | 10% 22 26% | 25% ls 2 w] io fia [i |e |] gg | be | ae ) Bou | 28 a w jw |i | nh x | m4 | 264 | 2a . vw | [i [i . fealee i 30 | 24 | 26% | 25 am | i | 3 24 |» 8 1% | 32 | 24 | 264 | 25% Bea ae zh de ro jis | ise | 12% 34a_| 24 | 26% | 26 18 | i2 | as | ise | 12% = 1 % vq | 15 | 13% | 13 ol ul so |x 1% | 3% 2h 36 | 15 _| 154 | 18 zm | 24 | 30 | 26 3 Mm | ze 8 15 12% 26 | 24 | 30 | a7 ae en HB 10 1s | 13% 42 | 28 | 24 | 30 | 27io 2% | 3% 3h 2 | 20 | is | ist 30 | 24 | 30 | 28 20) 14 | 2 | is | 14 32 | 24 | 30 | 28 Pt 1 we | 2 | 15 | 14 34 | 24 | 30 | 28 me] 4 | su | 3% ie | 20 | is | 14% 36_| 24 | 30 | 28 wm] 2 [4a | xa | 3% . me) 4 | 3K | 3K Ly 10 16% | 14% ba et 3 4 3K | 3% [eal 12 16% | 14% eee ase lean ‘ 2a | 14 | 20 | 16% x m | 4 16 | 20 | 16% i omelet 1s | 20 | 16% a wl oa | ml 4 a 20_| 2 | 16% | 3 4 10 7 | m4 2 17 4 7 oe le 24] 16 | 2 | 17 5 | #18 : a; au] 5 4 7 a faa a 12 19% | 14 19% mm | SH 16 19% 3 Se 2% | 18 | 2 19% 6 | | 9% 20 | 24 | 19e 4 | 4 22 | 24 | ioe 5 Sh 24_| 24 19%8 [13% 1s 4, [15 lel 5% | 13% | 1% 15 15, 24 ot] 16% 10 | 16 17% | 45% | 17% 20 6 16 1% 1% 12 | 19 4% | 20% | 5% | 20% 22 6% | 19 20% 20% 14 | 21 23 5% | 23 23% | 6% | 21 rd 23 16 sila] 6 [a | 7 lamlan | 208 294 18 % | 28 6% | 29% | 74 | 25 24, | 2B 28 20 6% | 30% | 6% | 52 ™% | 27% | 2% 30% 30% rT 4 | 37 8 32 ci 3% | 36 2% ao | 9 | sx | site| 304 28 4214 | 916 30 44g | 10 32, 47 10% 34 aa | 1075 36 S14 113g Sizes 24” >and Be mulled conform to; ANSI,B16.5) larger ae Pipe Line Flanges a ae i at Jo MSSero Eins Er a Teo ° COCO “he “he wise} 4 | ae fa 4%, a4] wah] % | % vam] Mal 4% | Me 4%, aK | tal 4% | el a | ol 54 | Me sia] ant a Tox] x 54 14 64 | he oi} me | os | ty 1% eh 2 6% | Ms Oh | el 6 % 1% 6% 7 oa 7 fe | ome | oe mi) | oo | a | mia mm | ay 3 | TMH] Vie] BH | IM m1 1%] 7% hel BK | 1% 84 | 1% y{ sul en} am | 9 | ax 9 faa] a | ml 9 | 9 |r J 4te fal ro fay fio f2 | wx fan] 9 | safao fm [a0 | 2% | sox | om sho fa%fa | 2 | | a] as] 2 | ao | mala fay far [aw fas fax 6 |i Vhe| 12% | 2% | 12% | 2% | 14 2, | ou 1 12% | 14, | 1% | 1% | 14 Vs 8 Jase} ax | as | 2%} as | amy) 16% yo |16 | 1%] 17% | 3x°] 17% | 4 “| 20 12 fro | 2% | 20% | 4 | 20% | ay | 22 at ace nme! 1S) [1% || em: an Vee} im] 1%, | 1m | 2% | 20 | a6 we | 20%] 2 | 20% | 2K | 22 | 2% M4 jar | 3h | 2 | 4% | 23 | ay | asm] s | a 1% | 23 | 2% | 2s | 2% | 25K | 2m 5 28% | 3| 25% | 4% | 2%] 5 | 27 | si | 23% | 17% | 25% | 2% | 25% | 2% | 27 | 3 q [25 | 3%] 28 | 8% | 28 | 5% | am |e | 2 Ji%} 28 | 2% | 28 | 2% | 29m | 3% 27% | aie! 30% | 8% | 30%] 5x | 32 | 6% | 27% | 1%! 30% | 2% | 30% | 2% | 32 | 3%‘Also, for: ‘ge, aaUsbevel “can: ie * farniohed fs ‘specific Uxevels are often used ‘when welding’ is done by the Tungaten-Inert Gas Method. Fit: ‘tiigs’ with compound bevels can be satis- +e Me +e Ms Me te Fhe aie Fob Me Me Ye Ye 7 =HeDIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES for Tube Turns® Forged Pipe Flanges Respect Bore Eeenticiy of Facing with 03" Max *0.8mm) Respect o Bore Bolt Crete with 03" ax. * 0.8mm) . Listed alow are the Dimensional Tolerances to which products wil normally run much closet to nominad [FUSE TONS Maoge ae manutactoreh Toes teases: Bitensons than to hess permitted Stcenes Riel Zea par of ANSI'BIOS excep where noted cthewrae, ingpacdon' procedure saree maeneee of SO, ie" Ems ‘gen ore masimum, end TUBE TURNS Mandar of scucy i tyr day eda production ce ‘Wes OD. i . “cy | When OD. . ¥ orien 2.06°*(16mm) Sunias aortas +.06"%.6mm) Wien OD spss am Piameiee. Wan OD. — Over 2 ($2) mg (Over i £.12"(8. 