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10/3/2006 2
Basic Concepts
Lumped Parameter
Electrical effects happen instantaneously in the system.
Low frequency or small size (about 1/10 of the wavelength).
10/3/2006 3
Basic Concepts
10/3/2006 4
Basic Concepts - Units
10/3/2006 5
Basic Concepts - Units
10/3/2006 6
Basic Concepts - Volts
Circuit usage: V
or v(t) when voltage may vary.
I say again!
Voltage ACROSS two points.
10/3/2006 7
Basic Concepts - Amps
Circuit usage: I
or i(t) when current may vary with time.
I say again!
Current THRU a circuit element.
10/3/2006 8
Basic Concepts - Ohms
Symbol: Ω
Circuit usage: R
R = V/I
10/3/2006 9
Basic Concepts - Farad
Symbol: F
10/3/2006 10
Basic Concepts - Henrys
Symbol: H
10/3/2006 11
Basic Concepts – Passive Sign Convention
10/3/2006 12
Basic Concepts – Power
p = (+/-) vi = i2R = v2/R
p = the power in watts
v = the voltage in volts
I = the current in amperes
10/3/2006 13
Basic Concepts - Example
Power delivered/absorbed.
10/3/2006 14
Basic Concepts
End of Basic Concepts.
Questions?
10/3/2006 15
Basic Laws
Circuit Connections:
Nodes – point of connection of two or more
branches.
10/3/2006 16
Basic Laws – Ohm’s Law
Ohms Law: v = iR
R = v/i
1 Ω = 1 V/A
10/3/2006 17
Basic Laws - Kirchhoff’s Laws
KVL: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
Sum of all voltages around a closed path is
zero.
Parallel Resistors:
1 1 1
= + + ......
Req R1 R2
R1 R2
Req =
R1 + R2
10/3/2006 19
Basic Laws – Voltage Divider
Voltage Divider for Series Resistors:
R1
v1 = v
R1 + R2
R2
v2 = v
R1 + R2
10/3/2006 20
Basic Laws – Current Divider
Current Divider for Parallel Resistors:
R2
i1 = i
R1 + R2
R1
i2 = i
R1 + R2
10/3/2006 21
Basic Laws – Example
KCL/KVL Example
10/3/2006 22
Basic Laws – Example
Calculating Resistance
Req = ?
Req = ?
10/3/2006 23
Basic Laws – Example
Voltage Divider
10/3/2006 24
Basic Laws – Example
Current Divider
10/3/2006 25
Basic Laws
Questions?
10/3/2006 26
Break for 5 minutes.
Chinese Proverb: This too shall pass.
10/3/2006 27
Methods of Analysis
Nodal Analysis –
assign voltages in branches and find currents.
Mesh Analysis –
assign currents in a loop and find voltages.
10/3/2006 28
Methods of Analysis
Node Analysis:
1. Select a reference node.
2. Apply KCL to each of the nonreference
nodes.
3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations.
Number of equations = # of nodes - 1
10/3/2006 29
Methods of Analysis
Node Analysis:
Select a reference node.
This becomes the “zero” reference.
10/3/2006 30
Methods of Analysis
Node Analysis:
Apply KCL:
There are a number of slightly different
approaches in applying KCL.
The approach you use MUST be consistent!
10/3/2006 32
Methods of Analysis
Supernode: when a voltage source connects to
nonreference nodes.
Recall that a ideal voltage source provides
WHATEVER current the circuit requires.
Procedure:
1. Short the voltage source. That is: form a single
node of the ends of the voltage source.
2. Write the constraint equation for the voltages.
3. Write the standard node equations for the
supernode.
10/3/2006 33
Methods of Analysis
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Methods of Analysis – Example
Let us work a mesh problem.
10/3/2006 36
Methods of Analysis
Supermesh: when two meshes share a current
source.
Recall that a ideal current source provides
WHATEVER voltage the circuit requires.
Procedure:
1. Open the current source. That is form a single
mesh for the two mesh sharing the current
source.
2. Write the constraint equation for the currents.
3. Write the standard mesh equation for the
supermesh.
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Methods of Analysis
10/3/2006 39
Methods of Analysis
End of Methods of Analysis.
Questions?
10/3/2006 40
Circuit Theorems
1. Superposition
2. Source Transformation
3. Thevenin’s Theorem
4. Norton’s Theorem
5. Maximum Power Transfer
10/3/2006 41
Circuit Theorems - Superposition
10/3/2006 42
Circuit Theorems - Superposition
1. Turn off all independent sources except one.
Voltage source V = 0 when shorted.
Current source A = 0 when opened.
2. Solve the circuit.
3. Repeat until all sources handled.
4. Sum the individual responses to get the total
response.
