HOW TO PREPARE FOR THE TOEFL TEST Test of English as a Foreign Language Tenth Edition PAMELA J. SHARPE, Ph.D. The Ohio State UniversityTYPES OF PROBLEMS IN THE LISTENING SECTION 48 Review of Problems and Questions for the Listening Section This Review can be used to prepare for both the Paper-Based TOEFL and the Computer-Based TOEFL. For the most part, the same types of probleme are tosted on both the Paper-Based TOEFL and the Computer-Based TOEFL; however, questions an Informal Conversations and Tours are found only ‘on the Paper-Based TOEFL and are not addressed in this book Most of the questions on both the Paper-Based TOEFL and the Computer-Based TOEFL are multiple-choice. Some of the questions on the Computer-Based TOEFL are computer-assisted. The computer-assisted questions have special directions on the screen. Although the computer-assisted questions in this book aro numbered, and the answer choices are lettered A, B, C.D, the same questions on the CD-ROM that accompanies the book are not numbered and lettered, You need the numbers and letters in the book ta refer to the Answer Key, the Explanatory Answors, and the Transcript for the Listening section. On the CD-ROM, you can refer to other chapters by clicking on the screen, The questions on the CD-ROM that is available to supplement this book are like those on the Computer-Based TOEFL. aed a a TTR i eS aT eas ai Problems like those in this Review of Listening frequently appear on Parts A, B, and C of the Listening section of the TOEFL. Mercy ee MCU er ny Dotats ED Acederic Conversations Idiomatic Expressions Suggestions Part€ Talks and Lectures Assumptions a g El Precictons g oO HD cinss niscussione Academic Talks imitations Problems tecture Topics46 REVIEW OF SECTION 1: LISTENING Types of Problems in Short Conversations Details Details are specific facts stated in a conversation. In some short conversations, you will hear all of the information that you need to answer the prab- fem correctly. You will NOT need to draw conclusions. ‘When you hear a conversation between two speakers, you must remember the details that ware stated XAMPL Man: Front desk, How may I help you? Woman T'd like to arrange a wake-up call for tomorrow morning at seven o'clock, please. Narrator: ‘When does the women want to get up tomorrow? Ansiver: Seven o'clock in the morning, Idiomatic expressions Jdiomatic expressions are words and phrases that are characteristic of a particular language with meanings that are usually different from the meanings of each of the words used alone. In some short conversations, you will hear idiomatic expressions, such as “to kill time.” which moans to wait. When you hear a conversation between two speakers, you must listen for the idiomatic expres. sions, You will be expected to recognize them and restate the idiom or identify the feelings or attitudes of the speaker. twill help you if you study a fist of common idioms as part of your TOEFL preparation. EXAMPLE Man: I'm single. In fact, P've never been married Woman: No kidding! Narrator: What does the woman m¢ Answer: She is surprised by the man’s statement.SHORT CONVERSATIONS/PROBLEMS 47 3 Suggestions ‘A suggestion is a recommendation. In some short conversations, you will hear words and phrases that mako a suggestion, such as “you should,” ‘why don't you.” or ‘why nat.” When you near the words and phrases tnat introduce a suggestion, you must be able te recognize and remember what the speaker suggested, and who made the suggestion. EXAMPLE Woman: Do you know if there is Lost and Found on campus? Left my book bag in this room earlier, and it’s gone Man: ‘Too bad. Look, why don’t you check with your teacher first? Maybe someone in your lass turned it in. Narvator: What does the nan Suggest that the woman do? Answer Ask her teacher about the book bag Assumptions An assumption is @ statement accepted as true without proof or demonstration. In some short conversations, an assumption is proven false, and the speaker or speakers who had made the assumption express surprise. When you hear a conversation between two speakers, you must be able to recognize remarks that register surprise, and draw conclusions about the assumptions that the speaker may have made, EXAMPLE Wiman Let's just e-mail our response to Lamy instead of calling. Man Larry has an e-mail address? Narrator: What had the man assumed about Larry? Answer He woud not have an e-mail address, S ne SA Bye Predictions A prediction is a quess about the {ulure based on evidence from the present. In some short conversations, you will be asked to make predictions about the future activities of the speakers involved.48 REVIEW OF SECTION 1: LISTENING When you hear a conversation between two speakers, you must listen for evidence from which you may draw a logical conclusion about their future activities, SAMPLE ‘Man: Could you please book me on the next flight out to Los Angeles? ‘Woman: I'm sorry, sit. Continental doesn't fly into Los Angeles. Why don’t you try Northern or Worldwide? Nasuteit? “What wll din in probably wat cAnseet He will probably get a ticket for fight on Northern ar Worldwide Aivines SS KBE < (i Implications Impecmeans suggested, but not stated. In many ways, implied conversations are like prediction conversa- tions, In some short conversations, you will hear words and phrases or intonations that will suggest how the speakers felt, what kind of work or activity they were involved in, or where the conversation may have taken place. When you hear a conversation botwoon two speakers, you must listen for information that will help you draw a conclusion about the situation EXAMPLE Woman Where’s Anita? We were supposed to go to the library to study Man: Well, here is heRSJet. and her books are over there on the chair. Narrator What does the woman imply about Anita’? Answer: Anita has not left for the library yet A problem is a situation that requires discussion or solution. In some short conversations, you will hear the speakers discuss a problem, When you hear a discussion botwoon two speakers, you must be able to identity what the problem is, This may be more difficult because different aspects of the problem will also be included in the con- versation XAMPLI Woman: Ic only takes to hours to get to New York. but you'll have a six-hour layover between flights. 