CONTENTS JEE Syllabus Tangent and Normal Intermediate Value Theorem Rolle’s Theorem Lagrange’s Theorem Monotonocity Concept of Local Maximum / Minimum Concept of Global Maximum / Minimum Nature of Roots of Cubic Polynomial Answers to exercises Concepts & Formulae at a Glance Solved Problems Assignment Problems Answers to Assignment ProblemsJEE Syllabus Tangent and Normal Intermediate Value Theorem Rolle’s Theorem Lagrange’s Theorem Monotonocity Concept of Local Maximum / Minimum Concept of Global Maximum / Minimum Nature of Roots of Cubic Polynomial Answers to exercises Concepts & Formulae at a Glance Solved Problems Assignment Problems Answers to Assignment Problems8 eee | APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVE Syllabus Geometrical interpretation of derivative, tangent and normal, intermediate Value Theorem, Rolle’s Theorem, Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem. Sign of derivative and monotonocity, maximum and minimum values of function. Derivatives have far reaching applications in many fields. In this chapter we exclusively concentrate on the application of derivatives in mathematics, which are important from the examination point of view. GEOMETRICAL Consider a function y = f(x) and points P(x, y;) Y and Q(%, yz) on it. As x; changes to x», y: Pox, vs) becomes ys. Average rate of change will be Yo= n Ay y. i iven by — =-2 "1 = Qi y Keox, Which is clearty the = fx) 2 slope of line PQ). otra ye) As Q > Pie. as x2 > x; or Ax + 0, the average rate of change x becomes the instantaneous rate of change represented by & and thus a represent the slope of the tangent at P. x PE The derivative of a function y = f(x) represents the slope of the tangent to the curve at the general point (x y). Equation of Tangent and Normal: Let y=1(0)be the given curve, We already know that °Y at any pointing onthe curve would give us the slope of the tangent that can be drawn at that point Let (x, ys) be any point on the curve, that means, ys f(x). Now the slope of the tangent that can be drawn to the curve at (x, ys) will be , dy (2) suaype Thus the equation ofthe tangent at x, ys) would be, (Y—y4) = (2) sm O®=%) OF y— fou) = (2) seg (&-%1): Similarly, the equation ofthe normal at (xs, ys) would be Gli homaliahion ya) 1 (x _x,) provided that (2) #0. Oy) (2) “ Ox Hx, ¥0) FIITI€€ Led, FIITIEE House,29-A, Kalu Saral, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -140 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 Website : www-flitiee.com ayRSM-1315-P4-MA-Application of Derivative 2 — If (2) = 0, then the equation of the normal would be x = x1. dx, xy) 2 2 dy _ dh/dt Note: ifx=9 (0), y= h(t) then = oo Length of Tangent, Normal, Sub-tangent and Sub-normal: Let P (x, y) be any point on y = f (x). Let the tangent drawn at 'P’ meets the x-axis at 'T’, and normal drawn at ‘P’ meets the x-axis at ‘N’. PT is called length of the tangent and PN is called the length of the normal. If ‘P,' be the projection of the point P on the x-axis then TP, is called the sub-tangent (projection of line segment PT on the x-axis) and NP; is called the sub normal (projection of line segment PN on the x-axis). Let ZPTN=0= ZPPN=0 We have tan@ = x and PP, = |yl 2 Now, PT= ly cosec 6] or, PT = | y | /1+00t 6=| y| 1+ (2 = Hence length of the tangent PT = || 122) 2 dg Now, PN = ly sec 6] =| y|\/1+tan? 0 =|y! (2) ane = Length of the normal, PN =| y| h-(2) => Sub-tangent TP; xy di Now, TP; = ly cot 6] = Finally, NP1= ly tan 0] Angle of intersection of Two Curves: Let y = f (x) and y = g (x) be two given intersecting curves. Angle of intersection of these curves is defined as the acute angle between the tangents that can be drawn to the given curves at the point of intersection. Let (x1, ys) be the point of intersection => ys =f (1) = 9 (1) - _ (dfx) Slope of the tangent drawn to the curve y= f (x) at (X1, ys) be. m1 = (22) (py) s — (dal) Similarly slope of the tangent drawn to the curve y = g(x) at (X:, ys) e.m2 = (22) a) Naw Delhi 110 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 TRITEEE ced, FITTEE House, 29-4, Kalu Sara, Sarvapriyn www fltjee.comRSM-1315-P4-MA~ Application of Deriva If ‘a’ be the angle (acute) of intersection, then tan a = |™—Mz tm, m, mz. Thus the given curves would touch each other at the point (x:, ys). If a= 0, then m, = then my m2 =--1. Thus the given curves would meet at right angle at the point (x, curves cut orthogonally at the point (x;, y,)) ¥4) (or Mustration 1, Find the angle of intersection of y’ = dax and x” = 32ay. Solution: Given curves are y= 4ax (1) x= S2ay (2) Point of intersection of equation (1) and equation (2) are (0, 0) and (16a, 8a) From equation (1), m, = SY . 28 ly Fi tion (2), my = Y= 7 fom equation (2), m= $= 32a? — xy Ease ees Oe late) x e== at (0, 0) 0= 5 43 at (16a, 8a) > 0 = tan te. Mlustration 2. If P, and P2 are the lengths of perpendiculars from the origin to the tangent and to the normal = fo the curve x27 + °° = a” respectively, prove that p? +? isa constant. Solution: Let us find the slope of the tangent 4 2,13 2113 YW 9 eee --(4) 3 qe aie Ky x a 2 Zetl Lo) Peo) eG ni 23. 4 213 he (M4 1+(%] oo v4 Py ala Sarai, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi 140 016, Ph 46406000, 26569483, Fax 26513042 FIITIEE Ltd, FIITIEE House,29-A, nee eer sew Dat2 aay al P| zs 2/3y 213, y 2/3 4 x 2/3 pe _ xf? ye* [yet eg [x 2/3 ay | ae | (x2! ye") J [bs 2/3 _ vei) e4xtye] = a(x? +29) = Alternately Parametric form of curve can some times be tried to solve the problems. Boao ooo rf o08e dx 3cos’ Osin® tand. x=a cos’; y y-asin® 0 Tangent: =-tane x—acos® 0 in? er seen, x-acos*@ es 5 ae asin® 0+acos® etane’ 2 gin? 2 ee Rnenel flan) Sin” 8 ~ 4? sin’ cos’e = 2-sin® 20 1+ tan? sect@ 4 2 _ (asin’ 6 acos* acto). p? = ~________*_ = a'(sin‘0 - cos‘)? = a’cos"20. 1+cot* 6 2 (sin? 2 Ge aes ges a cae ae 4 4 4 ustration 3. Show that the. angle between the tangent at any point and the line joining the point to the origin 'O' is the same for all the points of the curve Ino + 7) = ctan™ (2): fe Solution: In(x?+ y?) = c tan” (:) ae (= = (arg) o | oe — x+y’ x tf ) ag dy\_ dy _ dy _ -cy-2x _ cy+2x = afx-vt)- of «zt y}> ax (2y-cx) ox—2y Prana el (oe ‘Slope of tangent at point a A, eon M4 Slope of line joining P to origin is <~ 7 ‘Angle between them is given by —atsee Vihar, New Delhi -140 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 FITDEE House 20°, Kala Sara Sereprh eases Website : www.flitjee.comRSM-1315-P4-MA- Application of Derivative RSM ation of D pis = = 5 Cy; + 2K) yy thee a ai Xy | oxyyy + 2xP -oxyy, + 2y? | = CVe Bota iw eribeson a acuae RP aeRIe 44 Mat 2ks Va) ox? = 2xiyy toy}? + 2x4 OX = 2y4 Hence the angle $ is same all the time. Same question can be framed for differential equations without giving the curve and improving the above condition. Student should try the ‘same after the chapter differential equations. i Find the equation of normal to the curve x + y = x’, where it cuts the x-axis. i The curve y = ax’ + bx’ + cx + 5 touches the x-axis at the point (-2, 0) and cuts the y-axis at the point Q where its gradient is 3. Find a, b and c. Intermediate Value Theorem: If a function is continuous in {a, b] then it attains all the values between f(a) and f(b) including f(a) and f(b) Rolle’s Theorem: Itis one of the most fundamental theorem of Differential calculus and has far reaching consequences. It states that if y = f(x) be a given function and satisfies, = = f(x) is continuous in [a , b] = f(x) is differentiable in (a , b ) = f(a)=*(b) Then f'(x) = Oat least once for some x « (a, b). The above figure would convey us the geometrical meaning of it. If {(x) satisfies the conditions of Rolle's theorem in [a, bj; its derivative would vanish at least once in (a, b). A =(a.f (a), B=(b.F (b)) as f(a) = f(b) (third condition of Rolle’s theorem) = Slope of line AB = 0. = We would have at least one point belonging to (a, b) so that tangent drawn to the curve at that point would be parallel to the line AB. Applications of Rolle’s Theorem: ify =f (%) satisfies the Rolle's theorem in {a , b], then f'(x) = 0 for some xe (a, b). As any solution of f*(x) = 0 would give us a root of f'(x) = 0, hence we can say that at least one root of f'(x) = 0 would belong to (a, b) if (x) satisfies all conditions of Rolle's Theorem. Let x = a and x = b be the roots of f(x) = 0 and y = f(x) satisfies the condition of Rolle's theorem in [a, b]. Here f(a) = f(b) = 0. Hence we can say that between two roots of f (x) = 0 at least one root of f'(x)=0 would lie. FIITJEE Ltd,, FIFTIEE House, 29-A, Kalu Saral, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi 10 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 Website : wwwflltjee.comRSM-1315-P4-MA-Application of Derivative é — : = 0 has real roots only, then, f(x) = 0, = ial function of degree n. If f (x) ! eee: ae would have real roots. It is in fact the general version of application ee O have all real roots, then between two consecutive roots of f(x) = 0, 1no.2, because if f (x) = exactly one root of f(x)=0 would lie. Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem: This theorem is in fact the general version of Rolle's theorem. It says that if y = f(x) be a given function which is; = Continuous in fa , b] "= Differentiable in (a , b) Then, (y= )=He) atleast once for some xe(a, b) Let A =(a, f(a) and B = (bf (a) Slope of Chord AB Tete) =a As f'(x) gives us the slope of tangent at the point (x, y), this theorem simply says that there will be at least one point € (a, b) e.g. (points c,, c2 and cs) such that tangent drawn to the curve at this point would be parallel to the chord connecting points A and B. We can have one more interpretation, i.e.f"(x) is the instantaneous rate of change of f(x) and £(b) ba This theorem simply says that average rate of change of the function over a given interval would be equal to instantaneous rate of change of function on at least one point of that interval. It is a well known fact in physics you must have learnt that average velocity of a particle over an interval is equal to instantaneous velocity of the particle at some point of that interval. (2) cives us the average rate of change of f (x) over [a,b]. Mustration 4. If 2a + 3b + 60 = 0 then prove that the equation ax*+ bx + c = 0 would have at least one root in (0, 1);8, bc eR. Solution: 8 by? Let f'(x) = ax? +bx+o => f(x) = SE sont f(0)=d Also, f (1) = Bere =d Hence all the conditions of Rolle's theorem are satisfied in [0, 4]. So, f (x) = 0 for atleast one value in (0, 1). Mustration 5. If p (x) = 51x'"' — 2323x' — 45x + 1035, using Rolle's Theorem, prove that atleast one root lies between (45, 46). FIITSEE ced, FIITIEE House,29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -110 016, Ph 46106000, Des Fax. feist ft pl as 0, 26569493, Fax 26513942RSM-1315-P4-MA- Application of Derivative Solution: Baxi ogee. A5x" Let g (x) = [p(x)dx = 7-4 1035x +6 xe osx tS Se +1035x +c. a 2 deere acy eo i Now g (461) = 4 (45)io0 ~28(48)10 5 (45Yi0s +1035(45)00 + ¢= ¢ 102 9 (48) oS Spa (i6) - 3 (40F + 103546) +0 =c. So g! (x) = p (x) will have atleast one root in given interval. Illustration 6. If f(x) and g(x) be differential functions in (a, b), continuous at a and b and g(x) #0 in [a, b), g(a)f(b)-fla)g(b) _(b-a)g(@)9(b) 5, atleast one c € (a, b). then prove that 2-2 9 _ goFe)-Fe)g') ——(g(c))* Solution: Let F(x) = ee . as f(x) and g(x) are differentiable function in (a, b). Further F is continuous F(b)-F. at a and b. So according to LMVT, there exist one c « (a, b) such that F’(c) = Fo)-F(@) which proves the required result. Mustration 7. If the function f : [0, 4] + R is differentiable then show that (). For a, be (0, 4), (f(4))* ~ (f(0))* = 8F(a) f(b) 4 (fF (Oat = 2[at(a?)+ pi (p?)] vo Xz = f(x) > f (x2), It means that there is a certain increase in the value of f (x) with an increase in the value of x. Refer to fig.2 5 x Fig, 2 Increasing Functions Non-Decreasing Function: f(x) is said to be non-decreasing in Ds if for every x;, x2 € Dy, Xq > Xz = f(s) > f (%2). It means that the value of f (x) would never decrease with an increase in the value of x. Refer to fig.3. al x Fig. 3 -Non Decreasing Functions Decreasing Function: f(x) is said to be decreasing in D; if for every y Xt, Xz € Dy, Xt > X2 => f(x1) < f(x) It means that there is a certain decrease in the value of f(x) with an increase in the value of x. Refer to fig.4. O x Fig. 4 Decreasing Functions FIITIE€ Ltd, FIFTIEE Nouse,29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi 110 016, Ph 46106% mara Vibe, Naw Dethi-110 016, 1000, 26569493, Fax 26513942RSM-1315-P4-MA- Application of Derivative Non-Increasing Function: f (x) is said to be non-increasing in D, if for every x1, Xp € Dy, Xt > X2 ——~_ = f (X;) 0 Vv x €(a, b) 4 (x) is non-decreasing in [a , bliff'(x) 20 V x « (a, b)- . = f(x) is decreasing in [a , bliff'(x) < 0 V x © (a,b). = f(x) is non-increasing in [a , b]iff'(x) < 0 V x © (@, b) Remarks: = If f'(x)20 xe (@, b) and points which make f"(x) equal to zero (in between (a, b)) don't form an interval, then f (x) would be increasing in (a, b]. = If f"(x) <0 Vxe(a, b)and points which make f'(x) equal to zero (in between (a, b)) don't form an interval, f (x) would be decreasing in [a, b]. IFf(0) = 0 and f'(x) > 0 VxeR, then f(x) <0 Vx € (<0, 0) and f(x) = 0 ¥ x € (0, ~). Iff (0) =O and f'(x) < 0 ¥ x ER, then f(x)>0 Vx € (~~, 0) and f (x) <0 Vx € (0, »). = A function is said to be monotoric if it's either increasing or decreasing. The points for which f'(x) is equal to zero or doesn't exist are called critical points. Here it should also be noted that critical points are the interior points of an interval. = The stationary points are the points where f'(x).= 0, in the domain. ‘The following illustrations would make the above mentioned theorems and remarks clear. Mlustration 8. Find the critical points and the intervals of increase and decrease for f(x) = 3x? — 8x°- 6x? + 24x +7. Solution: f(x) = 3x" — 8x° — 6x" + 24x +7 z f(x) = 1212 24x? — 12x + 24 = 0 5 z = 12(x° — 2x? =x + 2) = 0 = 12x -1) (K-2) Kk +1) =0 Critical points are -1, 1 and 2. The wavy curve of the derivative is given in figure. Hence function increases in the interval [-1, 1] v [2, :) and decreases in the interval (<0 , -1} vf, 2) Mlustration 9. Find the number of critical points for the following functions in their respective intervals provided () min(x, cosx) ; XeFm a (ii) min (xj, (29); x € 3, 3], where {} denotes the fractional part FIITIEE Ltd, FLITIEE House, 29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -140 04: 5H ence Vina, New Deh £40 016, Ph 46406000, 26568483, Fux 20519942M_1315-P4-MA-Application of Derivative 40 Eee — Solution: (i) Given function is min(x, cos x). In order to che which is more convenient in these examples. y ck the points we plot the graph of curve, x The number of critical points are to be two one between (o ) and one at r. ints are eleven. As 3 and -3 are (ii), Similarly we plot min({x}, {-x}) we get number of critical poi not critical points. y | =3 Mlustration 10. Prove that the following functions are increasing for the given intervals, @ yre'+sinx, x eR* (i) inx+tanx-2x,x €(0, 2/2) (i) —y=x+sinx, xeR Solution: (f@set+sinx, xeER™ => f'(x) =e" + cos x Clearly f'(x) > 0 V xeR’ (as e*>1, xeR" and -1 < cosx < 1,x < R*) Hence f (x) is increasing. (i) f (x)= sinx+tanx-2x, x (0, 7/2) => f"(x) =cosx + sec’ x-2 ascosx>cos*x, x € (0, 2/2) = f'(x) > cos?x + sec? x-2= (cosx—secx)? >0, x € (0, n/2) Hence f (x) is increasing in (0 , x/2) (iii) f «) =x + sinx, xeR => f'(x) =1+cosx= f'(x)20, as -1 cosx=-1=>x=(2n+1)n,nel => Zeros of f'(x) don't form an interval. Hence f(x) would be increasing for all real values of x. Mlustration 11. Investigate the behaviour of the following functions for monotonicity in the given intervals, @ f(x) = -sin? x + 3 sin?x + 5, x © [- 