PSCAD Relay Manual V3 2 PDF

PSCAD/RELAY
Installation & Operations Manual
Version 3.2
The Professional’s Tool for Protective Relay Testing
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc.

244 Cree Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3J 3W1
Copyright  2001 Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc.
All rights reserved.
Information in this document is subject to change without notice.

No part of this document may be reproduced in any form or by any
means, electronically or mechanically, for any purpose without the
express written permission of Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc.
PSCAD is a registered trademark of Manitoba HVDC Research

Centre Inc.
EMTDC is a trademark of Manitoba Hydro, and Manitoba HVDC

Research Centre Inc. is a registered user.
Microsoft, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows 2000,

Windows ME, NT, and Developer Studio are the registered
trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United
States and other countries.
DEC and DEC Fortran are trademarks of Digital Equipment

Corporation.
UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other

countries licensed exclusively through X/Open Company.
Netscape and Netscape Navigator are registered trademarks of

Netscape Communications Corporation in the United States and
other countries.
MATLAB is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc.
Compaq and the names of Compaq products referenced herein are

trademarks and/or service marks or registered trademarks and/or
service marks of the Compaq Computer Corporation.
WinZip is a registered trademark of WinZip Computing, Inc.
Revision 1.0 – Jan 16, 2001

Revision 2.0 – March 15, 2001
Revision 2.1 – April 26, 2001
Revision 2.2 – May 18, 2001
Revision 3.0 – June 8, 2001
Revision 3.1 – June 28, 2001
Revision 4.0 – August 7, 2001
Revision 4.1 – August 31, 2001
Table of Contents
Table of Conte
Chapter 1
Overview of PSCAD/Relay......................................1
PSCAD/Relay Introduction..................................................1
Why Use a Power System Simulator .................................2
What Type of Testing.........................................................3
Parameters That Can be Modified......................................3
Chapter 2
Installation...........................................................4
Hardware and Software Requirements .............................4
Fortran Compilers..............................................................5
TCP/IP Network Protocol....................................................6
Licensing...........................................................................6
PSCAD Installation.............................................................9
License Manager Install...................................................13
Manually Configuring the License Manager.....................18
Manually Stopping the License Manager.........................20
Manually Starting the License Manager...........................20
Adding a License.............................................................21
Avoiding the Most Common Mistakes..............................21
GNU/EGCS Fortran Install.................................................22
Running PSCAD...............................................................23
Problems That Can Occur................................................24
PSCAD Compile Generates “make –f” Error..................24
Unable to Connect to License Manager Server.............24
Unable to Acquire License from ‘localhost’...................26
Getting Help During Installation......................................26
Uninstalling......................................................................26
Chapter 3
Case Descriptions...............................................27
Cases Included................................................................27
Case 1: Single Line..........................................................28
Substation Control Panel..............................................33
Playback Recorders......................................................34
Breaker Controls...........................................................35
Steps to Perform a PSCAD Simulation ........................35
Modification of Parameters..............................................38
Three Phase Voltage Source ........................................38
iv PSCAD/Relay Manual
PSCAD/Relay
Transmission Line Parameters .....................................41