7 Man: Maybe you could try routing me through Philadelphia or Boston insicad.LONGER CONVERSATIONS/PROBLEM9 49 Narrator: What is the man’s problem? Answer: His flight connections are not very convenieni, SE Sy Ee Topics A topics a main thema in a conversation or in a piece of writing, In some short conversations, the speakers will discuss a particular topic. When you hear a conversation, you must be able to identity the main topic from among several sec- ondary themes that support the topic. EXAMPH Man. ‘Tell me about your tip to New York Woman: Twas great! We saw the Statue of Liberty and the Empire State Building and all of the tourist attractions the first day, then we saw the museums the second day and spent the rest of the time shopping and seeing shows. Narrator: What are the man and woman talking about? Answer ‘The woman's trip. Types of Problems in Longer Conversations Conversations Academic conversations are conversations between students and professors or other academic personnel on a college or university campus. In some longer conversations, you will hear an academic conversation between wo speakers. When you hear a conversation, you must be able to summarize the main ideas. You may also be asked to recall important details. SAMPL Marey: Do you have a minute, Dr, Petorsos Dr. Peterson: Sure. Come on in, Marey. What's the problem? Marcy Weil, I'm not sure. 1 got this letter, and [don’t understand it very well Dt. Peterson: Let's see it Marcy: I's from the Financial Aid Office. Are they going to cancel my student aid? Dr. Peterson: I would hope not. Hmmmn. Oh, I see. Here's what happened. You are only registered for three hours next semester. Marey That's true, but I plan to register for another class during open registration. I heard about a new environmental science course, and I'm waiting for it fo be’ assigned a sequence number60 REVIEW OF SECTION 1: LISTENING Dr. Peterson: Marey: Dr, Peterson Question Answer: Question: Answer: Question: Answer: Question: Answer: Well, then, you don’t have problem. You see, the terms of your grant require that you take at least six hours per semester T know, but I've never gouien a letter before. Tthink it’s a new procedure, Don’t worry about it, Just be sure to sign up for at least, three more hours before the beginning of the semester, ‘Thanks, Dr. Peterson. I'm really glad you were in your office today, What is Marcy's problem? She has received a letter from the Financial Aid Office. Why did Marey receive a letter? She did not register for six hours this semester. What had Marcy planned to do? Register for three more hours during open registration How does Marcy feel when she leaves Dr, Petersan’s office? Relieved Types of Problems in Talks and Lectures Class Discussions Class discussions are conversations that occur in classrooms. In some talks, you will hear a class discussion between two, three, or more speakers. When you hear a discussion, you must be able 1 summarize the important ideas. You will usually NOT be required to remember small details. It will help you to audit ome college classes. EXAMPLE Miss Richards Bill: Miss Richards: Paity: Miss Richards Patty: Miss Richards: Patty: Good moming. My name is Miss Richards, and I'll be your instructor for Career Education 100. Before we get started, I'd appreciate it if you would introduce your- selves and tell us a little bit about why you decided to take this class. Let’s start here. I'm Bill Jensen, and P'ma sophomore this term, but I still haven’t decided what to tnajor i. E hope hat dhis Class will belp ane. Good, [ hope so, too. Next I'm Patty Davis, and {"m majoring in foreign languages job can get after I gra but I’m not sure what kind of uate Are you a sophomore, 100, Patty’? No. I'ma senior. I wish I'd taken this class sooner, but I didn’t know about it until this term. Didn’t your advisor tell you about it? No. A friend of mine took it last year, and it helped her a lotTALKS AND LECTURES/PROBLEM 11 Miss Richards: How did you find out about the course, Bill? Bill: ‘The same way Patty did. A friend of mine told me about it Question: In what class does this discussion take place? Answer Carcer Education, Question: What are the two students talking about? Answer ‘They are introducing themselves. Question Why is the woman taking the course? Answer: To help her find a job after graduation Question: How did the students find out about the course? Answer From friends who had taken it. Academic Talks Academic talks are short talks that provide orientation to academic courses and procedures. In some talks, you will hear academic talks on a varioty of college and university topics. 5 When you hear a talk, you must be able to summarize the main ideas. You must also be able to an- swer questions about important details. You will usually not be asked to remember minor details, EXAMPLE. Since we'll be having our midterm exam neat week, I thought I'd spend a few minutes talk- ing with you about it. I realize that none of you has ever taken a class with me before, so you re- ally don’t know what to expect on one of my exams. First, let me remind you that I have included a very short description of the midterm on the syllabus that you received at the beginning of the semester, So you should read that. [ also ree- ‘ommend that you organize and review your notes from all of our elass sessions. I'm not saying that the book is unimportant, but the notes should help you to identify those topics that we cov- ered in greatest detail. Then, you can go back to your book and reread the sections that deal with those topics. I also suggest that you take another look at the articles on reserve in the library. ‘They have information in them that is not in the book, and although we didn't talk much about them in class, | do feel that they are important, so you can expect to see a few questions from the articles on the exam. Oh, yes, [almost forgot. Besides the twenty-five objective questions, there will be five essay questions, and you must choose three. XAMPI Question: What does the speaker mainly disc’ Answer: The midterm exam, Question: When will the students take the exam? Answer: Next week.52 REVIEW OF SECTION 1: LISTENING Question: According to the professor, what should the students do to prepare? Answer: Study their notes, the articles on reserve, and appropriate sections of the book, Question What is the format of the exam? Answer: ‘Twenty-five objective questions and five essay questions. 