1/2, W/2]. (i) f(x) = sec x — cosec x, x € (0, n/2). FUTSEG Led,, FIITIEE House, 29-A, Kalu Saral, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -110 016, Ph 461 esa pein 180.036, (06000, 26569493, Fax 26513942RSM-1315-P4-MA- Application of Derivative Solution: (FQ) =~ sin?x 3 sin?x + 5, x € [-wl2, nl2] = 1"(x) =-3 sin?x. cos x + 6 sin x. cos x = 3 sin x cos x (2 ~ sin x). As cos x > 0 and 2—sinx > 0 Vx e (- 9/2, n/2) and sinx> 0x € (0, m2), sinx<0Vx « (- 1/2, 0) f"(x) > 0, x € (0, n/2) and f'(x)'< 0, x € (- 1/2, 0) = f (x)is increasing in (0, 1/2) and decreasing in (- n/2 , 0). (li) f (0) = seo x —cosec x , x ¢ (0, 1/2) = f(x) = sec x tan x + cosec x cotx > 0 Vx € (0, 2/2) Thus f (x) is increasing in (0, 1/2) Mustration 12, Show that 1 +.2¢In (x + Vx? +1)e Vine for all x >0. Solution: Let f (x)= 4 +xIn (x + Vx? +1)- Vi+x? Differentiating with respect to x, we get Joa Se] a ne? 41 er orf (9) = | SIE in| cs Se ot] - cs xt vx? 4d| vx? +1 a orf @)=In [x+Ve 41] ie. f(x)2 Oforxz 0 The function is increasing v x > 0 =f) 2F(0) 1 4xin (xt vit a)2 Vie? forx>0. +1 Mustration 13. Prove that 2 sin x + tan x > 3x, for x © [0, n/ 2). Solution: Let f (x) = 2 sin x + tan x ~ 3x f(x) = sec’ x + 2 cos x -3 Now, f"(x) = 2 sec’ x tan x 2 sin x sinx[sec® x-1] 2 0 Wx € [0, m/ 2) =f (x) is increasing function. Also (0) = 0 => f'(x) 2 0 which means f(x) is an increasing function. Now, since f (0) = 0 =fa)20 = 2sinx + tanx> 3x. ‘FIITJE€ Ltd, FIETIEE House,29-A, Kalu Saral, Sarvapriya Vihar, tar, New Delhi -110 016, Ph 46106000, 26569489, Fax 26513042 Website:REM-1315-P4-MA-Application of Derivative e . nich F(x) i Let f(x) = i Be SO i oreial eR Find the, intorvellin Whit Ie xtax?—x3,x>0" increasing. ere #(x) > 0. VX € (-3, 4). Find the] If h(x) =3 1 Sere x a) vx e(-3, 4), wl intervals of increase and decrease of h(x). : Show that the function f(x) = x + cosx - ais an increasing nets oe ee deduce that the equation x + cosx = a has no positive root for a < 7 an ag one positive root for a> 1. = a and also in the vicinity of the point x = a. Then, f(x) is said to n at x = ais greater than the value of the ) > fla +h) Let y = f(x) be a function defined at x = have a local maximum at x = a, if the value of the functio function at the neighbouring points of x = a. Mathematically, f(a) > f(a — h) and f(a where h > 0. Similarly, f(x) is said to have a local minimum at x = a, aa if the value of the function at x = ais less than the r t value of the function at the neighbouring points of x=a. Mathematically, f(a) < f(a —h) and f(a) < f(a + h) where h > 0. A local maximum or a local minimum is also called a local extremum. aaah ah a ath : Fig 6 Lood Noire Fg 7-Locd Mirra Test for Local Maximum / Minimum: We have two cases to consider: Test for Local Maximum/Minimum at x = a if f (x) is Differentiable at x = a: If f(x) is differentiable at x= a and if itis the critical point of the function (i.e. f'(a) = 0) then-we have the following three tests to decide whether f(x) has a local maximum or local minimum or neither at x = a. First Derivative Test: If f'(a) = 0 and f"(x) changes it’s sign while passing through the point x = a, then (i) f(x) would have a local maximum at x = a if f'(a—0) > Oandf'(a+0) < 0. It means that f'(x) should change it's sign from positive to negative. a if f\(a-0) 0. It means that f(x) would have local minimum at x £"(x) should change it’s sign from negative to positive. iii) If (x) doesn't change it's sign while passing through x = a, then f (x) would have neither a maximum nor minimum at x = a. (MAKE ted, FTTIEE Hour, 26-4, Kala Sort Sarvapriva Vb, Nam Delhi 110 016, Ph 46106000, 26569689, Fax 26519042Second Derivative Test: This test is basically the mathematical representation of the first derivative test. It simply says that, () If f"(@) = Oandf"(a) <0, then f (x) would have a local maximum at x = a. (ii) If f(a) =Oandf"(a) > 0, then f (x) would have a local minimum at x = a If f(a) = 0 and f"(a)=0, then this test fails and the existence of a local maximum/minimum at x = a is decided on the basis of the nth derivative test. n" Derivative Test: tis nothing but the general version of the second derivative test. It says that if, f(a) =f"(a) = f(a) = ....=f"(a)=0 andf™" (a) = 0 (all derivatives of the function up to order ‘n’ vanishes and (n + 1)th order derivative does not vanish at x = a), then f (x) would have a local maximum or minimum at x = a iff n is odd natural number and that x = a would be a point of local maxima if f"*’ (a) < 0 and would be a point of local minima if f °*" (a) > 0. It is clear that the last two tests are basically the mathematical representation of the first derivative test. But that shouldn't diminish the importance of these tests. Because at time it becomes very difficult to decide whether f'(x) changes it's sign or not while passing through point x = a, and the remaining tests may come handy in these type of situations. Test for Local Maximum/Minimum at x = a if f (x) is not Differentiable at x = a: Case 1:When f(x) is continuous at x = a and f'(a — h) and f'(a + h) exist and are non- zero, then f(x) has a local maximum or minimum at x = a if f'(a—h) and f'(a +h) are of opposite signs. If f*(a~h)> Oand "(a + h) < O then x = a will be a point of local maximum. If f"(@-h) <0 and f'(a +h) > 0 then x = a will be a point of local minimum. When f(x) is continuous and f'(a —h) and f'(a + h) exist but one of them is zero, then x = aiis point of neither maxima nor minima, Case Case 3: If f(x) is not continuous at x.= a and f'(a — h) andlor f'(a + h) are not finite, then compare the values of f(x) at the neighbouring points of x= a. Remark: = It is advisable to draw the graph of the function in the vicinity of the point x = a because the graph would give us the clear picture about the existence of local maximalminima at x= The following illustrations would make the above mentioned concepts clear; Mlustration 14. If f(x) = ‘ Solution: Analysing the graph of f(x) we get x = 0 is a point of minima. <0 a , investigate the function at x = 0 for maxima/minima. 2sinx x>0 FIITSEE Lt, FITTIEE House,29-A, Kalu Saral, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -110 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 Website : www filtjee.comRSM-1315-P4-MA-Application of Derivative 14 Teale y Alternately: 2x, x<0 f(x) ={non — diff, x=0. 2cosx, x>0 So x = Ois a critical point (0°) > 0.as well as f(0") > 0 and {(0) = Ohence a point of local minima. a i Note: We cannot say that change of sign of derivative helps to determine minima/ maxima iff &)is not differentiable at x = a. ee x<0 Example: Let f(x) = 15, x=0 2sinx, x>0 2x, x<0 "(x)= jnon-diff,- x =0 2cosx, x>0 Here also the derivative is changing sign in same manner but the point x = 0 is a point of maxima as {(0") < f(0) and f(0") < (0). Mlustration 15. Find the coordinate of the point on y’ = 8x which is closest from x’ + (y + 6)” = 1. Solution: Let Point on parabola y* = 8x be (20, 4a), centre of circle = (0, -6) Distance between centre of circle and point on parabola +(40+6)° S= y(20? D = 4a‘ +(4a +6)’ where D=s* =2 > = 16° +2(4a. +6).4 =0 20? + 4a +6=0=> 0° + 2a +3=0 a+ at o2-at 3a+3=0>(a%a +3) (a+1)=0>50 , Now, £2 = 480? + 8.4 = 48a? +32>0ata=-1 da’ = Dis minimum at a = -1. Point on parabola (2, -4) Mlustration 16. Let f(x) = { x8 x2 410x , X< a} . Investigate x = 0 for local ir init Sey ; 0 maxima/minima. Solution: Clearly f (x) is continuous at x = 0 but not differentiable at x = 0 as {(0) =f (0-0)=f(0+0)=0 ; e f(A a =£(O) 2 jig +H? = 10h-0 _ Lo oh oe = 40 re Sf), = jp, =2.800h = g Ooi ek Since f_(0)>0 and f, is <0, x= Ois the point of local maximum. FITIEE Li, FIFTIES House,29-, Kalu Sara, Sarvapriva Vihar, Hew Del ite : wwwfitjee.comRSM-1315-P4-MA- Application of Derivative Mustration 17. Spex 51 pet Let f (x) 4. Investigate x = 1 for the existence of a local maximum / minimum. Solution: yt apart als £0 £5 (1) = fim 42(1+h) ~3 al ' noo h o 1 x Figure clearly shows that x =1 is neither a point of maximum nor minimum. Let y = f(x) be a given function with domain D. Let [a, b] < D. Global maximum/minimum of f(x) in [a, b] is basically the greatest/least value of f(x) in [a, b]. Global maximum and minimum in [a, b] would always occur at critical points of f(x) within [a, b] or at the end points of the interval. Global Maximum / Minimum in [a, b]: In order to find the global maximum and minimum of f(x) in [a, b], find out all the critical points of f(x) in (@, b). Let ¢1, ca, ...., be the different critical points. Find the value of the function at these critical points. Let (C1), f(C2), ..