Fault Impedance...........................................................43
Recorder Parameters....................................................44
Case 2: Single Line (Mid-line Fault) .................................47
Case 3: Parallel Transmission Line...................................48
Steps Required to Perform Simulation. ........................50
Case 4: Parallel Transmission Line (Mid-line Fault)..........54
Case 5: Parallel Line with T-tap........................................55
Case 6: Parallel Line with T-tap (Mid-line Fault)...............56
Case 7: Transformer HL/LV Connection...........................57
Case 8: Transformer HL/LV with Tertiary Winding...........58
Case 9: Series Parallel Transmission Lines.....................59
Chapter 4
PSCAD/Relay Components ..................................61
Transmission Line Modeling ............................................61
Distributed or Traveling Wave Transmission Line.........62
Coupled Line Model Using Load Flow Parameters.........64
Manual Entry of Data for Bergeron Model.....................68
Conductor Database.....................................................71
Additional T-line References ........................................77
Transformers...................................................................78
PSCAD Recorder Model....................................................82
Output File Location.....................................................83
Multiple Run Capability with Recorder..........................84
RTP Playback Program..................................................84
Breaker Component.........................................................84
Doble State Component...................................................85
Chapter 5
Advanced Topics ................................................89
Sequencer ......................................................................89
Multiple Run Component.................................................91
Starting from a Snapshot...............................................101
Protection to Operate a Breaker ...................................103
Single Phase Breaker Operation....................................105
Mutual Coupled Transmission Lines ..............................106
Interface with Doble ProTesT Program...........................106
Special Example Based on SEL 321 Relay Manual.........107
Appendix A
Troubleshooting Install.....................................108
Starting the License Manager Service...........................108
Help Files Won’t Open*..................................................110
Message Tree Errors......................................................111
PSCAD/Relay Manual v
Table of Contents
Appendix B
Using PSCAD/Relay...........................................112
Starting PSCAD..............................................................112
Title Bar and Menu Bar..................................................112
Title Bar and Active Project........................................113
Menu Bar and Menu Items..........................................113
Menu Buttons.............................................................113
Project Tree and Message Tree......................................114
Loading a Case Project..................................................114
Running a Simulation.....................................................116
Printing..........................................................................117
PSCAD/Relay Graphical Interface Features....................119
Scrolling.....................................................................120
Keyboard Shortcuts....................................................120
Printing Circuits and Plots...........................................120
Printing Component Parameters.................................120
Creating Plots and Graphs..........................................120
Connecting Wires.......................................................121
Creating Slider, Switch, Button, and Dial Interfaces. . .121
Changing Simulation Time Step and Run Duration.....121
Using Arrays...............................................................121
MultiPlot Features: FFT, THD and Curve Calculation...122
Tlines and Cables.......................................................122
Grouping Components................................................122
Editing Component Parameters..................................122
Undo...........................................................................122
Windows Meta File Export..........................................123
Finding Components...................................................123
Viewing Error and Warning Messages.........................123
Changing Page Size and Layout.................................123
Appendix C
Technical Support.............................................124
How to Contact Us.........................................................124
Maintenance Contract...................................................124
EMTDC Users’ Group......................................................125
Index..................................................................126
vi PSCAD/Relay Manual
Chapter 1
Overview of PSCAD/Relay
PSCAD/RELAY INTRODUCTION
PSCAD/Relay is a power system simulator designed
especially for AC protection relay test and analysis
personnel. PSCAD/Relay is designed with a number of
predefined transmission system configurations or cases.
The idea is to allow the user to load the case of interest,
enter the appropriate system parameters and solve the
simulation with very little effort.
The nine predefined base cases have a built in interactive

dials, sliders and switches, making it easy for the user to
modify and customize the simulation for the particular
system being investigated. The AC system is displayed in
single line diagram (SLD) format. The results of the
simulation are plotted and displayed on screen. Interactive
controls allow the user to adjust the system conditions as
the simulation is solving, very similar to what would occur if
you operated the real power system from a control room.
The simulation results are recorded as COMTRADE or RTP
files. These waveforms can be utilized for real time
playback testing and verification of protective relay
systems.
The very powerful and versatile PSCAD transient solution is

used to solve a predefined set of power system
configurations, including single, parallel and tapped AC
transmission lines and transformers. The user can run the
example cases as they are, or make appropriate changes to
model their own system.
Graphic based controls allow the user to define the load

conditions, system impedances for the bus voltages,
transmission line parameters, timing, and various fault
configurations. The power system simulator calculates and
displays the voltage and current time domain or transient
waveforms. The transient waveforms will very closely
represent the waveforms you would measure on your
system using an oscilloscope or high-speed digital transient
fault recorder. The predefined example cases allow the user
to get results quickly and efficiently.
For more advanced users, the cases can be customized to

include simulation sequencer controls, breaker protection,
automatic multiple run cases and single pole breaker
operation. Examples cases illustrating these features are
provided.
WHY USE A POWER SYSTEM SIMULATOR

Power systems are rapidly becoming more complex. Digital
protection systems are being installed that respond to rapid
system changes. As a result, there is the requirement for
more accurate representation of the power system
transients that occur on the application and during the
recovery of system faults. The settings of digital protection
systems are also becoming more complex. The design and
testing of digital protection systems require a large number
of various fault conditions and “what if” testing. A power
system simulator can provide answers to these questions
and much more.
The provided example cases consist of single, dual and

tapped AC line configurations, complete with breakers and
equivalent voltage sources to represent the rest of the AC
system. Adjustment of the equivalent voltage sources will
determine pre-fault loading conditions. Faults can be
located anywhere on the transmission system, and can be
applied at anytime, just like in the real power system.
Voltage and current waveforms are displayed and recorded
where the protection relays would be located, and these
waveforms are recorded for future real time testing of the
protection relay systems. AC breakers can be opened and
closed in the simulation providing testing and analysis of
protection sequences. Voltage and current waveforms can
be recorded at both ends of a transmission line for end-to-
end GPS based testing.
Realistic testing waveforms can be generated for a variety