5 Lectures Lectures are short talks that provide information about academic subjects. They are like short lec tures that might be heard ina college classroom. In some talks, you will hear academic information in a short lecture. When you hear a lecture, you must be able to summarize the important ideas, You must also be able to answer questions that begin with the following words: who, what, when, where, why? [twill help you to listen {o documentary programs on radio and television, Programs on educational broadeasting networks are especially helptul, Listen carefully. Ask yourself questions to test your ability to remember the information. EXAMPLE Emest Hemingway began his writing career as an ambitious young American newspaper- man in Paris after the first World War. His early books, including The Sun Also Rises, were pub- lished in Burope before they were released in the United States. Hemingway abvays wrote from experience rather than from imagination. In Farewell to Arms, published in 1929, he recounted his adventures as an ambulance driver in Italy during the war. In For Whom the Bell Tolls, published in 1940, he retold his memories of the Spanish Civil War. Perhaps more than any other twentieth-century American writer, he was cespons ating a style of literature, The Hemingway style was hard, economical, and powerful, It lured the reader into using imagination in order to fll in (he details. In 1952, Hemingway published The Old Man arid the Sea, a shori, compelling tale of an old fisherman’s stcuggle to haul in a giant marlin that he had caught in the Gulf of Mexico. Some critics interpreted it as the allegory of man’s struggle against old age; athers interpreted it as man against the forces of nature. This book was the climax of Hemingway's career. Two years later he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature, Question: What theme did Hemingway use for many of his books? Answer: War. Question: What was the Hemingway style? Answer Short and powerful What prize did Hemingway win after he wrote The Old Man and the Sea? Answer ‘The Nobel Prize for literature, Question: What advice would Hemingway probably give to other writers? Answer Write from experience about things you have seen and people you have known.68 REVIEW OF SECTION 2: STRUCTURE TYPES OF PROBLEMS Patterns anc rules of style like those in this Review of Siructure frequently appear on Section 2 of the TOEFL. ‘The emphasis that is placed on various patterns and style problems changes from year to year on the TOEFL. Research indicates that those problems showin in bold print in the reference list below are most frequently tosted on curront examinations. To prepare for Section 2 of the TOEFL, study the probleme in this chapter. Give special attention to the problems in bold print. fe Causative MAKE Sanndee GE Bh vex uanves Eh vores tat Require an ntntive in the comelement El vesstecnonneuseuranicne compton EM eis erect ronan sag race the Complement Causative HAVE Causative LET ‘Causative HELP Factual Conditionals — Probable Results for the Future Factual Conditionals — Possible Results Factual Conditionals — Probabje Changes in Past Results Contrary-to-Fact Conditionals — Impossible Results Were Boss vers wore 7 oO o o a @ 133 115) Logical Conclusions — Events in the Past Contrary-to-Fact Conditionals — Change in Conditions Unless Logical Conclusions — Events in the Present Logical Conclusions — Events that Repeat Problems with Subjunctives: Knowledge and Ability — Know anid Know Importance — Subjunctive Verbs How iiporance — Nouns Der\ed tom resi Custom —Useaoanc ee usoae EA Subjunctive Verbs Advisability — Had Better EZ] importance — impersonal Expressions Proference — Would Rathor 0 Proforence for Another — Would Rather That Negative Imperativesith tafinitives ED russose Infinitives Passives — Word Order Passives — Agent Neos iy for Repair or improvement — NEED Ol B EL Pascives—intirtivos 34 135 Belief and Knowledge — Anticipatory ft Duration — HAVE + Participle Duration — HAVE + Been + Participle Predictions — Will Have + Participle Unfulfiled Desires in the Past — Had Hoped ere Mima Ve) Missing Auxiliary Verb—active Missing Auxiliary Verb—Passive eae BH BEBEHS0R AB Subject Pronouns Subject Pronouns in Complement Position Object Pronouns Object Pronouns aiter Prepositions Possessive Pronouns Beiore ~ing Forms Possessive Pronouns Before Paris of the Body Relative Pronouns that Reter to Persons and Things Relative Pronouns that Refer to Persons Reflexive Pronouns BES 6 SEBS Reciprocal Prenouns HH 8 HAA GSU ED coun nouns BE) sores noxns TYPES OF PROBLEMS INTHE STRUCTURE SECTION 69 Nouns with Count and Noncount Meanings Count and Noncount Nouns with Similar Meanings Noncount Nouns that are Count Nouns in Other Languages: Singular and Plural Expressions of Noncount Nouns Classifications — Kind and Type Infinitive and -ing Subjects Qualifying Phrases with -ing Nouns Nominal That Clause Problems with Adjectives ait Deter Suaisesncies {Probie Determiners — Aand An Noncount Nouns with Qualifying Phrases — The © Meaning All No Meaning Not Any One of the and Some of the Few and Little ‘Much and Many A Lille and Lille; A Few and Few Only @ Fowand Only a Little EA) 4 Large (Small) Number of and a Largo (Small) Amount of Almost Ail of the and Most of the Problems with Other Adjectives Sulficioney — Enough with Nouns Sufficiency — Enough with Adjectives Consecutive Order Other Consecutive Order — Some. Other, the Other; Some, Others, the Others (tne Rest) Numerical Order (One, Another, the Nouns that Function as AdjectivesREVIEW OF SECTION 2: STRUCTURE Hyphenated Adjectives Adjectives Ending in -ed and -ing Cause-and-Result — So Cause-and-Result — Such Excess — Too Emphasis — Very Adjectives with Verbs of the Senses oes Exact Similarity — the Same as and the Same General Similarity — Similar to and Similar General Similarity — Like and Alike Specific Similarity — Quality Nouns Specitic Similarity — Quality Adjectives General Diference — Ditferent trom and Difierent General Ditference — to Ditter from Comparatve Estimates — Muttipie Numbers: Comparative Estimates — More Than and Loss Than Comparative Estimates — As Many As Degrees of Comparison — Comparative Adjectives EE Degrees of Comparison — Superlative Degrees of Comparison — Irregular Adjectives Degrees of