- f(Cn) be the values of the function at critical points. Say, M= max {f(@), (Cs), f(Ca), .-» f(Cn),f(b)} and Mz= min {f(@), f(C1), f(a), «= f(Cn), f(b)}. Then M; is the greatest value of f(x) in [a, b] and Mz is the least value of f (x) in [a, b]. Global Maximum / Minimum in (a, b): Method for obtaining the greatest and least values of f(x) in (a, b) is almost same as the method used for obtaining the greatest and least values in [a, b], however with a caution. Let y = f (x) be a function and ¢;, Ca, .......¢n be the different critical points of the function in (a, b). Let Mx = max {f(C1), (C2), f(Cs) -+---» f(Cn)} ~ and Mz= min {f(c1), (C2), f(Cs) ----+ f(Ca)}. Now if Lim, f(x) > Mi or < Mz, f(x) would not have global maximum (or global minimum) in (orxb-0) (a,b). This means that if the limiting values at the end points are greater than M; or less than Mz, then £ (x) would not have global maximum/minimum in (a, b). On the other hand if M;> Lim. (x) and (endx=sb-0) Mz < Lim f(x), then M; and Mz would respectively be the global maximum and global minimum of (andx-sb-0) f(x) in (a, b). Mustration 18. Let f(x)=2x° -9x° + 12x + 6. Discuss the global maxima and minima of f(x) in [0, 2] and (1, 3). IMIG Ley FITIEE House 29-4 Kal Sara, Sarvapie ibr, Nen Delhi 110 016, Ph 4640600, 26560405 Fax 26515942 Website : wow.n of Derivative Solution. f(x) = 2x°- 9x? + 12x +6 =F") = 6x? — 18x + 12 = 67 — 3x + 2) = 6K - 1) —2)- First of all let us discuss (0, 2]. Clearly the critical point of f(x) in [0, 2]is x= 1. (0) = 6, f(1) = 11, f(2) = 10. iat orateee ‘Thes x =-0 46 the point of alobel minimum of f(x) in (0, 2] and x = 4 fe the point of games maximum. Now let us consider (1, 3). Clearly x = 2s the only critical point in (1, 3). (2) = 10. Lim f(x) = 14 and Lim fo) = 15. Thus x = 2s the point of global minimum in (1, 3) and the global maximum in (1, 3) does not exist. Mlustration 19. Use f (x) = x™ to determine the bigger of the two number e” and 7°. Solution: Now, f’ (x)> 0 ifxe so f (x) has maxima atx =e sof (e)> f(x) el >a = (eM > (n"" > et > a Discuss the global maxima/minima of following function in the given interval x? — 4x + 3| in 0, 5]. x4 — 2x? — 6x? + 6x +1 in [0, 2] ey = (1—x7)(1 +2x?) in [-1, 1] f(x) = sinx sin2x in (~~, «). Show that maximum or minimum of f(x) is a minimum or maximum of 1/f(x), where f(x) and 1/f(x) are well defined. Let f(x) = sin’x + 4 sin*x, x e (-1/2, 7/2). Find the values of parameter ‘i’ so that} f(x) has exactly one maximum and exactly one minimum. Prove that the least perimeter of an isosceles triangle in which a circle o} radius r can be inscribed is 6r/3 . Find the least perimeter of a cyclic quadrilateral in which a circle of radius r can be inscribed. ‘i : Find a point on the curve 4x’ + a’y’ = 4a’, 4 < a° < 8 that is farthest from the point (0, - 2). PUTIGE Lee. FIT "EE House,29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -110 016, Ph 46106000, 265694: Website : www-flitjee.com es ed Pe SARE IEARSM-1315-P4-MA- Application of Derivative {7 Application of Derivative in Determining the Nature of Roots of Cubic Polynomial Let f(x) = x° + ax” + bx + ¢ be the given cubic polynomial, and f(x) = 0 be the corresponding cubic equation, where a, b, ccR. Now, f' (x)= 3x? + 2ax +b Let D = 4a’ -12b = 4(a?— 3b) be the discriminant of the equation f" (x) =0. = IfD<0= f'(x)> 0x eR, That means f(x) y would be an increasing function of x. Also Oo 4 -¥=feite> 0 slim f(x) <0 and lim fe) >, thus the graph y=toyite<0 Of f(x) would look like the figure-8, It is clear that, graph of y = f(x) would cut the x-axis only once, That means we would have just one real root, (Say Xo). Clearly xo > Oif ¢< 0 and xo < Dif c> 0. = IfD>0, f'(x)=0 would have two real roots (Say X1 and Xo, let x; < x2) =" (%)= 3 (x x1) ( - x2) Figure 8. Graph of fx) Sign of f' (x) eee eee ea x X Clearly, f(x) < 0, x e(x1, x2) and f(x) > 0, x e(-20, x1) U(%2, «). That means f(x) would increase in (-», x:) and (x2, «) and would decrease in (X1, 2). Hence x = x; would be a point of local maxima and x = x2 would be a point of local minima, Thus the graph of y = f(x) could have these five possibilities: fx) >0, fix) >0 fx) <0, fha)<0 ffx) > 0, ffx) <0 x % Fig. 10—f(x) =0 with ‘one real root Fig. 11 -ffx)=0 with one real rot Fig. 12- f(x) = 0 with three roots Fig. 13 - f(x) =0 with three roots (x being repeated) (x being repeated) AAITAEE Ltd, FLITIEE House, 29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -110 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 Website : www: flitjee.comRSM_1315-P4-MA-Application of Clearly in fig (9) we have three real and distinct roots. In figures (10) and (11) we have just one real root and in figures (12) and (13) we have 3 real roots but one of them would be repeated. (i) If f(X1) f(x2) > 0, f(x) = 0 would have just one real root. (ii) If f(x:) f(%2) < 0, f(x) = 0 would have three real and distinct roots. (iti) 10x) f(x) = 0, f(x) = 0 would have three real roots but one of the roots would be repeated. = IfD=0, f'(x) =3 (xx)? where x; is the root of f' (x) = 0 Sf R)=K—x) +k. Now if k = 0, then f(x) = 0 has three equal real roots and if k 0 then f(x) = 0 has one real Toot. Mustration 20. Find all possible values of the parameter ‘a' so that x° - 3x + a = 0 has three real and distinct roots, Solution: Let fx) =x°-3x+a => £'(%) =3x?-3=3 K-1) (K+ 1). Clearly x = —1 is the point of maxima and x = 1 is the point of minima. Now, f(1)=a—2,f(-1)=a+2. The roots of f(x) = 0 would be real and distinct if (1) f(-1) < 0 = (a~2)(a+2)<0 => -2 Thus given equation would have real and distinct roots if a e(-2, 2). If a? — 3( b — |dl) <0 prove that function f(x) = x° + ax’ + bx + dsinx is an = increasing function in the set of real numbers R. Find the value of a such that x° —|a|x’ + 3x + 4 = 0 has only one real root. iis Sarai, Servapriva Vihar, Now Delhi! -140 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 FATAEE Howse 29-4, Kalu Saal Se geecom es Ltd,RSM-1315-P4-MA- Application of Derivative Es AsWESTORCs: Exercise. @ we @) a= Exercise 2. ( eal i 3 (i) (2,-1) (i) @ Exercise 3. @ (-2. 