Cyrus Hung, Kenneth Qian, Andrew Zhang

Confined to Oblivion: The Hmong People's Ceaseless Exclusion from a Pledged

Compromise
MLA 8 Format

Primary Sources

Bodenner, Chris. “To Be Both Midwestern and Hmong, Cont'd.” The Atlantic, Atlantic
Media Company, 16 June 2016, www.theatlantic.com/notes/2016/06/hmong/486500/.

We obtained phenomenal primary quotes from this website that show the lack of
knowledge and understanding that the Americans have towards the Hmong, coming from
both the Hmong refugees and Americans who have befriended them. In using this source
and including the quotes provided within our pages, we ensured that the audience would
understand the relationship and feelings between the two parties. We further strengthened
our argument within our website by proving the conclusions we drew by using quotes
from people within the war.

Buley-Meissner, Mary. "The Spirit of a People: Hmong American Life Stories." Language
Arts, vol. 79, no. 4, 2002, pp. 323-331, Research Library Prep,
https://search.proquest.com/docview/196855731?accountid=88321.

One of the first sources that helped us discover the lack of assimilation assistance that
the Hmong were receiving from America, this collection of life stories consisting of the
experiences of numerous Hmong who have experienced their own share of hardship
while trying to fit in into a brand-new environment exposes the lack of support the
Hmong have been given in return for the aid they have given to the United States. This
source was especially helpful as the personal accounts within the story were perfect for
our American Aftermath page, thus allowing us to understand the amount of aid the
Hmong have received and how they are living in the United States with this aid.
Britannica ImageQuest. "Hmong Refugees Prepare For New Life In The U.S.."
Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.
quest.eb.com/search/115_2754334/1/115_2754334/cite.

The primary photo provided by the link, showing Hmong refugees listening in on a
cultural orientation class to teach them about the U.S. lifestyle, helped our group fully
grasp what the entire immigration process was like from start to finish while including
all the steps in between. It was helpful in allowing the audience understand the cultural
differences between the Americans and the Hmong and how they have to take a specific
class just to learn how to integrate into society.

Doherty, Ben. “Thailand Begins Deportation of More than 4000 Hmong Asylum
Seekers.” The Guardian, 28 Dec. 2009,
www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/28/thailand-deportation-hmong-laos.

An online article on The Guardian, this source provides information on the United
Nation’s reaction to how Thailand is forcibly repatriating Hmong back to Laos,
showing that all the Americans are willing to do in defense of the targeted Hmong is
simply post statements of how this behavior is frowned upon. From this article, we
obtained a number of quotes and an image that showed the secrecy of the deportation
operations. Furthermore, we also gained quotes from spokespeople of the Thai and
Laotian government and their role on the deportation, and how they were conducting
the process in the most “peaceful” manner possible. We hope that by implementing
multiple perspectives in our website, it would allow the viewer to understand that the
viewpoints of the Laotian and Thai government were invalid and were blatant lies.

Emery, James. "Once among the United States' Loyal Allies, Today the Hmong Tribesmen of
Laos are Patriots without a Country." Vietnam, vol. 13, no. 5, 02, 2001, pp. 16-16,62+,
Research Library Prep,
https://search.proquest.com/docview/195756635?accountid=88321.

A newspaper article that includes many extremely useful quotes that express the anguish
and desperation that many of the Hmong felt, we learned a lot from this site and many of
 the shocking details and facts included within this source helped us draw new conclusions
on how much injustice the Hmong were receiving. The image and many quotes within
this source were very helpful in conveying the deep despair and sadness that the Hmong
were feeling as they hid from the hostile Laotian government

Ellis, Virginia. "California and the West; Hmong Seek Exemption from Food Stamp Cuts;
Welfare: Refugees Who Fought in Secret CIA Army Say those Actions Entitle them to
Veteran Status. State Officials Disagree." Los Angeles Times, Nov 02, 1997, pp. 3-A,
3:2, Research Library Prep,
https://search.proquest.com/docview/421221984?accountid=88321.

Seeing that many of the Hmong refugees were resettled in specifically California, we
immediately found articles from the Los Angeles Times – like the one cited above – to
be extremely detailed and thorough in their coverage of the latest sufferings in the Hmong
communities. This article was no exception: It brought light to how the Hmong were
going to be cut from food stamps, under the 1996 Federal Welfare Reform Act. It
provided us with a number of primary quotes from not just Hmong but also other
Americans and their anger by this petty move from the United States. We were able to
utilize those quotes to add to our argument that the United States did far from enough for
their secret warriors. With these quotes, the viewers can truly visualize the many layers
of hopelessness that the Hmong faced/still face today.

Johns, Michael. "Acts of Betrayal." National Review, vol. 47, no. 20, Oct 23, 1995, pp. 24,
Research Library Prep,
https://search.proquest.com/docview/229634037?accountid=88321.

This article perfectly articulates the unjust treatment the Hmong received after their
contributions to the Vietnam Conflict. Revealing the truth and incentives behind the
betrayal that the Hmong have been forced to put through, some information and excerpts
from this article were used in our website to bolster our argument that the repatriation
efforts given to the Hmong were grossly inadequate. By including quotes from this source
 to our website, we made sure that the audience can sympathize and better understand the
situation that the Hmong were placed in.

King, Peter H. "From Laos to Fresno: Hmong Try to Adjust." Los Angeles Times (pre-1997
Fulltext), Apr 07, 1985, pp. 1, Research Library Prep,
https://search.proquest.com/docview/292115820?accountid=88321.