Comparison — Comparative Adverbs Double Comparatives illogical Comparatives — General Similarity and Differonce logical Comparatives — Degrees Gees HE rece soeciray aniona HO Piece — in, on, at TE tine In, On, At Bosides Exception — But and Except Replacement — Instead of and Instead Example — Such as Concition and Unexpected Result — Despite and in Spite of Cause — Because of and Because Cause — From HE Purpose — For TE aata—0 u Time Limit — From, To Ge Rie ve Constauve Conimiatsie bomhcand Conslatve Conjunetions — inetsives both rel. ae wal ea Censtativa canjunorinte™ totushice nat only. butalsn HD corcative Continctone — Exclusives rohetan Inctusives Aine ncaa So ar Te El] tegaive Agreement — Nethorand Either HEE) rrannen recut — so mae TB) rue resui—wnen Fa), esis cesta TE iestan.oeenen saver Tor eas Ue Adverbs of Manner Adverbs of Manner — Fast, Late, and Hard Sometime and Sometimes Negative Emphasis Introductory Adverbial Modifiers — OnceIntroductory Advorbial Modifiers — White No Longer Duration — Forand Since Dates Pseudecomparatives Gonoralization — As.a Whole and Wholly TYPES OF PROBLEMS IN THE STRUCTURE SECTION 74 Problems with Sentences and Clauses HEY = Sentences and Clauses FE] cassenenar cuss FED voi in Dopondont Clauses BE Asjacve causes PU aL ED orn view =n EI Fon ot view —Reponea Speech IE. revicarviast —verveiane averse EE Fein of Vow — Action of he Send TSR Eu Agreement — Modified Subject and Verb Agreement — Subject with Accompaniment and Verb Agreement — Subject with Appositive and Verb Agieement — Verb-Subject Order Agreement —Indeiirite Subject and Verb Agreement —Collestive Subject and Vorb Agreement — Noun and Pronoun Agreement — Subject and Possessive Pronouns Agreement — Impersonal Pronouns Agreement — Subject and Apposittive LCS Merc) RET EEL. sis Fitoctere-—ngaii-adEoone WEL esta! itecitore—iniitiven ct urpona a epics maces Nee Parallel Structure —In a Series FED ratane sencnis-— anor corre Canjunationa EUS i: er EZ] Redundancy — Repetition of Words with ihe Same Meaning Redundancy Pronoun Unnecessary Phrases Repetition of Noun by PSR RR Transitive and (ntansitive Verbs — Raise and Rise Transitive and Intransitive Verbs — Lay and Lie Transitive and intransitive Verbs — Set and Sit Similar Verbs — Telland Say Similar Verbs — Let and Leave BA Similar Vorbs — Borrow and Lend72 REVIEW OF SECTION 2: STRUCTURE EI simiar verbs — make and Do EG parts of speech: Bl] Prepositionst idioms Patiorns are the parts of a sentence. In some books, patterns are called structures. in patterns, the words have the same order most of the time. Some of the most important patterns are summarized in this review section. Remember, the gener- alizations in the charts and explanations for each pattem refer to the structure in the examples. There may be similar structures for which these generalizations are not appropriate. BC TCT 3 A verbis a word or phrase that expresses oxistence, action, or experience ‘There are two kinds of verbs in English. They are the main verb and the auxiliary verb, In some grammar books. the auxiliary verb is called a helping verb because It Is used with a main verb. Every verb in English can be described by the following formula: VERB = tence + (modal) + (have + participle) + (be + -ing) + verb word Each of the parts of this formula will be summarized in one or more of the problems in this review. Don't spend time studying it now. Just refer to it as you progress through this review section. The sound of the dryer bothers my concentration Avoid using an -ing form, an infinitive, an auxiliary vats, or another part of spaech instead of @ main vertPATTERNSIPROBLEM2 73 EXAMPLES INCORRECT: The prettiest girl in our class with long brown hair and brown eyes. Connect: The prettiest girl in our class has long brown hair and brown eyes. IncorRECT: In my opinion, too soon to make a decision, CorRecr: In my opinion, itis too soon to make a decision INCORRECT: Do you know whether the movie that starts at seven? DorkeCT: Do you know whether the movie that starts at seven is good? Do you know whether the movie starts at seven? INcoRRECT: Sam almost always a lot of fun. CoRRECT: Sam is almost always a lot of fun, IncorkEct: The book that I lent you having @ good bibliography. Correct: The book that I lent you has a good bibliography. EXERCISE Part A: Choose the correct answer. Arizona (A) has (B) being (C) haying «D) with very dry climate. Part 5: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct i ‘Venomous 5 1akes with modified teeth connected to poison glands in which the venom is secreted and (A) (B) © «@) stored, ¢> 24 Verbs that Require an Infinitive the Complement Remember that the following veils require an infinitive for @ verb a the complement. saree decide hesitate rood conse 8 appear demand hope omer seom arco deserve filer jen tend ak onaeet toarn rena threaten sia fal manage pretond wat consent forget mean promise want74 REVIEW OF SECTION 2: STRUCTURE had planned to leave day before yesterday Avoid using an -ing form after the verbs listed, Avoid using a verb word alter want. XAMPL IncoRKECT: He wanted speak with Mr. Brown. Corarct: He dd to speak with Mr. Brown. Incorrect: We demand knowing our status. Correct: We demand to know our status, INCORRECT: Corre Lintend the inform you that we cannot approve your application: Tintend to inform you that we cannot approve you INcoreect: They didn’t plan buying a car. Correct: ‘They didn’t plan to buy a car. Incoreeet: ‘The weather tends improving in May, Coraecr: ‘The weather tends fo improve in May. Part A; Choose the correct answer. One of the least effective ways of storing information is learning it. (A) how repeat (B) repeating (©)to repeat (D) repeat Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. Representative democracy seemed evolve simultaneously during the eighteenth and nineteenth cen- (A) @ «cy turies in Britain, Europe, and the United States. (D) Verhs that Require an -ing Form in the Complement Romember that the following verbss require an -ing form for a verb in the complement admit complete deny appreciate consider discuss avoid delay Z enjoyPATTERNS/PROBLEM 3 finish practico risk keep quit stop mention recall suggest miss recommend tolerate postpone regret understand He enjoys traveling by plane Avoid using an infinitive after the verbs listed. Forbid may be used with either an infinitive or an -ing complement, but forbid from is not idiomatic. EXAMPLES, INcoRRECT: She is considering not to go. Correct: She is considering not going. INCORRECT: We enjoyed talk with your friend. Correct: We enjoyed talking with your friend. INcorerct: Hank completed the writing his thesis this summer. Correct: Hank completed writing his thesis this summer. INCORRECT: I miss to watch the news when Iam traveling. CorkECT: I miss watching the news when | am traveling. INCORRECT: She mentions stop at El Paso in her letter. Correct: Shen stopping at El Peso in her letter. XR 1s Part A: Choose the correct answer. Strauss finished two of his published compositions before his tenth birthday. (A) written (B) write (C) (0 write () writing Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. Many people have slopped 10 smoke because they are afraid that it may be harmful to their health, «Ay 6 ©) ©). 