0) ufo 2) (i) h(x) is decreasing in 3 X2 = f(1) > f (x2). f (x) is increasing in [a , b] if f(x) > 0 Vx € (a, b). Non-Decreasing Function: f(x) is said to be non-decreasing in D1 if for every x1, X2 € D1, Xs > Xa => f(x;) 2 f (Xo). f (x) is non-decreasing in [a , b] if f(x) > 0 V x € (a, b). Decreasing Function: f(x) is said to be decreasing in D, if for every x1. X2 € D1, X1 > X2 = (x1) < f(a). f (x) is decreasing in fa, b] if f(x) <0 Vx < (a, b). Non-Increasing Function : f(x) is said to be non-increasing in D, if for every x;, X2 € D1, x1 > x2 = (K+) 0 v x < R then (x) <0 Vxe(-, 0) and f (x)20 V x<(0, co), iv) Iff()=O and f(x) <0 Vx eR then f(x) 2 0'v xe(-, 0) and f (x}<0 vx € (0, «), v) __ Afunetion is said to be monotonic if it’s elther increasing or decreasing, viy The points for which f(x) is equal to zero or doesn't exist are called critical points. Here it should also be noted that critical points are the interior points of an interval. vii) The stationary points are the points where f'(x) = 0 in the domain. Maxima and Minima ; Concept of Local Maximum and Local Minimum: Let y = f (x) be a function defined at x = a and also in the vicinity of the point x = a. Then, f (x) is said to have a local maximum at x = a, if the value of the function at x = a is greater than the value of.the function at the neighbouring points of x = a. Similarly f(x) is said to have a local minimum at x = a, if the value of the function at x = a is less than the value of the function at the neighbouring points of x = a. [29°A, Kalu Sarai; Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi TITIES, FTE House erie iar, New Deh! “110 O16, Ph 46106000, 26569499, Fax 26513042al RSM-1315-P4-MA~ Application of Derivative 4 a = — a 7 Test for Local Maximum/ Minimum A) _ Test for Local Maximum/Minimum at x = a if f(x) is Differentiable at x = a: If f(x) is differentiable at x = a and if i al point of the function, If (a) = 0 and f(x) changes it's sign while passing through the point x = a, then ()___(%) would have a local maximum at x = a if f(a — 0) > 0 and f(a + 0) <0. It means that f(x) should change it’s sign from positive to negative, : (ii) f(%) would have local minimum at x = a if f(a — 0) < 0 and f(a + 0) > 0. It means that "() should change it's sign from negative to positive. (iii) If () doesn't change it's sign while passing through x = a, then f(x) would have neither a maximum nor minimum at Second order derivative test for maxima and minima Let f(x) be a differentiable function on an interval |. Leta < | and f"(x) is continuous at x = a. Then () X= ais a point of local maximum if f(a) = 0 and f(a) <0. (i) x=ais.a point of local minimum if f(a) = 0 and f"(a) > 0. (iti) If f'(@) = f(a) = 0 and f(a) + 0, if exists then x = a is neither a point of local maximum nor a Point of local minimum B) Test for Local Maximum/Minimum at x = a if f(x) is not Differentiable at x = Case: When f(x) is continuous at x = a and f'(a - h) and f(a + h) exist and are non-zero, then f(x) has a local maximum or minimum at x = aif f(a - h) and f(a +h) are of opposite signs. If f(a - h) > 0 and f(a + h) <0 then x = awill be a point of local maximum. If f(a - h) <0 and f(a + h) > 0 then x = a will be a point of local minimum Case Il: When f(x) is continuous and fa - h) and f(a + h) exist but one of them is zero, we should infer the information about the existence of local maximum / minimum from the. basic definition of local maximum / minimum. Case Ill: If f(x) is not continuous at x = a and f'(a — h) and/or f(a + h) are not finite, then compare the values of f (x) at the neighbouring points of x = a. Concept of Global Maximum/Minimum Let y = f(x) be a given function with domain D. Let [a, b] < D. Global maximum/minimum of f(x) in [a, b] is basically the greatest/least value of f(x) in [a, b]. Global maximum and minimum in [a, b] would always occur at critical points of f(x) within [a, b] or at the end points of the interval. Rolle’s Theorem: It states that if y = f (x) be a given function and satisfies following conditions ‘© f(x) be continuous in [a , b] é ‘© f(x) be differentiable in (a, b) » f(a) =f(b),, then f'(c) = 0 at least once for some c < (a, b) Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem: It says that ify = f(x) be a given function which is; © Continuous in [a, b] Differentiable in (a, b), then f'(c) = forte at least once for some ¢ (a, 6). A |, FEFTIEE House,29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -110 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 THEE te. ‘House; ° th22 RSM-1315-P4-MA-Application of Derivative Z sors SDC LL eo Problem 1. Prove that sinx + 2x > 2X 0+1) yye [o 5| _ (Justify the inequality if any used). Solution: Let f (x) = 3x? + (3 — 2n) x- x sinx fo=o.r(2) =-ve f(x) = 6x +3 - 2n- nm cos x "(x)= 6+ xsinx>0 = f' (x) is increasing function in [o 5| = there is no local maxima of f(x) in [> | = graph of f(x) always lies below the x-axis in [o | = f(x) sinx + 2x> 3x(x +1) eee Problem 2. = 2 Find the co-ordinates of the points on the curve y = > = , © 0 such that tangent at these 4 point(s) have the greatest slope. Solution: a eH yale dy slope(s) = ag 2 ruts'4-MA- Application of Derivative RSM1315-P. PE a ‘ then max. at x= —\ and y=- 1 5 Hence point is (a 4) \s" 2) Problem 3. Prove that there exist exactly two non-similar isosceles triangles ABC such that tanA + tanB + tanC = 100. Solution: Let A = B, then 2A + C = 180° and 2tanA + tanC = 100 Now 2A + C = 180° => tan2A = -tanC .. (1) Also 2tand + tanC = 100 => 2tanA - 100 = -tanC i, SA From (1) & (2) 2 tanA - 100 = —2tanA_ 1-tan? A Let tanA = x, then => x°- 50x? + 50 = 0 Let f(x) = x® - 50x? + 50. Then f(x) = 3x2 - 100x. Thus f'(x) = 0 has roots 0, 2 Also 104 100 aoe has exactly three distinct real roots. Therefore tanA and hence A has three distinct values, But one of them will be obtuse angle. Hence there exists exactly two non similar isosceles ) <0. Thus f(x) = 0 triangles. Problem 4. Let A(p?, - p), B(q’, a), C(7, - 1) be the vertices of a triangle ABC. A parallelogram AFDE is drawn with D, E and.F on the line segments BC, CA and AB respectively. Show that the veil x maximum area of the parallelogram is: 4 +q)(q+r)(p—r), given p>r. Solution: AQ@’,-p) Let AF = XAB, AE = HAC Area of parallelogram = AF.AE sinA In similar A’s ABC and FBD, - bs [SED IDS aa, AB BC AC Area =) pAB. AC sinA. 2(1-2)AB.AC sinA i is 1/2 (vertex of parabola a : te when 2. is 1/2 (\ pe ao a ee => 1 =2= 1/2 i.e. F and E are mid points of AB and AC respectively. tdi, FIITIEE House,29-A, Kalu Saral, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -110 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 Website : www.fiitfee.comRSM-1315-P4-MA-Application of Derivative 24 = Arena = TABACSINA 1 oe = pArea of A ABC a4 =p bral +e— 1) 1 Problem 5. Find the shortest distance between the curves 9x? + 97’ 30y + 16= Oand y’= x" Solution: 9x? + 8y?— 30y + 16 = 0 can be rewritten as x? + (v- Any point on the curve y? = x* can be taken as (t?, ). Let | be the distance between the centre of the given circle and the point (0,8), then =P =t8+ (8 -5/3)%. Now, we calculate the minimum value of |, required distance = | — radius of given circle. Now, ante +(e-8). 3 =0 for petra) or minimum, t= 0 or 1. Now, £t of ae = 12t? + 30t*- 20t cits at? hao aL : But, ab], 70 > Teves neither maxima nor minima at t = 0 ho Also, ot > Oatt= 1 => Lis minimum att =1. So, shortest distance = (value of | at t = 1) - (radius of the circle) = Problem 6. Find @ polynomial f(x) of degree § which increases in the interval (-<, 2] and [6, -e) and decreases in the interval [2, 6]. Given that (0) = 3 and f(4) = 0. Solution: The wavy san of derivative will be like = F(X) K(x 2) (x 4) 6) and k> 0 fx) = kf(e = 8x +12)(x? ~8x+16}ix =k | (x* — 16x? +64x? + 28(x? ~Bx) +192) ax 5 3 - (Eom 92% ~112x? 119% 5 3 Now as f(0) = 3, EE Howse 29-A, Kall Sra Sareapripa Vihar, Naw DlN 0 O16 Ph 40106 ; purses Led, FIT re 6, 5000, 26569493, Fax 26513942RSM_1315-P4-MA- Application of Derivative 25 s 92 woo=is 4x4 Pte 100, k>o0 Problem 7. Find the values of a, if the equation x - sinx = a has unique root in [ Solution: Let f(x) = x — sinx a, clearly f(x) strictly increases in ( Now (-3)--Et-a and (3) 2 2 2 The curve y = f(x) will cuts the x-axis exactly once i.e. ‘(-3) <0 and (3) 20 >ae [1-5 z.4), 2 Problem 8. Let a + b= 4, where a < 2, and let g(x) be a differentiable function. If a > 0 for all x, prove ix 2 ® that fox Jax + Jacx ‘Jdx_ increases as (b — a) increases. 0 ° Solution: Let b-a=t given a+b=4 t soar2-t,b=2+ 2 2 ; , Let ft) = a(xjdx + fa(xjsx 3 4 5 Er f= f a(xpx+ f o(x)ax 0 0 moeae-slca} eal) #0) = 5(alb)-9(@)) since 220 forall x, so g(x)is increasing since b>a dx g(b) > g(a) 4 é a _ ‘ ; Hence, f(t) > 0 = f(t) increasing as t increases i.e. f(t) increases as (b — a) increases. Problem 9. be-be+b-1 “ Lettay=| ~~ *peeape2 °5*<" Find al! possible real values of b such that pee 15x<3 f(x) has the smallest value at x = 1. Vihar, New Delhi -140 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 FUTSEE Lea., FITTZEE House, 29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Website : www fiitjee.comRSM-1315-P4-MA-Application of Derivative Solution: Atx=1, f(x) =-1 => Smallest value of f(x) = -1 => at all other points of the interval, f(x) > -1 Now, for x > 4, f(x) = 2x —3 => f(x) = 2> 0= f(x) is an increasing function => least value exists at x = 1 Again, for x < 1, F(x) = 3x” < 0 = f(x) is decreasing function in the interval 0 =x < 1. Therefore, f(x) is smallest at x =1 provided biabi+b-1, 4 (1-0) = lim —(1—h)° pat te) b?