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Chapter 7 Transmission Media
Chapter 7 Transmission Media
CHAPTER 7
Transmission Media
Review Questions
1. What is the position of the transmission media in the OSI or the Internet model?
Ans: The transmission media is located beneath the physical layer and controlled by the physical
layer.
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8. Name the advantages of optical fiber over twisted-pair and coaxial cable.
Ans: Advantages of optical fiber over twisted-pair and co -axial cable are:
i. Higher Bandwidth
ii. Less signal attenuation and other losses
iii. Electromagnetic isolation
iv. Less weight
v. Smaller in the size but Great capacity.
10. What is the difference between Omnidirectional waves and unidirectional waves?
Ans:
Omnidirectional waves Unidirectional waves
omnidirections meant that ‘different directions’ unidirectional means waves having single
direction.
Omnidirectional devices broadcast or receive Unidirectional devices are focused on picking
their signals from all directions. up or transmitting their signals in one
direction.
Example: Cell phone antennas will pick up Example: Having a microphone that will give
signals from everywhere around the device. you and your subject undivided attention.
Exercises
11. Using Figure 7.6, tabulate the attenuation (in dB) of a 18-gauge UTP for the indicated
frequencies and distances.
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12. Use the result of Exercise 11 to infer that the bandwidth of a UTP cable decreases with an
increase in distance.
Ans: As the Table 7.1 shows, for a specific maximum value of attenuation, the highest frequency
decreases with distance. If we consider the bandwidth to start from zero, we can say that the
bandwidth decreases with distance. For example, if we can tolerate a maximum attenuation of 50
dB (loss), then we can give the following listing of distance versus bandwidth.
Distance Bandwidth
1 Km 100 KHz
10 Km 50 KHz
15 Km 1 KHz
20 Km 0 KHz
13. If the power at the beginning of a 1 KIn 18-gauge UTP is 200 mw, what is the power at the end
for frequencies 1 KHz, 10 KHz, and 100 KHz? Use the result of Exercise 11.
Ans: We can use Table 7.1 to find the power for different frequencies:
1 KHz dB = -3 P2 = P1 ×10−3/10 = 100.23 mw
−5/10
10 KHz dB = -5 P 2 = P1 ×10 = 63.25 mw
−7/10
100 KHz dB = -7 P2 = P1 ×10 = 39.90 mw
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14. Using Figure 7.9, tabulate the attenuation (in dB) of a 2.6/9.5 mm coaxial cable for the indicated
frequencies and distances
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15. Use the result of Exercise 14 to infer that the bandwidth of a coaxial cable decreases with the
increase in distance.
Ans: As Table 7.2 shows, for a specific maximum value of attenuation, the highest frequency
decreases with distance. If we consider the bandwidth to start from zero, we can say that the
bandwidth decreases with distance. For example, if we can tolerate a maximum attenuation of 50
dB (loss), then we can give the following listing of distance versus bandwidth.
Distance Bandwidth
1 Km 100 KHz
10 Km 1 KHz
15 Km 1 KHz
20 Km 0 KHz
16. If the power at the beginning of a 1 KIn 2.6/9.5 mm coaxial cable is 200 mw, what is the power
at the end for frequencies 1 KHz, 10KHz, and 100 KHz? Use the result of Exercise 14.
Ans: We can use Table 7.2 to find the power for different frequencies:
1 KHz dB = -3 P2 = P1 ×10−3/10 = 100.23 mw
10 KHz dB = -7 P2 = P1 ×10−7/10 = 39.90 mw
−20/10
100 KHz dB = -20 P2 = P1 ×10 = 2.00 mw
17. Calculate the bandwidth of the light for the following wavelength ranges (assume a propagation
speed of 2 x 108 m):
a. 1000 to 1200 nm
b. 1000 to 1400 nm.
𝑐
Ans: We can use the formula 𝑓 = , Here, c is the speed of propagation
𝜆
a. B = [(2 × 108)/1000×10−9] − [(2 × 108)/ 1200 × 10−9] = 33 THz
b. B = [(2 × 108)/1000×10−9] − [(2 × 108)/ 1400 × 10−9] = 57 THz
18. The horizontal axes in Figure 7.6 and 7.9 represent frequencies. The horizontal axis in Figure
7.16 represents wavelength. Can you explain the reason? lfthe propagation speed in an optical fiber is
2 x 108 ill, can you change the units in the horizontal axis to frequency? Should the vertical-axis
units be changed too? Should the curve be changed too?
Ans:
a. The wave length is the inverse of the frequency if the propagation speed is fixed. This means
all three figures represent the same thing.
b. We can change the wave length to frequency. For example, the value 1000 nm can be written
as 200 THz.
c. The vertical-axis units may not change because they represent dB/km.
d. The curve must be flipped horizontally.
19. Using Figure 7.16, tabulate the attenuation (in dB) of an optical fiber for the indicated
wavelength and distances.
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20. A light signal is travelling through a fiber. What is the delay in the signal if the length of the
fiber-optic cable is 10 m, 100 m, and 1 Km (assume a propagation speed of 2 x 108 ill)?
distance
Ans: The delay = propagation speed . Therefore, we have:
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10
a. 𝐷𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 = = 0.05 ms
2∗108
100
b. 𝐷𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 = = 0.5 ms
2∗108
1000
c. 𝐷𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 = = 5 ms
2∗108
21. A beam oflight moves from one medium to another medium with less density. The critical
angle is 60°. Do we have refraction or reflection for each of the following incident angles? Show
the bending of the light ray in each case.
a. 40°
b. 60°
c. 800
Ans:
a. The incident angle (40 degrees) is smaller than the critical angle (60 degrees). We have
refraction. The light ray enters into the less dense medium.
b. The incident angle (60 degrees) is the same as the critical angle (60 degrees). We have
refraction. The light ray travels along the interface.
c. The incident angle (80 degrees) is greater than the critical angle (60 degrees).We have
reflection. The light ray returns back to the more dense medium.
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