Cause of Gassing in Transformer

1. Electrical Disturbances
2. Thermal Decomposition

These gases are referred as "KEY GASES" except carbon dioxide other gases are
combustible

Hydrogen (H2) ---- Arcing

Methane (CH4) ---- Arcing
Acetylene (C2H2) ---- Arcing
Ethylene (C2H4) ---- Overheating
Ethane (C2H6) ---- Overheating
Carbon Monoxide (CO) ---- Overheating
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) ---- OVerheating

AIS VS GIS
1. GIS has small ground space requirements.
2. GIS have easy maintenance (nearly zero maintenance).
3. Less erection time and less erection cost.
4. Non-Flammability and Non-Explosive.
5. Oil-Free and less pollution.

3 Types of Transmission Poles

1. Concrete
2. Wood
3. Steel

Components of Transmission Pole

1. Conductor
2. Earth Wires
3. Insulator
4. Transmission Pole
5. Wave Traps ang other Hardware

Several Types of Insulator

1. Pin Insulator
2. Strain Insulator
3. Shackle "
4. Stay "
5. Bushing "
6. Pothead
Note: Perfect Insulator does not exit.

1. Pin Insulator
- Consist of non-conducting materials commonly glass, polymer,porcelain.
- not recommended beyond 33kV

2. Suspension Insulator
- the disk is connected via metal links in series connection
- recommended above 33kv
- each disk is 11kv

3. Strain Insulator
- used in dead end the line is subjected to greater tension

4. Shackle Insulator
- used as strain insulator
- used for low voltage distribution lines.
- used in less than 11kv
 - used in horizontal position or in a vertial position

5.Stay Type Insulator

- also called egg insulator
- used to prevent stay wires from becoming energized from accidentally broken
wires
- function is to provide insulation between stay clamps and transmission poles
- mounted at least 3 meters.

6. Pothead
- type of insulator with a bell or pot-like shape
- mounted on a distribution pole and the assembly is called a riser pole

Other Visible Components

1. Bus Support Insulator
- maybe porcelain or fiberglass insulators
- serve to isolate the busbar switches

2. Capacitor Bank
- capacitors are used to control the voltage supplied
by reducing or eliminating the the voltage drop that is caused by the inductive
load
- corrects the power factor of the system

3. Circuit Switchers
- provide the equipment protection to transformers, lines, cables and capacitor
banks

4. Current Transformers
- used for measuring power flow and electrical inputs

5. Potential Transformers
- Required to provied accurate voltage reading

6. Disconnect Switches
- used to isolate equipment
- or to redirect current in substation

7. Lightning Arresters
- protective devices for limiting surge voltages
- also called surge arresters

8. Power Circuit Breaker

- automatically operated electrical switch designed to
protect electrical circuit from daamage caused by overcurrent or overload or short
circuit.
- interrupts the current flow after protective relays detects a fault

9. Shunt Reactors
- used in Extra high Voltage Substation
- two main application a. For Stability. b. Voltage Control

10. Coupling Capacitors

- used to transmit communication signals to transmission lines.
- Used to measure voltage transmission lines
- used in conjuction with line traps

11. Wave Traps

- used for communication purpose (Power-Line Carrier Communication)
 - Offers high impedance path for high frequency signal and low impedance path for
power frequency current
- also called wave traps or line couplers

12. Microwave Communication Equipment

- for communication with local and regional electric power system control centers.
- allows for rapid communication and signalling for controlling the routing power.
- Microwave Transformers(reduce incoming transmission voltage)

Modern Transmission Lines

1. HVDC
a. Back-to-Back HVDC Overhead Transmission
b. Back-to-Back HVDC Underground Transmission
c. Back-to-Back HVDC Submersible Transmission
- do no have phases only positive and negative poles
2. HVAC

Types of HVDC Links

1. Monopolar Links
- uses one conductor
- return path is ground or water
- first step towards bipolar link
- metallic return may be used where earth resistivity is too high
2. Bipolar Links
3. Back-to-Back Links
4. Homopolar Links
5. Muti-terminal Links

ORMOC-Naga HVDC Transmission

- the only HVDC Project
- built in monopole topology
- 350kv at 440MW
- has a 450km transmission
- was put on service at Ocotber 2014