Like many other Los Angeles Times articles, our group also found the one cited above
extremely beneficial to our understanding of what exactly went on when the Hmong were
brought to the United States. We were able to find many great quotations discussing how
hard it was for the Hmong to adjust. Furthermore, we obtained quotations that proved to
us that the United States didn’t openly recognize the Hmong as warriors, with confusion
regarding the identity of the Hmong happening especially often. They added to our
message that the United States has yet to even recognize the Hmong as war veterans,
instead of even providing more assistance to them; this truly proves that the United States
really needs to start taking this topic seriously and give the Hmong the assistance and
recognition that they undoubtedly deserve.

Lloyd-George, William. “The CIA's 'Secret War'.” The Diplomat, The Diplomat, 25 Feb.
2011, thediplomat.com/2011/02/the-cias-secret-war/.

From this article, we obtained a number of compelling quotes from the Hmong left back
in Laos. Their quotes show the true pain that they felt every day because of their actions
in helping the United States. We implemented such quotes to further convey emotion to
the reader while they are looking through our website, allowing readers to understand the
desperation and pain that the Hmong were forced to endure. Through adding these quotes,
we ensured that the audience can understand the conclusions we drew and grasp the
amount of injustice that the United States shamelessly generated.
Mydans, Seth. "Indochina War Refugees Find Homes at Last, in U.S." The New York Times,
Aug 08, 2004, Research Library Prep,
https://search.proquest.com/docview/432833189?accountid=88321.

This article, published in the New York Times in 2004, discusses the true feelings of the
Hmong after they were finally allowed to immigrate to the United States. It provided us
with quality quotes that painted a picture that even after coming to the United States, the
Hmong still suffering due to their immense cultural differences. One specific quote that
we used specifically had a Hmong woman living in the United States speaking out about
the identity crisis that the Hmong were facing in the U.S., as their culture previously had
absolutely no ties to North America. This further proves to us that the United States was
no “heaven” for the Hmong, and that the United States shouldn’t have simply thought
that moving the Hmong to the U.S. would be enough as a reimbursement for their
sacrifices.

Paul, Concordia St. “The Hmong Oral History Project Interviews.” Concordia St Paul,
www.csp.edu/hmong-oral-history-project/hmong-oral-history-project-interviews/.

A large collection of interview transcripts targeting those who have been in the war, this
website has been of tremendous help to our research as the numerous quotes within the
website expressed the anguish and desperation the Hmong experienced while in the
Secret War, allowing the audience to sympathize with the Hmong. We used several
quotes from this website as they perfectly conveyed the pain of Hmong refugees that
experienced the war, living in Thai refugee camps, staying in Laos, and also in the United
States, bolstering our argument in each of the respective pages.

“S.947 - Balanced Budget Act of 1997.” Library of Congress,

www.congress.gov/bill/105th-congress/senate-
bill/947?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Hmong%22%5D%7D&r=3.

This primary document from the Library of Congress comes from the Balanced Budget
Act of 1997, in which as the name implies, the United States government initiated many
 reforms involving budgeting. In specific, we found that this document contained a
specific section discussing the Hmong and their need of welfare, where it stated that the
Congress understood that the Hmong “should be considered veterans for purposes of
continuing certain assistance benefits.”. We found this statement extremely vague and
inconclusive, and there were quotes proving that this act was largely useless. Therefore,
adding it to bolster our point that the United States wasn’t nearly meticulous enough
when helping the Hmong resettle in the U.S. and integrate into society.

Secondary Sources

Ahern, Thomas L. “Vietnam Declassified: CIA and Counterinsurgency in Vietnam.” Central

Intelligence Agency, Central Intelligence Agency, 26 Jan. 2010,
www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-
studies/studies/vol53no4/intelligence-in-public-literature-1.html.

An article that reflected many of the decisions and failures within the Vietnam war, this
page helped us gain more insight on the Central Intelligence Agency’s side of the story.
We used this site primarily for our own understanding and validating our points on why
the CIA decided to employ the Hmong, why they were forced to leave, as well as their
thoughts on what could have been done, and why they didn’t do those things. Overall,
this article gave our team a stronger, more put-together vision of the entire involvement
of the Hmong during the Vietnam Conflict.

“As Tensions Mount for Forced Return to Laos, Fire Ravages Hmong Refugee Camp in
Northern Thailand.” Doctors Without Borders USA, 23 June 2014,
www.doctorswithoutborders.org/news-stories/field-news/tensions-mount-forced-return-
laos-fire-ravages-hmong-refugee-camp-northern.

Written by an organization known for providing aid to people all over the world who
need it (Doctors Without Borders), this article strongly bolstered our perceptions towards
the severely lacking conditions of the Thai refugee camps where the Hmong are residing.
In example, it showed an example in which a fire that ravaged a refugee camp in Thailand
caused a large portion of the temporary houses to burn down, with all of the possessions
 of the refugees still inside. Altogether, we gained a stronger understanding of alarming
living conditions that the Hmong in Southeast Asia face.

Bankston, Carl L. “Hmong Americans.” Countries and Their Cultures, World Culture
Encyclopedia, www.everyculture.com/multi/Ha-La/Hmong-Americans.html.

This website was very helpful in allowing us to understand Hmong culture, traditions,
language, as well as some background information on their involvement in the war. This
enabled us to see the contrast between American culture and Hmong culture, which was
very helpful within our subsequent consequences pages where we discuss the loss of
culture and language as the Hmong youth are swiftly integrating into American societies.
Through using this site, we made sure that the conclusions we were drawing made sense
and were historically accurate, and that our words are believable.

Blenkinsop, Philip. “Philip Blenkinsop Photographs the Secret War in the Mountains of
Laos.” P H I L I P B L E N K I N S O P, www.philipblenkinsop.com/laos.html.