of testing conditions. These tests can be performed quickly
and automatically, providing a set of testing waveforms to
thoroughly test a protection system.
WHAT TYPE OF TESTING
PSCAD/Relay provides features that can perform a wide
variety of testing that is unavailable in other forms of
simulation. For example, PSCAD/Relay easily performs
simulations of current reversal due to faults in parallel lines,
or simulation of AC protection communication systems. In
PSCAD/Relay, transmission lines can be modelled as the
traditional pi sections; accurate for 60Hz lines.
Alternatively, using PSCAD/Relay’s full frequency travelling
wave transmission model will precisely represent
transmission lines from DC to several hundred kilohertz for
increased accuracy of simulation results. The following
section presents parameters that can be modified in the
simulation.
PARAMETERS THAT CAN BE MODIFIED

The following is a short list of the parameters that can be
modified:
• Fault Locations
• Fault Type: Single and 3-phase, phase-to-phase, and
phase-to-ground
• Fault Impedance
• Fault Duration
• Pre-fault Voltage, Power Flow and MVAR Conditions
• Point on Wave Timing for Fault Application
• Reclosing of Breakers after Fault Clearing
• Breaker Operating Time
• Single Phase Breaker operation
• Equivalent System Impedance
• Sequence of Breaker Opening and Closing
• Recorded Waveforms for Real Time Playback Testing
• Multiple Run or Batch Solutions
PSCAD/Relay is simple to use and operate, while generating

fast, accurate results.
Chapter 2: Installation
Cha
Installa
The PSCAD/EMTDC family of products uses the EMDTC
solution engine to solve simulations. Similar licensing,
installation and compiler requirements are necessary for all
versions of PSCAD/RELAY. Visit the web site www.hvdc.ca
for more information on other PSCAD products.
PSCAD is currently supported on PCs running Microsoft

Windows 95/98/ME and Windows NT4.0/2000 operating
systems.
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

The following are the minimum recommended
specifications.
Category Requirement
Processor 200 MHz Pentium processor (higher speed

recommended).
Operating Windows 95, 98, NT 4.0, ME or 2000.

system
Additional Digital Visual Fortran 5.0 is supported, but

software Compaq Visual Fortran 6.x recommended.
A GNU compiler is provided, which is

sufficient to run any cases in PSCAD.
Web browser (i.e., Internet Explorer, or

Netscape) capable of reading HTML 3.2 or
later.
Memory (RAM) 32 MB (64 MB or more recommended).
Hard disc 100 MB minimum. More space may be

space required to save cases and output as you
Category Requirement
use PSCAD.
Monitor SVGA minimum, XGA recommended. 17”

for desktop and 11” minimum for laptop,
800x600 resolution (1024x768 or higher
recommended).
Other A CD-ROM drive and 32 bit CD-ROM

peripherals drivers, a mouse or compatible pointing
and hardware device, one serial or USB port for hardware
lock, TCP/IP Network Protocol.
The free EGCS GNU Fortran

compiler is available for all
users on our worldwide
website: www.hvdc.ca
FORTRAN COMPILERS
PSCAD requires a Fortran compiler to run. The following
commercially available compilers are presently supported:
Compaq Visual Fortran 5 & 6
You can get more information on the Compaq Visual Fortran

compiler at http://www.compaq.com/fortran.
For your convenience, a free Fortran compiler, called the

EGCS GNU compiler, is provided on your PSCAD CD.
Please note that the GNU compiler will impose some

limitations otherwise not experienced with the Compaq
Visual compiler, however PSCAD/Relay users will not
experience any limitations.
If you are installing the Compaq Visual Fortran compiler,

please follow the installation instructions provided with the
software. Once successfully installed, proceed to PSCAD
Installation.
TCP/IP NETWORK PROTOCOL

PSCAD requires TCP/IP (i.e. Winsock) network protocol to be
installed. TCP/IP is used to allow PSCAD and EMTDC to
You must have TCP/IP communicate, and is required by the Educational,
protocol installed on your Commercial, Personal and Relay Editions of PSCAD. TCP/IP
PC for PSCAD/Relay to
function. should be installed before proceeding with your installation.
Most Windows’ installations will automatically install TCP/IP.