7576 REVIEW OF SECTION 2: STRUCTURE SS KS ri Remember that the following vorb phrases require an -ing form for a vorb in the complement: Verb Phrases that Require an -img Form in the Complement approve of do not mind keep an be better off forget about look forward to cant help get through object to count on insist on think about think of canceling Avoid using an infinitive after the verb phrases listed. Avoid using a verb word after /ook forward to and object to. Remember that the verb phrase BE likely does not require an -ing form but requires an infinitive in (Refer to page 79 for more on verb words.) the complement. EXAMPLES Incorrect: Correct: INCORRECT: Connect Icorrecr: Correct: INcorRECr ‘CorRECT: INcoRRECr Connect: EXERcises She is likely knowing She is likely to know Let's go to the movie when you get through to study. * Let's go to the movie when you get through studying. We can’t help to wonder why she left. We can't help wondering why she left T have been looking forward to meet you T have been looking forward to meeting you. We wouldn't mind to wait. We woulda’timind waiting. Part A: Choose the correct answer. Many mo. surround dem architects insist on ng landscape (A) use (B) tw use (C) the (D) asi ing her appointment materials native to the region that will blend into thePart B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct PATTERNS/PROBLEM 5 77 During Jackson’s adiinistration, those who did not approve of permit common people in the White House were shocked by the president’s insistence that they be i (B) ted into the m: «@) Many grammar books list a large number of tenses in English, but the two basic tenses are present and past. Auxiliary verbs are used with main verbs to express future and ether special times, Irregular Past Forms Remember that past forms of the following irrequtar verbs are not the same as the participles: Verb Word be beat become begin bite blow break choose come do draw drink carve eat ratt fy forget forgive tteaze get give grow hide know ride run Past Form wasiwere beat became began bit blew broke chose came did drow drank drove ate fell few forgot forgave froze got gave went grew hid knew rode van Participle 28 been beaten become begun bition blown broken chosen come done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen flown forgotten forgivon frozen gotten or gat given gone grown hidden known ridden sun78 REVIEW OF SECTION 2: STRUCTURE Verb Word Past Form Participle see saw seen shake shook shaken show showed shown shrink shrank shrunk sing sang sung speak spoke spoken steal! stole stolen swear swore sworn swim swam swum take took taken tear tore torn throw threw thrown wear wore worn weave wove woven withdraw withdrew withdrawn write wrote written at eight o’clock Avoid using 2 participle instead of a past for simple past statements. EXAMPLES INCORRECT: ‘They done it very well after they had practiced. CorrEct: ‘They did it very well after they had practiced Inconi Before she run the computer program, she had checked it out with her supervisor. Correct: Before she ran the computer program, she had checked it out with her supervisor. INCORRECT: We eat dinner in Albuquerque on our vacation last year. Coxrect: We ale dinner in Albuquerque on our vacation last year Ixconnect: My nephew begun working for me about ten years azo, Correcr: My nephew began working for me about ten years ago. IncoRRECT: [know that you beea forty on your last birthday. Corerct: 1 know that you were forty on your last birthday. EXERCISES Part A: Choose the correct answer. Before the Angles and the Saxons __to England, the Therians had lived there. (A) coming (B) come (C) came. (D) did comePATTERNS/PROBLEM 6 Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correet it. ‘When Columbus seen the New World, he thought that he ha (A) (B) hed the East Indies by way of a ) Western route, Modals aro auxiliary verbs. They are used with main verbs to give additional meaning to main verbs. The most common modals are listed below, along with some of the additional meanings that they add to main verbs. can possibitity, abilty, permission could possibilty, abilty in the past may probability, permission might probability must necassity, logical conclusion 5 shail future with emphasis | should advice, obligation. prediction will future 1 would condition Modal + Verb Word Remember that a modalis used with a verb word. A verb wordis the dictionary form of the verb. In Some grammar books, the verb words called the bare infinitive because it appears without the word (0. Vero words are very important in many patterns, but they are used most often with modals. Avoid using an infinitive or an -ing farm instead ef a verb word after’ a modal. EXAMPLr IcorkbcT: After you show me the way, Lean to go by myself. Corkecr: After you show me the way. Lean go by myself. Ixcornecr: Our friends might stopping wo see us on their way to California Cornsct: Our friends might stop to sce us on their way (0 California. INcor 1 would, if there is time, liking to make a phone call. Corkect: I would, if there is time, like to make a phone call 7980 REVIEW OF SECTION 2: STRUCTURE Incoxnecr: Beth may, with effort, © pass this course, Coxknct: Beth may, with effort, pass this course. INcoaRect: ‘The flight should to be on time Cogkecr: The flight should be on time. Part A: Choose the correct answer. By the time a baby has reached his first birthday, he should, without the help of an adult, sit up or even stand