A website filled with personally written records of what happened during his trip to
Laos as well as several extremely high-quality pictures that perfectly captured the
Hmong people’s struggle and anguish, this website was of enormous help to our website
as the images it provided were of the highest quality, and the personal accounts on the
website were also very helpful in our research for a perspective of an outsider’s
experience with the Hmong still trapped in Laos.

Bodenner, Chris. “To Be Both Midwestern and Hmong, Cont'd.” The Atlantic,
Atlantic Media Company, 16 June 2016,
www.theatlantic.com/notes/2016/06/hmong/486500/.

This article details the many challenges faced by the Hmong refugees even after
reaching the United States, such as the key cultural difference in hunting and fishing
between the Hmong and the Americans, and how the Hmong weren't accustomed to
 strict hunting regulations, most likely due to the United States officials simply not
caring to take the time to go over such topics when informing them about the American
lifestyle. We further implemented the knowledge we gained from this article to show
that the United States government simply wasn’t doing enough to educate the Hmong
and even give them any chance to prosper in the U.S., as they left out rudimentary
knowledge relating to the American lifestyle.

Crossette, Barbara. "LAOTIAN MIGRATION WORRIES THAILAND." New York

Times (1923-Current file), Sep 20, 1984, pp. 1, ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The
New York Times, https://search.proquest.com/docview/122555055?accountid=88321.

An excerpt taken from a New York Times newspaper from 1984 that shows the many
difficulties that the Hmong are experiencing back in Laos after the Ban Vinai Thai
refugee camp has begun to deny access to any more Hmong. The article also talked
about the hardships that the Hmong living in America had to endure, as well as quotes
that were very useful in our research and analysis of how satisfactory was the support
that the Hmong received. This source provided us with quotes and analysis that helped
us convey our message that the Hmong are still suffering back in Laos even after the
war.

Dodson, Angela. "Hmong in America: The Experience." Diverse Issues in Higher Education,
vol. 28, no. 7, 2011, pp. 6, Research Library Prep,
https://search.proquest.com/docview/866670986?accountid=88321.

A book review that includes quotes and information on how it feels like for Hmong to
live within America, allowing us to understand what they had to experience as they
were exposed to the world of their dreams. This source was particularly helpful on the
"Subsequent Consequences: United States” page, where we explain the situation of
Hmong in America in detail. Through using some of the pieces of writing within this
source, we were able to gain valuable insight to what some Hmong thought about their
loss of culture and their integration process into America.
Doherty, Ben. “Thailand Begins Deportation of More than 4000 Hmong Asylum
Seekers.” The Guardian, 28 Dec. 2009,
www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/28/thailand-deportation-hmong-laos.

An online article on The Guardian, this source provides information on the United
Nation’s reaction to how Thailand is forcibly repatriating Hmong back to Laos,
showing that all the Americans are willing to do in defense of the targeted Hmong is
simply post statements of how this behavior is frowned upon. We were able to gain a
solid understanding of the measures that the Thai government took in keeping the
deportation process a secret, such as cutting phone signals around the specific refugee
camp this article was discussing when the Hmong were being deported. We were able
to implement this new knowledge into further proving the secrecy the Thai government
enforced, rightfully forming suspicion from outsiders.

Edward Marek. “Hmong Find F-105 Pilot Hanging from the Trees.” Talking Proud, 28 June
2016, www.talkingproud.us/Military/Military/Sanders.html.

A more recent website that talks and reflects upon a retrieval operation of a downed
pilot during the, we used this website to understand one of the many roles that the
Hmong carried out during the war as well as how much they contributed during the war.
Through utilizing the quotes, information, and images provided in the website, we were
able to add important information in our Hmong involvement page, allowing the
audience to understand how much effort the Hmong put into helping the Americans,
only to be betrayed and abandoned.

Ellis, Virginia. "California and the West; Hmong Seek Exemption from Food Stamp Cuts;
Welfare: Refugees Who Fought in Secret CIA Army Say those Actions Entitle them to
Veteran Status. State Officials Disagree." Los Angeles Times, Nov 02, 1997, pp. 3-A,
3:2, Research Library Prep,
https://search.proquest.com/docview/421221984?accountid=88321.
 A newspaper document on how the Hmong were not given the benefits of a US war
veteran and denied food stamps, as well as reactions from Hmong as well as some
American officials. The quotes included in this source was very helpful in our
"Subsequent Consequences: United States” page, showing the readers the injustice that
the Hmong are forced to endure, not being able to receive veteran status federal aid even
though they were the American’s main force during the Vietnam war. Through using this
source we made sure the readers would understand how shamelessly the United States
government and the CIA act, as they try to keep their Laos operations secret even to this
day.

Emery, James. "Their World, Not Ours: Problems Grip the Hmong in America." The World
& I, vol. 17, no. 12, 2002, pp. 170-181, Research Library Prep,
https://search.proquest.com/docview/235832431?accountid=88321.

A scholarly journal that talks about the many cultural differences and assimilation
difficulties for the Hmong when they were accepted in America, this source was crucial
for our "Subsequent Consequences: United States” page, as it provided a lot of
information and quotes on how the Hmong are being treated in America. Explaining and
providing numerous examples of how many of the Hmong are worried and frightened of
the rapid loss of culture as well as the rapid increase of language barriers between the
elders and youth of the Hmong, this source helped strengthen our argument that the
Hmong are still facing problems even if they are in America.

Emery, James. "Once among the United States' Loyal Allies, Today the Hmong Tribesmen of
Laos are Patriots without a Country." Vietnam, vol. 13, no. 5, 02, 2001, pp. 16-16,62+,
Research Library Prep,
https://search.proquest.com/docview/195756635?accountid=88321.