+3b+2 ee Ge) ee (eee (b¥1)(b+2) > > (b+1)(b+2) (b-1) ea os fesse ene positive } =>be(-2,-1)U[1, «). Problem 10. Find all the possible values of the parameter ‘a’ so that the function, f(x) = x°- 3 (7 -a) x°- 3 (9- a) x+ 2, has a negative point of local minimum. Solution: f(x) = x? — 3(7-a) x°— 3(9 - a’) +2 f(x) = 3x? — 6(7-a) x — 3(9-a”) For distinct real roots D > 0 36(7 — a)* +4x3x3 (9 -a*) > 0 = 49 +a’-14a+9-a’>0 29 ae 14a<58>a 7 For local minima f"(x) = 6x -6(7-a)>0 +x-7+a>0 7-a7-a<0=>a>7 29 Thus, by contradiction i.e. for eal roots a < — and for negative point of local minimum a> 7. No possible value of a. Vihar, Mew Delhi -110 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 www filfjee.com '29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya FUTSEE Ltd, FLITIEE House,P4-MA- Application of Derivative Objective Problem 1. 4 at tits) = [Ee x> 0,21 then (A) f(x) is an increasing function (B) f(x) has a minima at x = 1 (C) f(x) is a decreasing function (D) f(x) has a maxima at x Solution: dt foo = ft OO Lint For increasing or decreasing function, pete il fans xe “me (using Leibnitz formula) Seah g, ees) sign of f(x) + — ee 0 fl Since f (x) > Ofor x > 0, x#1 hence {(x)is increasing function. Hence (A) is correct. Problem 2. f: [1, @) > R:: f(x) is @ monotonic and differentiable function and (1) = 1, then number of solutions of the equation f (f(x)) = 1 — is/are x7 =2x+2 (A)2 (B)1 (C) infinite (D) zero Solution: 9 (x) =F (FO) gO (X)=F F )) fF (> 0 G(I)=F (1) =F(1)=1 g(x)=1 Se ass (x= +1 Hence (B) is correct. Problem 3. : 5 cugesa ‘Number of points of maxima, minima and non-differentiability of f(x) = |x?- 4lx\| is respectively (A) 2, 3,2 (B) 3,3, 2 (C233 (D) 3, 2,3 Solution: Graph of function is Clearly 2, 3, 3. 4,0) (4,0) FIITSEE Led,, FIETIEE House,29-A, Kalu Saral, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi 110 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 Website : www.fitjee.comis RSM-1315-P4-MA-Application of Derivative 28 iin — ~ a Problem 4. The number of critical points of f (x) = max ( sin x, cos x) forx «(0,2 a) (A)2 (B)5 (0)3 (D) none of these Solution: y Clearly A, B and C are the critical points. f(x) = max (sin, 608 x) Hence (C) is correct. Problem 5. 2 The function f (x) = *=9X+2 jg x? 42x-3 (A) max, atx =-3 (B) min. at x= -3 and max. at x= 1 (C) increasing in its domain (D) none of these. Solution: f(x) = X2=3x4+2 _ (x=-1)(x -2) X42K-3 (x—1)(+3) = X22 ag 13 df _ (x+3)—(x-2) dx (x+3)) 22, Oem (+3) Clearly f (x) is increasing in its domain. Hence (C) is correct. Problem 6. tesinx, x<0 7 Cee Ve 0 (A) fhas a local maximum at x = 0 (B) fhas a local minimum at x = 0 (C) fis increasing every where (D) fis decreasing everywhere Solution: fis continuous at ‘0’ and f(0-) > 0 and’ (0+) <0. Thus f has a local maximum at ‘0’. Hence (A) is correct. Problem 7. a : Least natural number ‘a’ for which x + ax” > 2V xE(0, ais (at (B)2 (0)5 (D) none of these io a tats Sarl Sarvnpiya Vihar, Navi Deh 120 016, Ph 46L0G000, 26569009, Fax 26519962 aoe ile a ‘Website : www.flitjee.com FUITIEE Led,Solution: Let f(x) = x + ax? f(x) = 1 -2ax® = 0 = x = (2a) ry) = a #0) = 6ax" > 0 Vx © (0,0) (asa is a natural number) 0 x= ( 2a)" is a point of global minima Thus (2a)? +a(2a)"> 2 = a> 32 27 = a22.As‘a' is a natural number. Alternative solution X+ax?>2>x°- 27 +a>0 Let f(x) = x°- 2x? + a. Since f(x) >0 Wx € (0,0) min f(x)>0 For minimum f(x), f(x) = 3x*- 4x => x=0, 4/3 13 {(4/3)>0 > ae . Hence (B) is correct. Problem 8. The number of solutions of the equation x* +2x’ +5x + 2cosx = 0 in [0, 2n] is (A)o (B)1 (C2 (0)3 Solution: Let f(x) =x° + 2x° + 5x +2 cosx f(x) = 3x2 44x +5—2sinx=3 (x+3) +4 -2sinx Now asin >0 vx (as -1 0 x = f(x) is an increasing function. Now (0) =2=> f(x) = 0 has no solution in [ 0, 2n] . Hence (A) is correct Problem 9. Solution: Let N be any four digit number say x1 X2 X2 Xs. Then maximum value of pie Neo Xy + Xp + Xo +X equal to 6) 1111 (A) 1000 P (C) 800 (D) none of these ‘ (900x, +990x, + 999x,) N 400K, +100%, +10%5 +4 = 4999 _ i (4 #% +X) Xj +X_ +Xq +Xq Xj Xp +Xq +X, = 1000. N => maximum value of ———~——— es X, +X_ +Xq +Xq Hence (A) is correct. Za, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapeiya Vihar, New Delhi -110 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 ‘com nes egies Website : www flitjee.15-P4-MA-Application of Derivative 30 Problem 10. -1|4+a, x<1 Let fx = {IX-114® *<1 iy pas a focal minima at x = 1, then 2x43 x21 (A)azs (B)a>5 (C)a>0 (D) none of these Solution: fx)=1-x+a, x<4 =2x+3, x21 Local minimum value of f(x) at x = 4, will be 5 ie. 1-x+a25 atx=1 or, a25. Hence (A) is correct. Problem 11. (x) Is cubic polynomial which has local maximum at x = ~ 1. If f(2) = 18, f(1) = —4 and F(%) has local minima at x = 0, then (A) the distance between (-1, 2) and (a, f(a)), where x = a is the point of local minima is 2/3 (B) f(x) is increasing for x ¢ [1, 25] (C) f(x) has local minima at x= 1 (D) the value of f(0) =5 Solution: The required polynomial which satisfy the condition is f(x) = ; (19x° — 57x + 34) i f(x) has local maximum at x = ~1 and local minimum atx=1 Hence f(x) is increasing for x < [1,2V5]. Hence (B) and (C) are correct. Problem 12. If f(x) =|4x—X - 3] when x © [0, 4] then (A) x = 0 is a global maximum (B) x = 4 is a global maximum (C) x = 2s a local maximum (0) x= 1 and 3 are global minimum Solution: Clearly, x = 1, 3 are the points of global minimum (values being equal) and x = 0, 4 are the points of global maximum (values being equal) and x = 2 is a local maximum. Hence (A), (B), (C) and (D) are correct. Fig. 26 — Graph of y= jx?-4x+3} Problem 13. If f(x) = (sin’x -1)” (2+ cos*x), then x= w2is a point of (A) local maximum, if nis odd (B) local minimum, if nis odd (C) local maximum, if nis even (D) local minimum, if n is even PIITDGE Led, FITTIEE House,29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 Website : www flltjee.com34 RSM-1315-P4-MA- Application of Derivative Solution: Ifx= ais the point of local extremum of y=f(x), then f(a -h)f(a +h) > 0 => {( wi2=n). {( n/2+h) > 0 (1) f( ni2-h) = (- ve)" A {( nl2 +h) =(-ve)" Bate) f(ni2) = 0 (3) = f( nl2 —h)4(n/2 +h) = (-ve "> 0 =n can be odd or even. So from (1),(2) and (3),if n is odd or even maxima or mimima occurs ac Henee (A), (D) are correct. Read the following writeup carefully: cordingly . 