1.

Company Structures

Shareholder is someone who owns shares in a company.

Management the activity or skill of directing and controlling the work of a company or organization, or
part of it.
Workforce are all the people who work in a particular country, industry, or factory.
Organisation chart is a drawing of lines connected together, showing the structure of an organization,
what each part does, and how it is related to others within the same organization and outside
organizations.
Board of directors is the group of people who have been elected to manage a company by those
holding shares in the company.
Chairperson is someone who is in charge of a meeting or who directs the work of a committee or
organization.
President is the person in charge of a large company, bank etc.
Mananing director is the person in charge of the daily management of a company. The job is often
combined with that of chairman.
Chief executive officer is the manager with the most authority in the normal, everyday management of a
company. The job of Chief Executive Officer is sometimes combined with other jobs, such as that of
president.
Senior management (company officers) is someone with legal responsibility for a company.
Marketing are activities to design and sell a product or service by considering buyers’ wants or need, for
example where and how they will buy it, how much they will be willing to pay etc.
Public relation is the work of explaining to the public what an oragnization does, so that they will
understand it and approve of it.
Information technology is the study ot use of electronic processes for storing information and making it
available.
Human resources are the abilities and skills of people, especially the employees of an organization.
Finance is money provided or lent, for example by a bank for investment or consumption.
Production is the process of making or growing things to be sold as products, usually in large quantities.
Research and development is the part of a business concerned with studying new ideas and planning
new products.

The foundations of the worlds biggest electronics company were laid in 1891 when
Gerard Philips established a company in Eindhoven to manufacture light bulbs.
In 1914 it established a research laboratory to stimulate product innovation.
In the 1920 Philips decided to protect its innovations in X-ray radiation and radio
reception with patents.
In 1983 Philips launched exciting product ideas like compact disk.
Hte Philips headquaters are still in Eindhoven. It employes 256 400 people, and has
sales and service outlets in 150 countries. Research laboratories are located in 6
countries, staffed by 3000 scientists. It also has 400 designer spread over 25 locations.
Philips electronics is managed by the board of management. The supervisory board
monitors the general cours of business of the Philips group as well as advising the
board od managment and supervising its policies. These policies are implemented by
the group managment comitee, wich consists of the members of the board of
managment, chairman of most of the product divisions and some other key officers. The
company creed is „Let's make thing better“. Phlips company lit the world famous
landmarks like Eiffel tower in Paris, Tower bridge in London and pyramids in Giza.
2. Recruitment

Recruit means to find new people to work for an organization, do a job.

Position or job is the regular paid work that you do for an employer.
Apply for means to make a formal, usually written, request for something, especially a job.
Letter of application is a letter to a company from a person who is looking for a job, usually in response
to a job advertisment.
Covering letter is a letter that you send with another document or a package, explaining why it has been
sent or giving extra information about it.
Curriculum vitae is a document giving details of yout education and past employment, used when you
are applying for a job.
Application form is an official document with spaces to answer question and add information when
applying for a job.
Short list of candidates or applicants is list of most suitable applications wich Human Resource
department have selected for interview.
Interview is a formal meeting at which someone is asked questions to find out whether they are suitable
for a job.
Hire means to employ a person or an orgnization for a short time to do a particular job for you.
Recruitment agency is a business that works for organizations to find people for job when the
organizations need them.

A growing number of companies from General Motors to American Express co. are no
longer satisfide with traditional jobs interviews. Instead they are requiring applicants for
many white collar jobs – from top executives down – to submite to a series of paper and
pencil test, stimalated decision making exercises and brainteasers. Other put
candidates through a long series of interviews by psychologists or trained interviewers.
The test is not about basic technical skills like mathematic or grammar. Employers want
to evaluate candidates on intagible qulities: is she creative, can she lead and coach,
does he have passion and sence of urgency? Ten years ago candidates can win a top
job with right look and right answers on questions like „why do you want this job?“ now
many are having to face questions to learn how they get thing done. They may face
questions such as:“who is the best manager you ever worked and why? Or what is you
best friend like?“ answers on this questions say a lot about candidates managment style
and about himself. The reason for interrogation is clear. The costs of bringing the wrong
person on board is sometimes huge. Years ago employeers looked for experience, but
have experience in job does not garantee that you can do it ina different enviroment.
With so little informations on which to base decisions most people hire people they like
rather than the most competent person. Research has shown that most decisions
maker make in first 5 min and rest of time spend for rationalizing their choice. Some
companies put candidates on drug tests or violence or sexual harasment tests.
3. Retailing
Retailing is the business of selling products to he general public.
Retailers are companies that sell a wide variety of goods to the public.
Outlets, shops or stores are shops, companies or organizations through which products are sold.
Shopping centres are group of shops built together in one area, often under one roof.
Hypermarkets are very large supermarkets, usually one built outside a town(over 30 000 square meters).
Superstores are large shops, often found on the outer part of a town, that sells very large variety of
particular product such as furniture, computers etc. (under 30 000 square meters).
Retail park is a place where there are a number of large stores.
Department stores are large shops that are divided into separate departments, each selling a different
type of goods.