A detailed article on the Hmong’s military history, military involvement, and the many
hardships they had to face, this source was very helpful in allowing us to understand what
the Hmong were forced to face after the war as well as what some of their American
 allies thought about the compromise. It contains many quotes that were useful in showing
how the Hmong were involved and the anguish they were feeling, and through using
these quotes we were able to convey the horror that the Hmong had to experience after
the Americans were dispatched.

Fears, Darryl. “Conservatives Decry Terror Laws' Impact on Refugees.” The Washington
Post, WP Company, 8 Jan. 2007,
www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/07/AR2007010701144.html

A Washington Post article written in 2007 on the broad use of anti-terrorism laws to
reject refugees, and the public outrage that has risen because of it. This article revealed
the disapproval of some conservatives on the dropping numbers of refugees granted
asylum in the US, showing that American citizens also didn’t agree on the lack of
assistance the refugees have been given, providing us with the perspective of what the
American citizens thought about the United States government’s decisions.

“FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1952–1954, INDOCHINA,

VOLUME XIII, PART 1.” U.S. Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State,
history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v13p1/d716.

This website talked about the speech in which Eisenhower gives his speech about the
‘Domino Theory’ and his beliefs with it, providing us with a few quotes from the speech
given by Eisenhower that we used in our Vietnam Conflict page to help explain what the
‘Domino Theory’ was to the readers, thus allowing them to understand why the
Americans found it so important for them to interfere and help stop the spread of
Communism.

Fuller, Thomas. “Old U.S. Allies, Still Hiding in Laos.” The New York Times, The New
York Times, 16 Dec. 2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/12/17/world/asia/17laos.html.

A New York Times news article that included information about the Hmong’s
involvement in the war, how they are suffering under the hands of Laotian officials, as
 well as what the response of the Laotian government when they were questioned with
their hostile actions. We used this site primarily for its many resourceful quotes that were
from different perspectives, such as a quote where a Laotian Foreign Ministry Spokesman
claims that there are no Hmong CIA agents in the forest, which provided us with the view
of the Laotians. Through using this source, we bolstered our arguments that the Thai are
deceitful and lying when they say that the Hmong are not being persecuted as well as how
much some of the Hmong are forced to suffer.

Geu, Vang. “Communist' Secret and Manipulative Plan.” Unforgettable Laos, 13 June 2015,
www.unforgettable-laos.com/governing-system-in-m-rii/4-9-communists-secret-and-
manipulative-plan/

We used this particular page of the site primarily because for its information on Laos
military plans also for an image it provided that depicted several Hmong attempting to
cross the Mekong river by boat, which was used in our early repercussions page to help
the readers visualize how the scene would have been for the Hmong refugees trying to
seek refuge in Thailand, expressing the emotions and hardships that the Hmong had to
go through after being left behind in Laos.

“GUERRE DU Vietnam 1966/68.” DCL - Catherine Leroy Photographer, 27 Aug.

2011, dotationcatherineleroy.org/fr/ses-images/photographies/guerre-du-vietnam-
19661968/.

We used this website for the image of helicopters flying over Vietnam during the war for
the interactive element. This photo helped to convey the (false) message that rescue was
a possibility for the Hmong, which was shown to be not true later on in the page with the
photo, instilling false hope to the readers who chose the option of waiting for rescue only
to reveal the reality that waited for the Hmong who actually chose to invest in that path.
Hays, Jeffrey. “Hmong, The Vietnam War, Laos and Thailand.” Facts and Details, Nov.
2013, factsanddetails.com/asian/cat66/sub417/item2741.html.

Reading the numerous facts and points of information provided in this website allowed
us to obtain vital statistics and quotes that we could include in our website that showed
the numerous casualties of the war as well as some of the opinions each side held towards
the Vietnam Conflict and on the compromise given later on, which was helpful for both
our “Vietnam Conflict” page.

“History of the Hmong.” Indigenous Peoples' Human Rights Initiative, Human Rights
Resource Center, www.hrusa.org/indig/reports/hmong.shtm

An analytical report on the origins, several migrations, and struggles that the Hmong
experienced while in Laos, this source contained vital information on the different Acts
that were passed while the Hmong were in the US, and the effect that it had on them, as
well as numerical data regarding disappearances, killings, and torture of the Hmong that
occurred after the Vietnam War, aiding us in developing our conclusions. It also included
some information on how the Laos human rights council is attempting to raise awareness
for the disappearance and deaths of the Hmong.

“Hmong Americans.” Asian Nation, www.asian-nation.org/hmong.shtml#sthash.pipzkokF.S6

XsApRl.dpbs.

Containing information on the assimilation of Hmong in America, this website provided

good information that we could use to cross-reference with other sources to ensure the
accuracy of our website. While we didn’t use anything directly from the website, this
source was very helpful for our own understanding and confirmed some of our
conclusions involving the far from ideal conditions that the Hmong were living in in the
United States.
“Hmong.” Macalester College, Google Sites,
sites.google.com/a/macalester.edu/refugees/hmong.

This article gave us vital information on the history of the Hmong, their integration in
the US, as well as their future prospects, comparing Hmong refugees in the past and today.
This source was very useful when we were trying to determine how different the Hmong
are before and show how much they have changed from their new environment, as the
dramatic difference between the cultures of as time passed showed how quickly the
Hmong were integrating into the Hmong and shedding their previous culture and
traditions.

“Hmong Timeline.” Minnesota Historical Society, www.mnhs.org/hmong/hmong-timeline.

The in-depth information, sources, images, as well as quotes within this timeline aided
us in making our own timeline within our website, and the quotes and statistics were also
used to cross-reference with other sources before being included in our website to show
the atrocities committed within the Vietnam War. The specific time periods that the
website provided alongside with the historical content was very useful for confirming
when some of the major events happened on our website. The many quotes and images
within the timeline were also used because of their resourcefulness.