2 Consider the function : (2, «o) + (-0, 2) defined by f(x)=2,—*"; 0 R and f(x) is differentiable function such that all its successive derivatives exists f'(x) can be zero at discrete points only and f(x) -f"(x) 0 (C) f(a +h) -f'(a—h) <0 (D) f(a +h) -fa—h) > 0 Solution: Since (x) is a differentiable function will all existing successive derivatives hence, there will be no corner point in the graph. Ka Moreover, f(x) f"(x) 0 i.e. if f(x) is negative it is concave up or f(x) > 0 and f"(x) < 0 i.e. if f(x) is positive it is concave down. Hence, the possible native of the function can be shown in the graph. Hence option (B) is the correct answer. Problem 18. If @, Bare the two consecutive roots of f(x) = 0, then (A) f(r) = 0, where r < (a, A) (B) f(r) = 0, where r € (a, B) (C) Fr) = 0, where r = (a, f) (D) fr) = 0, where r © (a, f) Solution: ‘Again according to the graph of the given function, since f(a) = 0 =. x= ais the point of inflexion = f(r) = 0 where r © (a, B). Problem 19. : if a, B are the real roots of the equation x + bx + ¢ = 0 and ay, fy are the real roots of + bX 67 =0. eA bk ch i is increasing in (a, By). XP + DX+ Cy Statement —1: because Statement—2: It is given that ay < a < Br 0 then the value of F(x)-F(x?) | x90 FO)=F(0) Solution: f(x) is strictly increasing function and f"(x) > 0 => 1x) > 0 V x © domain of f(x) fn £0=F02) _ | £00) -f(0) + (0) F002) © Sb FGO=100) 5 fO)=f0) S| 8 FOO: Problem 21. If f(x) = (a? - 3a + (cos? (3) =sin? @) +(a—1)x+cos1 does not posses critical point then the number of integral values of ‘a’ are Solution: f(%) = 4 (@t-sa+ 2nin() +(a-1)#0 e-0 oe #0 = ae (0; 1)U(1, 4) = integral values of a= 2, 3. Problem 22. i . if the equation x? — 3x + |3x— al <0 is to be satisfied by atleast one x > 0, then let M be the interval of values of a needed, then integral part of length of Mis Solution: Graph of x - 3x is x°-3x<-|3x-al Now for the above condition to hold true. Slope of (x? - 3x), y,) = 3xt -3 3x7 -3=43,x1>0 = x1=0, x= v2 => y4=0,yr= (v2) -3v2=-V2 — [3x —alis an inverted ‘V’ shape ITbGa Lea FIRES House A6-A, Rata Sorat Servopriva Vihar, Now Dehi-140 O16, Ph AS10600, 6569495, Fax 16513062 Website : www.fiitjee.com aRSM-1315-P4-MA-Application of Derivative 34 The points of intersection of - [3x ~ al with a3 3x as shown in figure above is (0, 0) and (v2, - v2). For point of intersection to be (0, 0), a=0 For point of intersection to be (v2 ,-V2) a=4V2 =0sa<42 [0, 4/2 ism [Length] = [4 V2 ]=5. Problem 23. IFf(x) = x2 + ax’ + bx + c= 0 has three distinct integral roots and (x°+2x + 2)? + a(x’ + 2x + 2)° + B(x! + 2x + 2) + c= 0 has no real roots then Column =1 Column = A) eS (p) 0 (be @ 2 oa () 3 (D) if the roots of f(x) =k are equal then k= (s) ae (y it Solution: @ () (@ (c) (pr) () (s) x" + ax’ + bx + c= 0 has three distinct integral roots and (f(x)? + alfa)? + b(f(x)) + c = 0 has no real roots, where f(x) = x? + 2x + 2. Let the roots of x* + ax’ + bx + c = 0 be x; > x2 > xs respectively. Since f(x) can take all values from [1, <0) =>x1<50 =%2<-1 =>X3S-2 => a=— (Xr +X2+%3)23 b= X1X2 + XoXa + XoX1 => b22and (x1 X2 Xs) > 620 roots of f(x) = k are equal = 3x’ + 2ax + b —k = 0 has equal roots 2 = a?=3b-K)=>k=b-5=2-3=1. Ted, FITIEE House,25-A, Kalu Sara, Sarvopriya Vihar, N zi rd iwiifa Vina, Mew Delhi 120 016, Ph 46106000, 26560493, Fax 26513042RSM-1915-P4-MA_ Application of Derivative : 35 AssicnNeNTPROENS SUC EL a Level-I \_4,— Find the equation of normal to the curve y = (1 + x)/+ sin“(sin’x) at x = 0. 2 A point P is given on the circumference of circle of radius r. The chord QR is parallel to the tangent line at P. Find the maximum area of the triangle POR. 3. Find the equations of the tangent drawn to the curve y* — 2x’ - 4y + 8 = 0 from the point (1, 2). (i). Show that the normal to the curve 5x° — 10x° + x + 2y + 6 = 0 at P(0, -3) meets the curve again at two points. Find the equations of the tangents to the curve at these points. (i). Find the length of the normal at ‘t' on the curve x = a(t+ sint), y = a(1 — cost). 5. Prove that @). — sin?@<@sin(sin®) for 0<0 (i). cos(sinx) > sin(cosx), 0 1,| sin @) . a 1 8 me 8. Find the largest term in the sequence, 77. 375: 387° gag: prove that oe > P(x) for all x21 then prove that P(x)> 0 forall x>1. x 9 If P(1)=Oand 10(i). Find the interval in which the function f(x) = sin(Inx) — cos(Inx) is strictly increasing. (ji). For what values of ‘a’ the point of local minima of f(x) = x° - 3ax* + 3(a - 1)x + 1 is less than 4 and point of local maxima is greater than -2.36 RSM-1315-P4-MA-Application of Derivative Fill in the Blanks (11 - 15): an a2. 13. 14. 15. sin x |+| cos x|] and x?+ y*= 5 where [.] denotes the The angle of intersection of curves, y greatest integer function, is Consider the circle; x? + y? = 9. Let P be any point lying on the positive x-axis. Tangents are ‘drawn from this point to the given circle, meeting the Y-axis at P; and Pz respectively. Then the coordinates of point 'P’ so that the area of the APP;P2 is minimum is x x42 x22 Then the values of b, for which f(x) has least value at x = 2,is___—____ ine 2 tw! x? +logy;2(b*-4b+3);0sx<2 In an ellipse, the distance of the normal from the centre does not exceed the difference between the magnitude of Let g(x) =2 (3) +f (2—x) and f"(x)<0 Wx € (0, 2): Then g(x) is increasing in the interval FIITSE€ Led, FITTIEE House,29-A, Kalu Saral, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -110 O16, Ph 464 ~ ei Viner, New Delbl-110 016, Ph 46106000, 26560493, Fax 26513942-1315-P4-MA~ Application of Derivative RSM-1315-P. Application of Derivative ES Level-Il 4, What normal to the curve y = x? forms the shortest chord. ali). ee pee corner of a leaf in a book is folded over so as to reach the inner edge of the page, show that the fraction of width folded over when the area of the folded part is minimum is 2/3. (ii), Atangent is drawn to the curve x?(x —y) + a? (x + y) = 0 at the origin. Find the angle it makes with the x-axis. 3. Find a point on the curve x? + 2y? = 6 whose distance from the line x + y= 7, is minimum. 4(j). Let 1 < p< 1. Show that the equation 4x° — 3x — p = 0 has a unique root in the interval [1/2, 1] and identity it. (i). Let (%), x > 0, be a nonnegative continuous function, and let F(x) =f(x) = (4a—3)(x +1og5)+2(a =Teot 5 sin? es x20. If for some c > 0, f(x) < cF (x) for all x2 0, then show that f (x) = 0 for all x > 0. 5. Determine the equation of the ellipse such that it has the least area but contains the circle (x 1)? + y*=41 ‘ ae x+a)(x+b F 6. Find the maximum and minimum value of aes where a and b are positive 7. Show that (a u J (4-3x2) has just one maximum and the minimum and that the a Bpeae difference between them mG -4) : 8. Discuss the maxima and minima of the function (x — a)’ (x — b)", where p and q are positive integers. . _A-cubic function f(x) vanishes at x = -2 and has relative minimum/ maximum at x = — 1 and 1 x2 118.1 [ (x) d= * find the cubic function f(x). 4 40, If functions f (x) and g (x) are continuous in [a, b) and differentiable in (a, b), show that there f(a) f(b)} lata) 9(b)) f(a) f(c)| Pata) a(e) will be at least one point c, a< ¢ 9 y (0) = fis non-negative and continuous ¥ x © C and f(0) x > 0, then find the range of the values of *- 5 _5t? —20t+7 } |tle2 A function y = f(x) is defined parametrically a5, ye4t- 3t? -18t+3 Find the maximum and minimum values of the function. 4") > 0 Wx e(a, b) then prove that there is at If f(x) and f"(x) are continuous in (a, b) and f(x; nea most one root e (a, b) of either of the equations f(x) = 0, f(x) = 0- If {(%) is a twice differentiable function such that f(a) = 0, f(b) = 2, fle) = — 1, fd) = 2, , where ao (Cc) 1- Fee (D) None of these Ifthe curves ax’ + by?= 1 anda; x’ +b, y= 1 interes orthogonally then ‘ial ed al B a @ see by aa ee b, 4404 A ae (D) none of these ee ace ) a FUITNGE Led, FLITIEE House,29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -110 016, Ph 46106000, 26569499, tea, ‘House, ier Messina 1000, 26569493, Fax 26513942RSM-1315-P4-MA-Application of Derivative As. 13. 