10/3/2006 43
Circuit Theorems –
Source Transforms
A source transformation exchanges a voltage
source with a series resistor with a current
source and a parallel resistor.
vs =i s R
vs
is =
R
10/3/2006 44
Circuit Theorems – Example
Let us work a source transformation problem.
10/3/2006 45
Circuit Theorems – Example
Let us work a source transformation problem.
10/3/2006 46
Circuit Theorems –
Thevenin’s Theorem
Thevenin’s Theorem: a linear two-terminal
network can be replaced with an equivalent
circuit of a single voltage source and a series
resistor.
VTH is the open circuit voltage
10/3/2006 47
Circuit Theorems –
Thevenin’s Theorem
10/3/2006 48
Circuit Theorems – Example
Let us work a Thevenin problem.
10/3/2006 49
Circuit Theorems – Example
Let us work a Thevenin problem.
10/3/2006 50
Circuit Theorems –
Norton’s Theorem
Norton’s Theorem: a linear two-terminal network can be
replaced with an equivalent circuit of a single current source
and a parallel resistor.
VTH
IN =
RTH
IN is the short circuit current.
10/3/2006 51
Circuit Theorems – Example
Let us work a Norton problem.
10/3/2006 52
Circuit Theorems – Example
10/3/2006 53
Circuit Theorems –
Maximum Power Transfer
The maximum power delivered to a load is when
the load resistance equals the Thevenin
resistance as seen from the load.
RL = RTH
10/3/2006 54
Circuit Theorems –
Maximum Power Transfer
When
RL = RTH
Then
VTH2
pmax =
4 RTH
10/3/2006 55
Circuit Theorems
End of Circuit Theorems.
Questions?
10/3/2006 56
Break for 5 minutes.
Nerves and butterflies are fine - they're a
physical sign that you're mentally ready
and eager. You have to get the butterflies
to fly in formation, that's the trick.
~Steve Bull
10/3/2006 57
Operational Amplifiers
OP Amp – name derived from this circuits ability
to perform various mathematical operations.
10/3/2006 58
Operational Amplifiers
Ideal Op Amp assumptions:
1. in = ip = zero
2. vn = vp
Vout ≤ ±VCC
10/3/2006 59
Operational Amplifiers
Use node analysis to solve the problem. If you
recognize the type and like to memorize:
R feedback
Inverting Op Amp: Vout = − Vinput
Rinput
⎛ R feedback ⎞
Noninverting Op Amp: Vout = ⎜1 + ⎟Vinput
⎜ Rinput ⎟
⎝ ⎠
10/3/2006 60
Operational Amplifiers – Example
Let us work an Op Amp problem.
10/3/2006 61
Operational Amplifiers
End of Operational Amplifiers.
Questions?
10/3/2006 62
Capacitors and Inductors
A Capacitor consists of two conducting plates
separated by an insulator.
10/3/2006 63
Capacitors and Inductors
The voltage across a capacitor cannot change
abruptly.
dv
i=C
dt
A capacitor is an open circuit to dc.
10/3/2006 64
Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors add in parallel - CAP
Ceq = C1 + C2 + ...
Series Capacitance
1 1 1
= + + ...
Ceq C1 C2
10/3/2006 65
Capacitors and Inductors
An Inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire.
10/3/2006 66
Capacitors and Inductors
The current thru an inductor cannot change
abruptly.
di
v=L
dt
An inductor is a short circuit to dc.
10/3/2006 67
Capacitors and Inductors
Inductors add in series.
Leq = L1 + L2 + ...
Parallel Inductance
1 1 1
= + + ...
Leq L1 L2
10/3/2006 68
Capacitors and Inductors – Example
Overall behavior of an inductor
10/3/2006 69
Capacitors and Inductors – Example
Overall behavior of an inductor
10/3/2006 70
Capacitors and Inductors – Example
Overall behavior of a capacitor
10/3/2006 71
Capacitors and Inductors
End of Capacitors and Inductors.
Questions?
10/3/2006 72
Summary
Passive Sign
Power: p = vi
Ohm’s Law v = ir = i2R = V2/R
KCL – Sum of currents = zero
KVL – Sum of voltage in loop = zero
Series/Parallel Elements
Voltage/Current Divider
10/3/2006 73
Summary
Source Transformation
Thevenin Equivalent
Norton Equivalent
Ideal Op Amp
Capacitor
Inductor
10/3/2006 74
Summary
What we did not cover:
Response of 1st order RC/RL circuits
Unbounded response
3 Phase AC power
10/3/2006 75
Good Luck on the EIT Exam!
It is a timed exam. Answer what you
know. Mark what you might know and
come back later. Do not get bogged down
on a few questions. Move along!
Remember that it is a multiple choice
exam. Look for hints in the answers.
If totally in doubt – Guess by using your
intuition and science.
10/3/2006 76
EIT Review