“Iconic Photos of the Vietnam War.” CNN, Cable News Network, 5 Jan. 2016,
edition.cnn.com/2014/06/19/world/gallery/iconic-vietnam-war-photos/index.html.

A gallery of iconic photographs from the Vietnam Conflict, this source was very helpful
in finding images to put into our backstory and Vietnam Conflict categories within our
website, providing us with many emotion-evoking images that perfectly captured the
atmosphere and emotions during that time period, even though it contained no photos of
the Hmong.
Johns, Michael. "Acts of Betrayal." National Review, vol. 47, no. 20, Oct 23, 1995, pp. 24,
Research Library Prep,
https://search.proquest.com/docview/229634037?accountid=88321.

This article perfectly articulates the unjust treatment the Hmong received after their
contributions to the Conflict. Revealing the truth and incentives behind the betrayal that
the Hmong have been forced to put through, some information and excerpts from this
article was used in our website to bolster our argument that the repatriation efforts given
to the Hmong were grossly inadequate.

Kaufman, Marc. "U.S. Reverses, Lets Hmong Exiles Resettle; 15,000 War Refugees Allowed
to Apply to Leave Thai Camp." The Washington Post, Dec 22, 2003, pp. A03,
Research Library Prep,
https://search.proquest.com/docview/409608982?accountid=88321.

An article written about the sudden change in attitude in 2003, where the US allowed
around 15000 Hmong refugees to live in the US, which effectively shows that efforts
of repatriation were indeed made for the Hmong, allowing us to take into consideration
whether or not the Hmong were given the aid they needed, although the cultural
problems and the lack of public recognition that they had to go through quickly showed
that American aid attempts were still far from enough.

Kesby, Rebecca. “North Vietnam, 1972: The Christmas Bombing of Hanoi.” BBC
News, BBC, 24 Dec. 2012, www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20719382.

Giving background information and news about all of the bombings that were
happening in Hanoi besides the single day of peace during Christmas. This website was
looked at to learn more about the city of Hanoi during the Vietnam Conflict, giving us
information about how desperately the Americans wanted to win this war and to what
lengths they would go to for a victory, even if it meant carpet bombing every day.
King, Peter H. "From Laos to Fresno: Hmong Try to Adjust." Los Angeles Times (pre-1997
Fulltext), Apr 07, 1985, pp. 1, Research Library Prep,
https://search.proquest.com/docview/292115820?accountid=88321.

A newspaper document that detailed many different aspects of American life that the
Hmong were struggling in, such as how they were given tiny plots of land and their
difficulties in school. It also includes many helpful quotes that show the opinion of some
Americans on the assimilation process, especially on how bleak some of the Hmong find
their futures to be. Through utilizing this source we made sure that the readers can
acknowledge how the Hmong are struggling even to this day in America.

“Laos General and Hmong Leader Vang Pao Dies in Exile.” BBC News, BBC, 7 Jan. 2011,
www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12133710.

An article written on the death of Vang Pao, the general and leader of the Hmong during
the Vietnam conflict, this website showed the significance of General Pao during the
conflict as well as unveiling some of the accusations he had to endure on leading
rebellions against the People’s Democratic Republic of Laos, in addition to how and why
many of the Hmong look up to him as their leader.

Lindsay, James M. “The Vietnam War in Forty Quotes.” Council on Foreign Relations,
Council on Foreign Relations, 30 Apr. 2015, www.cfr.org/blog/vietnam-war-forty-
quotes.

This website had been used in order to help gather quotes regarding events during the
Vietnam war and how the leaders and different sides felt about the war, we used some
quotes from this website on our Vietnam war page primarily because it was very helpful
in conveying why the war started as well as were the goals of both sides, by using these
quotes we made sure that the intentions and causes of the war was are well articulated
within our website.
Lindsay, Jeff. “The Tragedy of the Hmong; The Story of the Hmong in the United States.”
The Cracked Planet of Jeff Lindsay, www.jefflindsay.com/Hmong_tragedy.html.

A website dedicated to uncover the tragic events that brought the Hmong to America and
understanding the Hmong in America, the articles and interviews within this website
were extremely helpful in allowing us to better understand the situation some of the
Hmong were put in after they were escorted to America, as well as their incentives and
hopes behind moving to the US, which we utilized to show how their expectations were
quickly crushed upon moving to the US.

Lloyd-George, William. “The CIA's 'Secret War'.” The Diplomat, The Diplomat, 25 Feb.
2011, thediplomat.com/2011/02/the-cias-secret-war/.

An article written by a reporter that went to Laos personally to investigate the story of
the Hmong, this article effectively articulates the agony and anguish that the Hmong are
still facing in Laos. In specific, we learned about the Hmong who chose to stay in Laos
and decided to hide from the government. With the new knowledge we acquired from
this source, we further expanded our content to include such details, adding to our case
that the U.S. abandoned the Hmong still back in Southeast Asia.

“Local Programs Subsection.” Milwaukee PBS, 25 Sept. 2017,

www.milwaukeepbs.org/local-programs/programs/10thirtysix/watch-episodes-
detail/1_0WbPq2lhs.