If you are running on an old PC with a network card, the
TCP/IP protocol can be installed from START | Settings |
Control Panel | Network. Select Add Protocol and modify the
TCP/IP properties. Your system administrator can provide
you with information on what IP address to use.
If you are using a standalone PC, you can also install TCP/IP
using the Windows dial up network setup. Go to START |
Settings | Control Panel | Network… and add an adapter.
Remove the client for Netware (if you use Novell networking,
this is not required) and add the Protocol for Microsoft
TCP/IP.
You can test the TCP installation by opening a DOS prompt

and typing ‘ping localhost.’ If this succeeds, then the
PSCAD/RELAY case should also run correctly.
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
WINDOWS 95 USERS ONLY: Dongle
It is a good idea to get the Winsock 2 and Dial Up

Networking updates (free from Microsoft). You can get them
from:
http://www.microsoft.com/windows95/downloads/def
ault.asp, or: www.tucows.com in the Windows
95/Networking area.
25-Pin Serial Port Dongle
NOTE: These updates are important if you want to run the
PSCAD Educational, Commercial, or Relay Editions (which
require the License Manager) on a standalone Windows 95
machine that does not have a network card.
LICENSING
Licensing is required for the PSCAD/Relay program.
The License Manager software is used in conjunction with a
hardware lock, known as a dongle (shown in the side
column). The dongle contains pre-programmed information
regarding the type and amount of licenses, as well as other
user information. When PSCAD is started, it will request a
license from the License Manager. The License Manager, in
turn, checks the information on the dongle in order to verify
the request.
The License Manager software supports two types of dongle;

a 25-Pin Serial Port type and a Universal Serial Bus (USB)
type. The USB dongle is small (the size of your finger-tip)
and uses a more reliable power supply, thus making it more
suitable for laptops.
Although the 25-Pin Serial Port type dongle is compatible

with all Windows platforms, the USB dongle is NOT
compatible with the following Windows Operating Systems:
• Windows NT
• Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2 or earlier
Not all computers come with USB ports. If you are not sure
if you have one, contact your System administrator for help.
The License Manager and dongle need only be installed on

one computer in a network. This computer will act as the
License Manager ‘server’, which will hand out licenses to
other machines on the network, as requested.
NOTE: If you are installing the License Manager on a

standalone workstation or laptop not connected to a
network, your PSCAD software can only be used on the
computer that has the dongle connected to it.
EXAMPLE: A PSCAD/Relay
user wants 5 licenses on 1
dongle. This diagram
illustrates how this user
could install the License
Manager on their LAN
(Local Area Network).
PSCAD INSTALLATION
PSCAD comes with an easy to use installation program. The
only difficulty is typically found installing the License
Manager program
To install PSCAD you must have administrator access to

Note: Some steps are not
your machine. If you do not, the install will fail. mentioned in this manual.
To install PSCAD, perform the following steps:

1. Insert the PSCAD CD into your CD-ROM drive.
2. The Install program needs to be started manually.
To do this, click on the Start Button on your taskbar,
and then click Run. Type in “D:\setup.exe,”
without the quotes, where “D” represents the CD-
ROM drive letter. Setup should begin.
3. Follow the on screen instructions. Each screen that
requires important user input will have a
corresponding step to it in the following pages.
4. You will be presented with a screen on which options
are available for your install. The screen is shown
below, along with explanations of the options that
pertain to PSCAD users.

Only select License

Manager if the machine you
are using will have the
dongle attached to it.
Note: If you uncheck an item that you have

previously installed, the installation program will
uninstall it!
• You have purchased PSCAD Relay Edition, so
ensure that it is selected. DO NOT unselect any
previously installed version of PSCAD unless you
wish to uninstall it.
• The PSCAD Help files are recommended for all
users of PSCAD products.
• PSCAD Example cases showcase various features
of PSCAD. They are not necessary for PSCAD
Relay, as the example cases for PSCAD Relay are
automatically installed.
• If you do not have Compaq Digital Fortran, select
the GNU compiler. A Fortran compiler is
required for any PSCAD application to run.
• If you are installing PSCAD on the machine with
the dongle, select the License Manager option. If
you are using a machine that does not have the
dongle, and will be using the license over the
network, do not select this option.
• If you are not sure what the host machine’s name
or IP address is, contact your system
administrator.
5. If you selected the License Manager, skip ahead to
step 6. If you did not, PSCAD Install will now ask you
to locate your license, using the following screen.
If your machine currently has the dongle attached, and

has a valid license for PSCAD, select on this machine.
If your machine does not have the dongle, and you are
using the license over the network, select on another