up. (A) to be able to (B) able to (©) be able (D) be able to Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. Maay birds will, in the normal course of their migrations, flying more than three thousand miles (A) (B) (Cc) ‘ir winter homes. Logical Conclusions—Events in the Past Remember that mustis a modal. Must followed by the verb word have and a participle oxprosses a logical conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about ‘an event that happened in the past. Remember that an observation in the present may serve as the basis for @ conclusion about some- thing that happened in the past. For example, “here is a message on my desk.” It ay be concluded that “my friend must have called last night.” [ne My friend must have ast night Avoid using shauldor can instead of must. Avoid using a verb word instead ot have and a pantciple when referring to events in the past. PLE Incorrect: ‘The streets are wets it should have rained Last night Correct: ‘The streets are wel; it must have rained last night IncorRECT: ‘This pen won't write; it can have nun out of ink (in the past) Corkecr: ‘This pen won't write: it musi have run out of ink (in the past)PATTERNS/PROBLEM 8 61 INCORRECT: ‘The ring that I was looking at is gone; someone else must buy it. Correct: The ring that I was looking at is gone; someone else must have bought it. INCORRECT: He doesn't have his keys; he must locked them in his car. Correct: He doesn’t have his keys; he must have locked them in his car, Incorgeer: Tdon’tsee Martha anywhere; she must be left early, Correct: Tdon't see Martha anywhere; she must have left carly. EXeRcises Part A: Choose the correct answer. The theory of Continental Drift assumes that there long-term climatic changes in many areas during the past. (A) must have been (B) must be (©) must have (D) mast Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. When the weather becomes colder we know that the air mass must originated in the Aretic (A) (B) (ce) rather than over the Gulf of Mexico, «Dy Logical Conclusions—Events in the Present Remember that must is a modal. Must followed by be and an -ing form or an adjective expresses a logical conclusion based en evidence, The conclusion is about an event that is happening now. He must be upset now Avoid using a verb word instead of an -ing form aftor must bo. EXAMPLES INcoRRECT: ° ‘The line is busy; someone should be using the telephone now. Coxkect: ‘The line is busy: someone must be using the telephone now.82 REVIEW OF SECTION 2: STRUCTURE INcorRECr: Bob is absent; he must have been sick again (now). Correct: Bob is absent; he must be sick again (now). INcorREcT: He is taking a walk: he must have felt better now. Correct: He is taking a walk; he must be feeling betier now. INCORRECT: She must be study at the library now because all of her books are gone, Corrucr: She must be studying at the library now because all of her books are gone. INcoRRECT: Sarah must get a divorce (now) because her husband is living in an apartment Correct: Sarah must be getting a divorce (now) because her husband is living in an apartment. XERCISES Part A: Choose the correct answer. ‘The general public 4 large number of computers now, because prices are beginning to decrease. (A) must buy (B) must have bought (C) must be buying «D) must buying Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it, ‘The American buffalo must be reproduce itself sgain because it has been removed from the endan- (A (B) © gered species list. Logical Conclusions—Events that Repeat Remember that must is a modal. Must followed by a verb word expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about an event that happens repeatedly. My friend must Avoid using an infinitive or an -ing form instead of a verb word after must. EXAMPLES, INCORRECT: ‘The light is always out in her room at ten o'clock; she must have go to bed early every night Coxkect: The light is always out in her room at ten o’clock; she must go to bed early every nightINCORRECT: Correct: INCORRECT: Coreuct Incorrect Contec INCORRECT CORRECT PATTERNS/PROBLEM 10 83. Our neighbors must haying @ lot of money because they are always taking expensive trips. Our neighbors must have a lot of money because they are always taking expensive tips, He can like his job because he seems very happy. He must like his job because he seems very happy. Her English is very good; she must spoken it often. Her English is very good; she must speak it often, Carol always gets good grades; she should study a lot. Carol always gets good grades: she must study # Tot Part Az Choose the correct answer. Since more than 50 percent of all marriages in the United States end in divorce, about half of the children in America must in single-parent homes. (A) grow up (B) © grow up (C) growing up {D) have grow up Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. Sheep must have mate in fall since the young are born in early spring every year (ay @) «© i) Knowledge and Ability—Anow and Know How Remember that know followed by a noun expresses knowledge. the answer Avoid using an infinitive after know. Remember that know how jollowed by an infinitive expresses ability. Ss to answer the question84 — REVIEWOF SECTION2: STRUCTURE EXxAMPLes If she knew to drive, he would lend her his car. If she knew how to drive, he would lend her his ear. INCORRECT; I don’t know to use the card catalog in the library. Correct: I don’t know how to use the card catalog in the library. INCORRECT: Until he came fo the United States to study, he didn’t know to cook. CorkECT: Until he came to the United States to study, he didn’t know how t cook INcoRRECT: Do you know to type? Connncr: Do you know how to type? Incorrect: You'll have to help her because she doesn’t know to do it Corrrcr: You'll have to help her because she doesn’t know how to do it. Exercises Part A: Choose the correct answer. Ina liberal arts curriculum, it is assumed that graduates will about English, languages, literature, history, and the other social sciences. (A) know (B) know how (C) knowledge (D) knowing Part Br choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. The Impressionists like Monet and Manet knew 0 use color in order to create an image of reality (a) wy © rather than reality itself. @ 9 SS BEG) Past Custom—Used to and BE Used to Remember that used to is similar to a modal. Used to with a