An exclusive episode of the local programs from Milwaukee Public Broadcasting System,
we used this source for an interview that was included within the video, where a downed
and rescued pilot during the Vietnam War was rescued by Hmong soldiers, and what his
views were upon the Hmong betrayal. Through using this interview we were able to show
the American veterans’ perspective towards the Hmong betrayal, showing their outrage
towards decision made by American officials, bolstering our argument that the decision
of the American officials was far from a justified one.
May-Lee, Chai. "Tragic Mountains: The Hmong, the Americans, and the Secret Wars
for Laos, 1942-1992." Asian Affairs, an American Review, vol. 27, no. 4, 2001, pp. 267-
268, Research Library Prep,
https://search.proquest.com/docview/197401103?accountid=88321

A revision on the book ‘Tragic Mountains: The Hmong, the Americans, and the Secret
Wars for Laos, 1942-1992’ by Jane-Hamilton-Merritt, this source has been of
tremendous help in understanding the involvement of Hmong soldiers within the
Vietnam War, as well as the hardships they had to endure in the immediate and
subsequent aftermath. The analytical pieces of writing and important quotes within the
book provided in this source was very helpful for showing the series of painful events
they were forced to go through ever since agreeing to help the Americans.

Marek, Edward. “LS-36, ‘The Alamo’ in Laos.” Talking Proud, 18 Nov. 2012,
www.talkingproud.us/Military/Military/LS36Alamo.html

This website contained extremely detailed article on the War in Laos. Containing a huge
amount of information about how Hmong units rescued a downed pilot as well as major
events during the conflict, we used this article for its resourcefulness and its images, as
well as for showing how much aid the Hmong provided during the war for their American
allies. By using this website our argument that the Hmong were valuable soldiers during
the war and deserve to be recognized and aided in America became stronger.

McKinzey, Kitty, and Jennifer Pagonis. “UNHCR Concerned about Deportation of Lao
Hmong from Thailand.” Edited by Leo Dobbs, UNHCR, 26 Jan. 2007,
www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2007/1/45ba2f3b4/unhcr-concerned-deportation-lao-
hmong-thailand.html.

An online article found on the UNHCR (The United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees), this site primarily talks about the United Nations’s disapproval of how Thai
officials are sending Hmong refugees back to Laos without screening to see if they
needed international protection. This source was particularly helpful for our pages on the
aftermath of the conflict, as it provided useful quotes and images and also shows how the
 Hmong are suffering in the hands of Thai officials within the refugee camps. This source
also shows that despite that fact that the UN disapproved of the Thai’s actions, they didn’t
act in defense for the Hmong, showing that the Hmong indeed require more aid than just
verbal discouragement.

Mydans, Seth. “Thailand Evicts 4,000 Hmong to Laos.” New York Times, 28 Dec.
2009, www.nytimes.com/2009/12/29/world/asia/29hmong.html.

This source brought our group crucial knowledge on the Hmong deportation process
implemented by Thai officials. Through the article, we learned the specific methods
used by the Thai officials, along with reactions from outside nations and organizations.
We further obtained a few powerful images from this article that depicted the Hmong
refugees amidst the deportation process.

“My Mother Decided That We Must Move out.: Becoming Minnesotan.” Minnesota
Historical Society, Sept. 2010, education.mnhs.org/immigration/narrators/hmong/kim-
yang/my-mother-decided-that-we-must-move-out.

A website by Minnesota Historical Society that includes an interview with a Hmong

refugees as well as photos of Thai refugee camps, we used this source primarily for the
photograph it provided of a Thai refugee camp, which we used in the interactive element.
The photo showed the vastness of the refugee camp and had a peaceful atmosphere within
it, which was perfect for if the audience chose the option of choosing to seek asylum in
the Thai refugee camps. By showing this photo we ensured that we let the audience
understand how the camp looked like, but also avoid spoiling the fact that the camp was
actually hostile towards the refugees and its conditions were abysmal.
Ortiz, KC. “The Hmong Rebels.” Public Radio International, 11 Feb. 2011,
www.pri.org/stories/2011-02-11/hmong-rebels.

An online article with a slideshow of several high-quality, extremely applicable images,

this source was essential in helping us create a visually appealing website with images
that really show the audience what the Hmong had to go through. Many of our images
within our website are taken from this article, as a large majority of them were black and
white still-life photographs of Hmong refugees stuck in their own makeshift camps in
Laos, many of whom still held their old weapons from during the war and is on constant
alert for hostile Thai enemies. Through using these websites we made sure that the dark,
almost depressing atmosphere was ensured in our website and that the audience could
really see and experience the pain that the Hmong had and still have to go through.

Paul, Concordia St. “The Hmong Oral History Project Interviews.” Concordia St Paul,
www.csp.edu/hmong-oral-history-project/hmong-oral-history-project-interviews/.
https://www.csp.edu/hmong-oral-history-project/hmong-oral-history-project-
interviews/

A large collection of interview transcripts targeting those who have been in the war, this
website has been of tremendous help to our research as the numerous quotes within the
website expressed the anguish and desperation the Hmong experienced while in the
Secret War, allowing the audience to sympathize with the Hmong. A lot of our quotes
are from this website as they were very personal accounts of the experience many of the
Hmong had to go through and captured perfectly the many different feelings of despair,
anger, frustration, and disappointment a large number of the Hmong felt.

Pinkel, Sheila. "Hmong in Transition." Bucknell Review, vol. 47, no. 2, 2004, pp. 118-
140, Research Library Prep,
https://search.proquest.com/docview/201682928?accountid=88321.
 A document on the book “Hmong in Transition” by Sheila Pinkel that included many
pages taken out of the book, this source was very useful in our research as it provided
insight on life within the Thai refugee camps as well as some information on how Hmong
refugees feel living in America. The photographs and quotes from interview transcripts
provided in this source were also very useful.

Raney, Joel. “Eau Claire to Thailand. 'Why Did You Have to Escape Laos to
Thailand?' ”, Eau Claire to Thailand, 1 Jan. 1970,
eauclairetothailand.blogspot.kr/2012/08/why-did-you-have-to-escape-laos-to.html.