48. IF £' (x) exists for all xeR and g(x) = The range of f(x) = sin”*(|sinx| + |cosx|) + cos “(-[cosx| — |sinx]) is 3x) ] {=} @[03| (©)(0) (©) al The function f is a differentiable function and satisfies the functional equation f(«) + f(y) = fx + y) —xy ~ tfor every pair x, y of real numbers. If f(1) = 1, then the number of integers n # 1 for which f(n) = nis (Ayo (B)1 (c)2 (D)3 Let f(x) = x- sinx and g(x) = x- tanx where xe (0, 1/2). Then for these values of x; (A) f(x). g()>0 (B) f(x) g(x) <0 5 (D) none of these 0) If f (x) =x? + bx? + ox + d and 0 0), x lies in the interval (B) (~~, -a] U0, a] (A) [a, 2a] (D) None of these (C) (-a, 0) Let f(x) = bet] + -2] + eS + f-4] Vx e R. Then (A) x= 2s the point of local minima (B) x= 3is the point of local minima (C) x= 1s the point of local minima (D) none of these “if a, b are real numbers such that x? ax’ +bx—6 =0 has its roots real and positive th minimum value of b is (a4 (c) 3(36)"" (B)2 (D) None of these (x) — (fx) + (F))" Vx ER, then (A) g(x) is increasing whenever fis increasing (B) g(x) is increasing whenever 'f is decreasing (C) a(x) is decreasing whenever ‘fis increasing (D) none of these a ________ {€ Led. FLTTIEE House 29-A, Kalu Saral, Sarvapriya 110 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 HITERSM-1315-P4-MA- Application of Derivative 4 p-1315-PAN atlor tive 1 6. oe of the angle of intersection of curves y = 3" logx and y eV6 (B) 1/2 (c) (0) 1/3, 2 20s oe eauenon 8x" — ax” + bx —1 = 0 has three real roots in G.P. If 4; Rand g: R > R are two functions such that (x) + f"(x) = — q x eR then the function f(x) + (F(x))? has SSIs 8a Solent oe) 20y (A) a maxima at x = 0 (B) a minima at x = (C) a point of inflexion at x = 0 (D) none thes If f(x) = x? + 2V2 ox + b? and g(x) = relation between b and c is (A) no real value of b and c (o[p|v2 = 2 2cx +b? such that min f(x) > max g(x), then the FIITNEE Led, FIITIEE House,29-A, Kalu Sarai,RSM-1315-P4-MA~ Application of Derivative ae z ‘ - 43 ido eat 3. A function g(0) = 3 (0) J foddx + | 0xdx is defined in the interval( } increasing function, then g(6) is increasing in the interval (-3.0) oe Aoi ~ 39,0) = gag Xe(O. w/2), then ~fA) f(x) has exactly one point of maxima I (B) f(x) has exactly one point of minima s-ts(C) f(X) is increasing in (0, 1/2) at es cies S 3). where 10) is an 49, The function f(x) = min, Vinx? i ~1 b;, then x-coordinate of point of minima is lesser than x-coordinate of point of maxima (A) Statement -1 is True, Statement -2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1 (B) Statement -1 is True, Statement -2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for ‘Statement-1 (C) Statement -1 is True, Statement -2 is False (D) Statement -1 is False, Statement -2 is True ‘Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -110 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 FIITIEE House 29-A, Kalu Sarai, pees ate er Website : www. flitjee.com OSSasM-1315-P4-MA- Application of Derivative : ae 45, Level- It Let f(x) = ax° + bx’ + ox + 1 have extrema at x = a, fi such that af Oy 0 _(B) one negative root f(a)>0 & f(h}<0 6 C 2.) A tangent drawn to the curve y = f(x) at P(x, y) cuts the x-axis and y-axi iz respectively such that BP : AP = 3: 4, given that ye Minne eee eee : d z (A) equation of curve is oD =3y=0 (B) normal at (1, 1)isx + 3y=4 (C) curve passes through (2, 1/8) (D) equation of curve is, xe ay=0 ix The function f(x) =x2 + has a x (A) minimum at x = 2 if 2 = 16 (B) maximum at x = 2 if 2 = 16 (C) maximum for no real value of 1. (D) point of inflection at x= 4 if = —1 Let f(x) = (x- 4)*. (x - 2)", n € N. Then f(x) has (A) a maximum at x= 1 if nis odd (B) a maximum atx = 1 if nis even (C) a minimum at x = 2 ifnis even _{D) a maximum at x = 2 if nis odd A i pa (A) foe) is increasing function 1 Let f(x)= , 1 OVX ER * (x) has no solution £1 (x) has at least a real solution. 7 ff RR, foo (A) (ffx) =x) "(x) <0.'V x eR (©) If (00) —x) F"(x) > 0 then fx (D) If (f(x) x) "00 > 0, then f(x Let f(x) =x°- 6x" + 15x +3. Then ©) (A){(%)> Oforallx eR (B) f(x) > f(x + 1) does not hold for any real x (C) f(x) is invertible ae 9. Let f(x) = agx® + ax’ + ax? + axx’ + ayx, where ai Then (A) f(x) = 0 has a root a Si (C) f(x) = 0 has at least two real roots _-(D) f(x) is a one-one function 's are real and f(x) = 0 has a positive root ao. uch that 0 << ap (B) f(x) = 0 has at least one real root (0) cannot Say FiTs€G Lad, FLFTIPE House 20-8, Kalu Sarl, Sarvapria Vihar, New Delhi 110 036, Ph 46406000, 26569493, Fox 26513942 Website : www-flitjee.comin the interval sor ee f(x) = tan-*x -x decreases i! Frets Sim p09 ~ 1 For x > 1, y=logx — (x ~ 1) satisfies the inequality Re mayx-1>y oa a (y>x-1 Ole 42, Which of the following statements are true where onisa polynomial os : ot of (x) + 24) = 0 (A) between any two roots $(x) = 0 lies atleast one O ee (B) between any two roots (x) = 0 lies atleast one root of x91) + 400 ee (C) between any two roots (x) = 0 (7 + 1) “ = (D) between any two roots $(x) (x) + x(x) = lies atleast one root of lies atleast one root of + 43 The function f(x) = 2log(x - 2)- x? + 4x + 1 increases in the interval (A) (1, 2) (B) (2, 3) +0 (3.3) oe) x8 4x7 10x 15 x<0. 14, Let f(x) =} sinx 0 () local minima at x = > -(C) absolute maxima at x = 0 (D) absolute maxima at x = A 2 AB. > If the point on y = x tana — eae > 0) where the tangent is parallel to y = x has an 2 ordinate a , then sin ois equal to a v3 8 A> e = 1 1 (C)5 )-5 The critical points of the function f(x) = (x ~ 2)°° (2x + 1) are 1 —s (A) -1 and 2 (B)1 (C) 1 and -1/2 (D) 1 and 2 _47-~ The function (x)= 7 ~ sinex + Bin [-2, 2 takes the value a (At (B) 7/3, (c)6 (0)3 ‘Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -110 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 wwew.fltjee.com FIITIEE Led, FLITIEE House,29-A, Kalu Sarai, Website. EEE llsm-1315-P4-MA- Application of Derivative 47 4g, _ Aninterval of increase of the function y = x ~ 2sinx if 0 0 and F(x) exists, then 104) + 100) +f") (SP) is 3 es Number of elements in range of [sin” x —tan'“x]is Comprehension : zea ES aaa SS PE ET PERT Comprehension - | Read the following comprehension carefully: Isogonal Trajectories: Suppose we have a one-parameter family of curves 4 (x, y, ¢) = 0. Lines intersecting all the curves of the given family at a constant angle are called Isogonal Trajectories. If this angle is a right angle, they are orthogonal trajectories. Let the trajectories cut the curve of a given family at an angle a, where tan a = k. The slope ®- tang of the tangent to a member of the family and the slope Se 0), consists of two summands, one summand is 5. roportional to the independent variable x, the other inversely proportional to it. Then the feast value of function is at x is equal to (A)vab (B) fe Va 5 5 c),|2 jl Ove (D) i 6. The least value of the function f(x) = are tanx—Inx on ( lis — 2 Ieee (A) § 40.25 nd (8) 5-025 ind x (C) Z-0.25 ns 2 ( oF (0) 71025 Ind Comprehension - II Read the following writeup carefully: If f(x) is @ differentiable function wherever itis continuous and (cs) = F(c2) = 0, fer) . (ea) < f(c1) = 51 f{c2) = 0 and (c; <2). Now answer the following questions based on the above comprehension: f(cx) — f"(c2) > 0, then minimum number of roots of aa If {(«) is continuous in [¢1, cz] and #(x) = 0 in [c,— 1, c2 + tis (A)2 (B)3 (c)4 (D)5 8. If (x) is continuous in [e1, ca] and f"(c:) — f"(c2) < 0, then minimum number ‘of roots of #(%) = Oin [e;—1, co + tis (A)1 (B)2 (c)3 (0) 4 Match the Column a a 1 Match the following Column =! Column = Fi®) The number of the distinct real roots of the equation ) 16 (x+ 1) = 20° + 1) is : __I{8) The absolute maximum value of the function @ 2 (+04 | f(x) = is OOF et ot (©) Let f(x) = ab sinx + V1-a? cosx + ©, where fal < 1, then = difference of maximum and minimum value of f(x) is (0) ft u = Vacos26+sin20+,4sin?0+cos*@, then the a difference between maximum and minimum value of u* is ievamamie Vihar, New Delhi -110 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 FIITSEE Ltd., FLITIEE House, 29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Website : www.flitjee.coma __ nsw ns wensT “ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS a | Subjective : Level-! aia 1 xeyed 2, Mata? 3, y-2¥3x+2(/3-1)=0 and y+2V8x-2(v3+4) =0 casa ttn (iy2asin 5 tan 5 9, eva? +b? ab 4). 2x-y-3=0. 8 (a+b). sof). xe (er, et), nel (iy) -1oaBoODD B,C,D Ac cB A,B,C,D B,C B,D Ac ean na 20. 23, 26. 29. 32. 35. 41. 47. DrnODrOrTOAOOrPUrOD c,D ¢,D B,C,D AB Ac A,B,D AD D>>>>rPUrmmMrmYrro A,C,D A,D A,B,C AC,D AB AC,D Numerice! 3s: Sn Ie SP a SSS er Sa aa Tr 3 a: 2 Contprehen sion ; Steam PES SIT ers esere ea c c c 2. 5. 8. A B Match tae Colurn “Aiiammenmmmmametimeitaessai wee eis thi see ca ti A (A) (a) (B) () (c) () (D) © FIITSE€ td, FLETIEE House,29-A, Kalu Saral, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -110 016, Ph 464106000, 2656: ‘House fs a (06000, 26569493, Fax 26513942