verb word means that a custom in the past has not continued. in the cou Avoid using a form of be after the subject. Avoid using the incorrect form use to. Remember that BE used fo with an -ing form means te be accustomed to.PATTERNS/PROBLEM 11 85 used to living Avoid using a form of be after used to. Avoid using a verb word instead of an -ing form, Avoid using the incorrect form use to. EXaMp INcorkrcr: [used to was study Correc ing at the University of Southern California before I transferred here. Tused to study at the University of Southem California before I transferred here. | was used to studying at the University of Souther California before I transferred here. INCORRECT: We use fo go to the movies quite frequently. Correct: We used to go to the movies quite frequently. We were used to going to the movies quite frequently, INCORRECT: She was used to get up early, Corsucr: She used to get up early. or She was used to getting up early, INCORRECT: He was used to drink too much. Correct: He used to drink too much. He was used to drinking too much. Incorrecr: She used to speaking in public. Corricr: She used to speak in public, . or She was used to speaking in public. EXERCISES Part A: Choose the correct answer, Harvard (A) was used (B) used to be (C) was used to (D) was used to be a school for men, but now it is coeducational, serving as many women as men. Part Bi Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correet it. As television images of the astronauts showed. even for trained professionals who are used to move “” (By © about in a lessened gravitational field, ihere are still problems. ( )86 REVIEW OF SECTION 2: STRUCTURE Advisability—Had Better Remember that had botteris similar to a modal. Although had appears to be a past, had better ex- presses advice tor the future i ‘ oo ga iin elas Carvery You | had bewer | take Chemistry 600 this semester Chemistry 600 this semester Avoid using an infinitive or a past form of a verb instead of a verb word. Avoid using don’tinstead of not. ExaMrrs Incorrect: You had better to hurry if you don’t want to miss the bus. Corict: You had better hurry if you don’t want to miss the bus, INCORRECT: We had better made reservations so that we will be sure of getting a good table. CorRECT: We had better make reservations so that we will be sure of getting @ good wble, Incorrect: We had better to check the schedule. Correct: We had better check the schedule. IncorRECT: You had better don’t quit your jab until you find another one. CorRECT; You had better not quit your job until you find another one, INCORRECT: You had better don’t go alone. Corgect: You had better not go alone. EXERCISES Part Choose the correct answer, To check for acidity, one had better _ __titmas paper. (A) use (B) using. (©) touse (D) usefulPATTERNS/PROBLEM 13 87 Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. In today’s competitive markets, even small businesses had better to advertise on TV and radio in (A) (B) © order to gain a share of the market ©) Preference—Would Rather Remember that the phrase would ratheris similar to a modal. Although would rather appears to be @ past. it expresses preference in present and future time. 1 would rather not drive Avoid using an intinitive or an -ing torm instead of a verb word. Examen INCORRECT: She told me that she'd rather not to serve on the committee. Corkecr: She told me that she'd rather not serve on the committee. INcorrrcr: If you don’t mind, Pd rather not going. Conrecr: If you don’t mind, I'd rather not go. INcorRECT: He said that he'd rather went to a small college instead of to a large university. Conrecr: He said that he'd rather go to a small college instead of to a large university. INCORRECT: I'd rather writing this than print it because I don’t print well. Conner; Cd rather write this than print it because 1 don’t print well. INconRECT: Greg would rather has a Pepsi than a beer, Connncr: Greg would rather have a Peps than a beer REISES Part A: Choose the correct answer, Rhododendrons would rather __ in shady places, and so would azaleas (A) 10 grow (B) growing (C) grown (D) grow88 REVIEW OF SECTION 2: STRUCTURE Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. ‘The Amish people, descended from the Germans and Swiss, would rather using horses than (A) (B) machines for transportation and farm work because they believe that a simple life keeps them (C) = closer to God. @) Preference for Another—Would Rather That Remember that when the preference is for another parson or thing, would rather that introduces a clause. The other person or thing is the subject of the clause. Although the verb is past tense, the preference is for present or future time. Avoid using @ present verb or a verb word instead of a past verb, Avoid using should and a vero word instead of a past verb. 1 would rather that you didn’t Avoid using don't or doosn'tinstead of didn't Examrirs: Ixconniscr: I'd rather that you don't do that Corerer: that you didn’t do that INCORRECT: Diane would rather that her husband doesn’t working so hard. Corkecr: Diane would cather that her husband didn’t works so bard The dean would rather that students make appointments instead of dropping by ‘The dean would rather that students made appointments instead of dropping by. INCORRECT: My roommate would rather that | don’t keep the light on after ten "clock. CORRECT: ~My roommate would rather that I didn keep the light on after ten o'clock, INCORRECT: We'd rather that you should come tomorrow: Correct: We'd rather that you came tomorrow.PATTERNSIPROBLEM 15 89 EXERCISES Part Az Choose the correct answer. A good counselor would rather that the paticnt his or her own decisions after being helped to amive at a general understanding of the alternatives. (A) makes (B) making (C) will make ‘ (D) made Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it, Ibis said that the American flag has five-pointed stars because Retsy Ross told General Washington (a) @ she would rather that he changing the six-pointed ones. © @) Negative Imperatives Remembor that an imperative is expressed by a verb word. sing an infinitive instead of a verb word. Avoid using don'talter would you please. EXAMPLES Incorrect: Would you please don’t smoke, Correcr: or Would you please not smoke. Iscorrect: Please don’t to park here. Correcr: Please don’t park bere, or Would you please not park