A blog that talks specifically about how it was like crossing the Mekong river to get to
Thailand from Laos, using real-life accounts from Kou Moua, a refugee with experience
with having to cross the river. The website provided great insight into how dangerous it
was to cross the river, and also included a video on how it’s like to cross it the river today
by boat, which was useful for when we were trying to figure out why it proved to be so
lethal for some of the refugees attempting to go to Thailand.

Romney, Lee. "Bill Spurs Bitter Debate Over Hmong Identity." Los Angeles Times, May 24,
2003, Research Library Prep,
https://search.proquest.com/docview/421791744?accountid=88321.

A website we used primarily to gather information on the situation of Hmong youth living
in the US, this article was very helpful in providing us quotes that showed opinions of
Hmong parents their children’s assimilation in America, which was used in our
"Subsequent Consequences: United States” page. Displaying the differences in culture
and language between the two generations, this source was useful for showing the
problem of culture loss present for the Hmong Americans today.

Shiffer, James Eli. “Minnesota Veterans of the CIA's 'Secret War' Seek an Honorable
Burial.” Star Tribune, 16 July 2017, www.startribune.com/minnesota-veterans-of-the-
cia-s-secret-war-seek-an-honorable-burial/434692633/.
 To us, this article primarily written on Hmong veterans and their desire to be buried in
one of the numbers of the U.S. national cemeteries deems itself especially useful.
Obviously, to be allowed to be buried in a U.S. national cemetery, you have proof of your
contributions towards the U.S. (in the Hmong's case, their war efforts and their deserved
veteran status). This article contains many powerful quotes discussing the CIA's
unwillingness to fully disclose the names of Hmong soldiers registered when the U.S.
initially recruited the Hmong in the mid-1900s. Therefore, by implementing these quotes,
we can not only effectively show how suspicious the CIA is with its actions in not fully
disclosing the details of the Hmong, but it further adds to our overall argument that the
United States isn't doing its utter most in providing assistance to their suffering,
powerless allies.

“Soviet and Chinese Aid to North Vietnam.” Central Intelligence Agency, pp. 1–4.,
www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000309268.pdf.

This website showed some unclassified files regarding the Vietnam war and how the
Chinese have aided North Vietnam, giving some information regarding the North
Vietnams side of the war. By using this source we were able to give more information
to the audience in our Vietnam conflict page, showing more background information
for the Vietnam Conflict.

Stilwell, Blake. “17 Wild Facts about the Vietnam War.” We Are The Mighty, 3 Dec. 2015,
www.wearethemighty.com/articles/vietnam-war.

The shocking facts included within this website revealed the truth behind some
commonly made misconceptions regarding the Vietnam War, which aided us in our
understanding in the Conflict and provided us with interesting facts and information for
our Vietnam conflict backstory page. By using this source in our research we made sure
that we were able to better comprehend the events of the war.

Thao, Cy. “The Hmong Genocide and Immigration.” Center for Holocaust and Genocide
 Studies, chgs.elevator.umn.edu/asset/viewAsset/57ed9baf7d58aeea1d9043ac.

A digital archive full of paintings by a Hmong refugee with the name Cy Thao, these
colorful depictions of 50 major periods within Hmong history, we used many paintings
provided by this website, as it perfectly captured the hardship that the Hmong had to
suffer at the hands of the Chinese, French, Laos, and Americans. As a Hmong refugee
who wants to preserve the Hmong stories and spread recognition and knowledge of the
Hmong involvement in the war, the Hmong

“The Secret War and Hmong Genocide (Fall 2012).” Historpedia, Google Sites,
sites.google.com/a/umn.edu/historpedia/home/politics-and-government/hmong-
genocide-fall-2012

Summing up the efforts of the Hmong during the war as well as the genocide that fell
upon them after the US abandoned them, this website helped us attain helpful information
on the persecuted Hmong, with a couple of powerful quotes as well as talking about why
the Americans wanted to step into the war and the many causes of the Hmong genocide.

“The Split Horn.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, www.pbs.org/splithorn/story1.html.

An article written on the lives of Hmong during and after the War, the information
included in this website was a huge help in allowing us to grasp the perilous situation
that the Hmong were forced to endure, no matter which way they have chosen to follow:
staying in Laos, escaping to refugee camps, or immigrating to the U.S.

“Thousands Still Risk Torture For Helping U.S. in Vietnam War.” NBC News,
NBC Universal News Group, 22 Aug. 2014, www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-
america/thousands-still-risk-torture-helping-u-s-vietnam-war-n181436

An NBC article speaking about the current situation of Hmong, especially regarding
deportation in Thailand. We used images of the refugee camps that were provided in this
 news article, which depicted a black and white photograph of a refugee camp with a few
children playing on top of a hill, looking very peaceful. However, the personal accounts
of the Hmong within the camps as well as some of the information that the reporters
found were the exact opposite.

“United Nations Lao PDR - Speech by H.E. Saleumxay Kommasith, Vice Minister of
Foreign Affairs, Delivered at UN Blue Event Patuxay.” United Nations, United
Nations, 23 Oct. 2015, www.la.one.un.org/media-center/news-and-features/158-speech-
by-h-e-saleumxay-kommasith-vice-minister-of-foreign-affairs-delivered-at-un-blue-
event-patuxay.

A transcript of a speech given by the current Laos Vice Minister of Foreign Affair on the
subject of upholding piece, we were able to see clearly see how blatantly the Laotian
government lies to the world around them, keeping the Hmong silent while promising to
encourage respect to each other’s freedom and rights. By using this quote within our
website we made sure that the perspective of the Laotians was included and the audience
can see how the Laotians are shameless enough to deny the genocide that they have
started against the Hmong.