2mm) ToSundad 10" end Salen ee Gauge Limits tate! | Becker Waing, 10" and Salle Diener — Dienewe? | Sten end 05°" am). -0” sn Sane bo ‘ep Teint, 12” and Larger Diameiar | 0.06" Raised Face + 08" (G.8mm) f +.96"(1.6mm),—0" of 0.25" Raised Face > ca ‘Tongue & Groove ‘+.02" (0.$mm) 1 Gielen Smsier + 09"7Gamm)—o6"e(comm) “Fare” "pe See’ pee 1 ou a ieweesnt ine £2"*(5 mm) Be + 06"*(1. 6mm) i Hi 2037 O8mm) Has of” 0.25" Raised Face i Bae ‘+ 12"*(3.2mm) Cotte | Famaue Greaves #02" (0.5mm) a bial {___ Male, Female Diameter of ‘Sand Smaller + \mm),—. mm, Habel oat A ee - DMmMAL | 0" and Smaller 05(0Gmm) o_o Welding! ond Larger_+.16"0mm).—05"(0.8nm) Coistetors TP tira 706°C 6mm) yon na aera as M icle og" a(hémn}s 6" 4 {ponerse eR Sogn dag £03" 0.6mm)s.034 {TRa ete spocing = 087 (08mm) = 05 SF and Smaler— pases ee Ecconwicity of 98" tax. (0.8mm) eae and Sn j maven 08" Max (06mm) _ ", Seite sam NewpeclioPocng Seana Lage | tebe wih Sand avg oo wise (rm) i 08" a(t Sm) [Bersastay o { Eeeanaiy a j teieicle wih 05" Max+m (2.8mm) | 08" teae.*(0.6mm) Tae ama e+ ted |_WieetSoater_12%S2n0) 07 +19" (4.8mm), a SS gi een pore wwe Acne pee ——— = a a Dimension P +008" seeeeaee cn a Tinenson ie 23° Ancle =H ‘Aagle 73 Rawle =a } Tube Tums does not supply ring joint gasket; tolerances conform tolerance on the dimension "936" from gasket surface to meter fines Sand larger Ganges with raid face and ther machined etFatigue Tests of Welding Elbows vs. Mitre Bends . Fatigue Tests of Flanged Assemblies ....... Fatigue Tests of Piping Components . . Piping Flexibility Analysis .. Effect of Internal Pressure on Flexibility Balanced Quality for Maximum Economic Safety On the Design of Bellows Elements . Why Branch Connections Fail . Test of Pups Support Bridging Effect . . Page = 104-114 . 115-125 - 126-141 . 143-165, 166-175 . 176-201 . 202-210 214-217 . 218-223 103104 Fatigue Tests of Welding Elbows and Comparable Double-Mitre Bends By A. R. C. MARKL,! LOUISVILLE, KY. It has long been known that the increased flexib y ‘of curved pipe, resulting from its ovalisation under the influence of bending moments, is reflected in increased stresses which are ‘customarily evaluated by applying {intensification factors to the stremes evaluated by the ‘common beam theory. No similar information has heretofore teen published regarding mitre joints, On the basis of comparative fulloacale fatigue teste, the pres- ‘ent investigation shows that, for double-mitre bende of sven proportions, the stress intensifications (at the eot- ners) are 20 per cent greater than for long-radius welding elbows when bending moments are applied tending to ‘open or close the bend, and 70 per cent greater when bending is done sidewise, out of the plane of curvature Expressed in terms of fatigue life under identical condi tions of pipe-line expansion, this means that welding

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