here.90 REVIEW OF SECTION 2: STRUCTURE INCORRECT: Would you please not to be late, Correct: Please don't be late. or Would you please not be tate. Incorrect: Please don’t to go yet Coreecr: Please don't go yet Would you please not go yet. INcoRRECT; Would you please don’t worry. Correct: Please don’t worry. Would you please «worry. Exercises Part A: Choose the correct answer. Please photocopies of copyrighted material without the permission of the publistiet. (A) no make (B) don’t make (C) not make (D) not to make Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. Please don’t parking in those spaces that have signs ing them for the handicapped. Ww (B) © @) Review Exercise: Propies 1-15 Digecrions: This Review Exercise las two parts, with special directions for ed answers, refer (to the key on page 527. th. To check your Part A: Choos ¢ correct answer, 1. After her famous husband’s death, Eleanor Roosevelt continued for peace. () working, (By work (C) the working (D) tw working 2. The Palo Verde tree in spring. (A) has beautiful yellow blossoms (B) beautiful yellow blossoms (© having beautifil yellow blossoms (D) with beautiful yellow blossomsPATTERNS/REVIEW EXERCISE 91 3, The great apes, a generally peaceful species, _in groups. (A) would rather living (B) would rather live (©) would rather they liv (D) would rather lived Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it, 4. Insurance rates are not the same for different people because they are not likely have the same risk. (A) (B) © ) 5. Many people with spinal cord injuries ean, with the help of computer implants, recovering some of i) @) © their mobility. w) 6. Although thousands of grizzly bears used to roaming the Western Plains of the United States, (A) @) today only a few thousand exist. «© «) 7. Although fraternal ewins ate born at the same time, they do not tend resembling each other any (A) B) © more than do other siblings. «wy 8. Some asironomers contend that in ancient times, the Big Horn Medicine Wheel, an arrangement of @ stones in Wyoming, must have serve as sighting points for observations of the sun. B) © ©) 9. Because doctors are treating more people for skin cancer, itis widely believed that changes in the a) (B) © protective layers of the earth's atmosphere must be produce harmful effects now. @) 10. Secretariat run the Kentucky Derby in 1.59 minutes, setting a record that has remained unbroken {A) @) © since 1973. ) Causatives are main verbs that cause people or machines to do things or cause things to change. They are listed below in order of the most forcetul to the least forceiul: make get have . let & help92 REVIEW OF SECTION 2: STRUCTURE Remember that MAKE can be used as a causative. In a causative, a person does not perform an action directly. The person causes it to happen by forcing another person to do it Avoid using an infinitive or an ing form instead of a verb ward after a person or thing in a causative with MAKE. INCORRECT: She made the baby to take a nap. Corencr: She made the baby (ake a nap, INconrncr: Professor Rogers didn’t make us typed up our lab reports CokkECr: Professor Rogers didn't make us type up our lab reports. INCORRECT: Are you going to make your daughter to work part time in the store this summer? Coxrrcr: Are you going to make your daughter wark part time in the store this summer? INcoRRE Corree Ican’t seem to make this dishwasher running, Tean’t seem to make this dishwasher run, INCORRECT: Patsy makes everyone doing his share around the house. Correct: Patsy makes everyone do his share around the house. EXERCISES Part : Choose the correct answer. Psychologists believe that incentives ___to increase our productivity, (A) make us want (B) make us to want (©) making us want (D) makes us wantingPATTERNS/PROBLEM 17 93 Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct il, ‘Too much water makes plants turning brown on the edges of their leaves. “ (By © ©) Causative GET Remember that GET can be used as a causative. In a causative, a person does not perform an ac- tion directly. GET has less force and authority than MAKE. i our car Avoid using a vetb word instead of an infinitive after a person in @ causative with GET. Avoid using a verb word instead of a parficipte after things in @ causative with GET. EXAMPLES IncorgEeT: Do you think that we can get Karen takes us to San Diego” Correct: Do you think that we can get Karen to take us to San Diego? INCORRECT: I want to get the house paint before winter "Coraect: Twant to get the house painted before winter. INCORRECT: Let's get some of our money exchange for dollars, Let’s get some of our money exchanged for dollars, INcoRRceT: Nora got her mother's wedding dress to alter so thet it fit perfectly. Corasct: Nora got her mother's wedding dress altered so that it fit perfectly. INCORRECT: We will have to get someone fixing the phane right away. Corkect: We will have (o gel someone (o fix the phone right away. E 1SE: Part A: Choose the correct answer. Lobbyists who represent special interest groups get that benefits their groups. (A) Congress to pass the legislation (B) Congress passed the legislation (C) the legislation to. pass by Congress (1D) the legislation that Congress passingsa REVIEW OF SECTION 2: STRUCTURE Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. In order (o receive full reimbursement for jewelry that might be stolen, the owner must get (A) «By all pieces appraise © —@) Causative HAVE Remember that HAVE can be used as a causative. In a causative, a person does not perform an ac- tion directly. HAVE has even less force and authority than GET. want to have renewed, Avoid using an infinitive or an -ing form instoad of a verb word after a person in a causative with HAVE. Avoid using a verb word or an infinitive instead of a participle after a thing in a causative with HAVE. EXAMPLES Incorkecr: Tom had a tooth fill, Correct) Tom had a tooth £1 Incorrect: Have you had your temperature taking yer? Correct: Have you had your temperature taken yet? Incorrect: ‘They had their lawyer to change their wills. Correct: ‘They had their lawyer change their wills. INconkuet: Tike the way you tad the beautician done your hair. Correcr: [like the way you had the beautician do your hair. INcoRRECT: We are going to have our car fix before we go to Toronto. Correct: We are going to have our car fixed before we go to Toronto.