Leary, William M. “CIA Air Operations in Laos, 1955-1974.” Central Intelligence Agency,
https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-
studies/studies/winter99-00/art7.html

A reflection on the air operations and activity in Laos, this website provides a view from
the perspective of the CIA on the topic of the Hmong project, Vang Pao, and their
assistance within the war. This source was very helpful for finding quotes for our website
and also for our understanding of why the CIA employed the Hmong and what were their
ultimate goals and incentives for doing so.

“Viet Minh.” Edited by The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia

 Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 15 Sept. 2017,
www.britannica.com/topic/Viet-Minh.

Providing a brief outline of what the Viet Minh, the reason to why they were created, and
some actions and achievements the Viet Minh were able to achieve, this website helped
us by teaching us more about the Viet Minh in a simpler manner, which allowed us to be
able to also give a brief explanation of what the Viet Minh is within our Vietnam conflict
page. By including quotes on this page, we allowed the audience to comprehend what
was the role of the North Vietnamese during the war.

“Vietnam War Fast Facts.” CNN, Cable News Network, 27 Apr. 2017,
www.cnn.com/2013/07/01/world/vietnam-war-fast-facts/index.html.

Containing an in-depth timeline on significant time periods from 1945-2012 regarding

the Vietnam war, in addition to several facts and statistics, this article was very
important in helping us find information on the Vietnam War to add to our website and
also helped us by providing specific time periods of important time periods during the
war. Through using this source and including information on the site, we enhanced our
Vietnam Conflict page by adding more information on it.

“Vietnam War.” History.com, A&E Television Networks,

www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war.

The videos explaining multiple aspects regarding the Vietnam Conflict within this
website were useful in understanding why the Hmong were needed during the conflict,
as well as a bit of backstory of why the Vietnam Conflict started. It was also a great
starting point for our research as the basic information it provided was a good guide for
what we should search for in terms of information and images.

“Vietnam War Maps.” Alpha History, 2012, alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/vietnam-

war-maps/.
 A digital archive of graphic interpretations of Vietnam from the late 1800s-1976, we
used this site primarily to understand which areas within Vietnam War was under
communistic influence during the Vietnam Conflict to understand why the Hmong
chose to become involved. Readers who look at the map would immediately understand
that Laos lied just next to the North/South border and that Thailand was next to Laos,
which helped with the comprehension of the audience, as it showed why the Hmong
were involved and also how they could have escaped to refugee camps.

Webster, Anthony Lonetree and MaryJo. “Rising Exodus of Students Puts More
Pressure on Minnesota Schools.” Star Tribune, Star Tribune, 17 Sept. 2017,
www.startribune.com/students-in-flight-part-1-st-paul-enrollment-declines-force-hard-
budget-choices-exodus-puts-pressure-minnesota-schools/443065933/#1.

We used this news article for its information on Hmong Americans in school as well as
images it provided regarding Hmong students adapting to the American culture. The
statistics and information included within were also helpful for our research as it
pertained to the rising trend of Hmong enrolling into charter schools, as well as some
information about the troubles that the Hmong College Prep Academy, where 1,100
Hmong St. Paul students have been attending, is having. Using this source has helped us
understand the process of integrating into educational classrooms for the Hmong.

Weiner, Tim. “Gen. Vang Pao's Last War.” The New York Times, The New York
Times, 10 May 2008, www.nytimes.com/2008/05/11/magazine/11pao-t.html.

A New York Times article that explained the situation regarding General Vang Pao’s
persecution, this source was useful while we were researching how disrespect is being
thrown towards the Hmong, and how no Americans were trying to stop it. We also used
an image provided on the website for our interactive element. By adding the quotes and
images in this source we made sure that we exposed how American officials still do not
consider the Hmong as war veterans and won’t give even the most famous leader of the
Hmong a proper burial.
“Who Are Hmong Americans?” Center for American Progress, Apr.2015.
https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/AAPI-Hmong-
factsheet.pdf

Reading this factsheet made by the Center of American Progress allowed us to gain
insight on the population growth, educational attainment, income, poverty, language
diversity and more on the Hmong living in America, assisting us in drawing
conclusions on the effectiveness of the Hmong’s assimilation in their new environment.
The numbers and numerical data provided on the factsheet revealed the shocking
amounts of effort the Hmong were putting forth to try to become functioning members
of society despite being uneducated and a largely oral tribe.

Xiong, Mai. “Hmong Journey for Freedom.” Hmong Studies Internet Resource Center,
www.hmongstudies.org/HmongJourneyforFreedom.html.

An online article written by college student, this website provided a lot of information
on the subject of Hmong moving from Laos to Thailand, providing a lot of information
and sources that talk about the dangers that the Hmong had to go through to cross the
jungle, as well as many drastic measures they had to take to avoid detection. We used
this website mainly for our own understanding as well as using it to find other credible
sources.

Xiong, Mai. “Speaking Hmong.” Milwaukee Broadcasting Service, 7 May 2012,

www.youtube.com/watch?v=2cIHQlVtz30.

A documentary that a Hmong American made speaking about the topic of Hmong
slowly losing their native tongue as they integrate into American society and take on
their culture, we included this video within our website as it was perfect in expressing
the language barriers that exist between different generations of Hmong and showing
the grim future that may lie ahead for the Hmong’s unique culture.
“738 - Hmong Soldiers Honored in Pensacola -.” Vietnam Veteran News, 28 Oct. 2016,
vietnamveterannews.com/738-hmong-soldiers-honored-in-pensacola/.

In trying to understand the times when the Hmong were honored by the American
officials, this website helped us realize that the US was indeed taking some measures to
give their former allies the recognition they deserve, but that it was still insufficient.
The photograph within the website was also useful in showing how the Hmong
voluntarily fought for the Americans, which