4. Franchising
5. International business styles

National culture the ideas, beliefs, and customs that are shared and accepted by people in a society in
one nation.
Hierarchy is an organization or structure in which the staff are organized in levels and the people at one
level have authority over those below them.
Subordinates are less important or powerful than something or someone.
Authority is the power that a person or organization has because of their official or legal position.
Delegate means that employees at lower levels in the company hierarchy can use their initiative, that is
make decisions without asking their manager.

6. Banking
7. Business and the enviroment

Consumer society is a society in which buying goods and services is considered to be one of the most
important parts of people's lives.
Enviroment is the natural world around us.
Packaging are materials, boxes etc. Used for wrapping goods to prtoect them, for example because they
are being taken somewhere.
Recycled means to put used objects or materials through a special process, so that they can be used
again.
Pollution means when substances make air, water, soil etc. Dangerously dirty, or these substances
themselves.

8. The stock market

Stock market or stock exchange a market place for buying and selling shares.
Share issue is when shares in a company are made available for sale to the public.
Institutional investor is a finacial institutionsuch as bank or insurance company that invests in
something.
Equity is the capital that a company has from shares rather than from loans.
Ordinary or common share is the most frequent type of share in most companies. If the company is in
financial difficulty, dividends on common shares are paid after those made on other particular types of
share, such as preference shares.
Broker is a person or arganization that buys and sells securities, currencies, property, insurance etc for
others.
Stake is money risked or invested in a business.
Dividend is a part of the profits of a company for a particular period of time that is paid to shareholders
for each share that they own.
Bond is an amount of money borrowed by a government or an organization. The government or
organization produces a document promising that it will pay back the money that it has borrowed, usually
with interest.
Securities is a financial investment such as a bond or share etc. Or the related certificate showing who
owns it.
Trade the activity of buying, selling or exchanging goods within a country or between countries.

9. Import Export

Knjiga

Protectionism when a goverment tries to help industry, farming etc. In its own country by taxing foreign
goods that complete with it, so limiting the number that can be imported.

10. Company performance

Managment accounts provide data about opertional efficiency and financial accounts give information
about financial performance.
Data is information or fact about particular subject that someone has collected.
Financial accounts are showing the trading results and financial position of a company at the end of its
financial year.
Revenue is money that business or organization recives over a period of time, especially from selling
goods and services.
Profits is money that you gain from selling something or from doing business in a particular period of
time, after taking away costs.
Losses when a business spends more money than it recives in a particular period of time, or loses
money in some other way.
Listed company a large successful company whose shares are traded on the main financial markets.
Annual report a report presented each year by the directors of a company to the members and
shareholders containing financial information about the company's trading activities and the documents
the company must produce by law, which are the balance sheet, the profit and loss account and the
auditor's and directors reports.

11. setting up a business

Knjiga

Public limited company in Britain, a limited company whose shares are freely sold and traded, with a
minimum share capital of 50,000 and the letters PLC after its name.
Company secretary someone with a high position in a company, dealing with legal and adiministrative
matters.
Limited liability when the owners of a limited liability company are only responible for their company's
debts up to a certain amount if it goes out of business, and do not have to sell their personal assets to
repay these debts.
Limited used after the name od a company to show that it is a limited liability company.
Incorporated used after the name of a company in the US to show that it is a corporation.

12. knjiga
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14. knjiga
15. the business media
Information facts or details that tell you about something or someone.