machine on your network and enter in the machine
name. For example, if another machine on your network
has the dongle and it is named Pumori, this is how to
ensure your machine will find the license.
If you are unsure which machine has the dongle, contact

your system administrator.
6. PSCAD will attempt to find support programs which
may or may not reside on your system, including:
• Compaq’s Digital Fortran
• GNU/EGCS Fortran
• Netscape
• Internet Explorer
If any of these programs are not located immediately,
you have the option of performing an exhaustive search
of your system. If the program is not on your system,
choose NO from the dialog boxes. An example of a

dialog box is shown below.
7. You have the option of installing PSCAD anywhere on
your system. The following dialog box will allow you
to make any changes you require for installation
If you wish to maintain a

previous version of PSCAD,
change the default
directory. For example,
change it to “PSCADRelay.”
location.
When you have finished selecting a destination for
PSCAD, click "Next."
The installation program included with PSCAD will now
branch off into additional installers. These programs will
install other programs that you have indicated you
require, such as the License Manager or GNU/EGCS
Fortran.
LICENSE MANAGER INSTALL
The License Manager Install program will only run if you
selected it in the PSCAD install, step 4 above, or if it is
required by the version of PSCAD that you are installing. If
you did not select the License Manager, skip this section and
Neverproceed to 2.12
modify or delete the GNU/EGCS FORTRAN INSTALL.
“lmgr-hvdc” file on your
computer.
If you have the License Manager installed on your machine,
you do not need to run the License Manager Install again.
Please see “2.9 Adding a License” for further instructions.
The License Manager program creates a special database,

called “lmgr-hvdc” on your computer. Users should never
modify or delete this file, even when uninstalling PSCAD.
Subsequent license changes are reflected automatically in
this file.
Pay special attention to the installation to avoid License

Manager related problems when running PSCAD/Relay. DO
NOT connect the dongle to the 25-pin serial port or the
USB (depending on which dongle you own), until
prompted.
WINDOWS 95/98 ONLY:
The installer will ask “Would you like to start the License
Manager during machine boot?” If the dongle is the only
device on the serial port, it is safe to select “Yes,” which
means the License Manager will start automatically when
the system is re-booted.
ALL WINDOWS PLATFORMS:
1. The License Manager Install program tests to ensure

you have TCP/IP installed, using the DOS “ping”
program. Check the System Information screen
carefully to ensure that all the information is correct
and your Windows TCP/IP settings are working.
Be sure you scroll down and check that all data is
correct.
2. The License Manager Install program allows you
choose whether or not to install a license.
Select Yes:
a. If this is the first installation of License Manager

on your machine, or
b. If you are adding a new license to an existing

license database file, or
c. If you are updating or modifying a license, which

is already in the existing license database file.
Select No:
a. If you have no new licenses to add to the license

database file, and
b. If you do not wish to update or modify any

licenses already in your license database file.
If you select Yes, it will ask you for your new license.
This is usually located on the floppy disk that came with
PSCAD, entitled “License Manager: License.txt.” Be sure
to have this disk ready for step five (5).
3. The Install will now ask you to attach the dongle, or

lock. If you are unsure which is your serial port,
contact your system administrator. If you have a
USB dongle, attach it now.
• Connect the dongle to the 25-pin serial port or

the USB (depending on which dongle you own)
now.
• If you have specified the 25-pin serial port
dongle during purchase, then a 9-pin to 25-pin
converter will be included with the PSCAD
package (in case you do not have a 25-pin serial
port).
• The dongle should be inserted in the direction
indicated on the dongle.
• DO NOT insert the 25-pin serial port dongle
into the parallel port.
• The Dongle and the floppy disk have serial
numbers (SN#) on them. They MUST match to be
installed on the same machine.
Once the dongle is firmly in place, click on the OK

button.
4. The Installation program will now search for and
automatically detect the dongle, using a MSDOS
based program. If it does not find your dongle, you
will see the following screen.
Make sure your dongle is firmly attached. If you
determine that it is firmly attached, and still cannot be
seen, contact your system administrator. You may have
a problem with your USB/Serial port. If there is no serial
port/USB problem, contact the Centre.
If it does find the dongle, you will see the following
screen.
5. Type in the location of your user license,

“license.txt.” Place the “License.txt” floppy into
your floppy drive and type in “a:\license.txt,” as
shown below, where “a” represents the drive letter.
If your license is at another location, such as on the
network, contact your system administrator for help.
Press the Enter (Return) key when you are finished.

6. The Install program will now search the floppy drive
(or other location) to verify that you have a valid
PSCAD license.
Verify that the information is correct before pressing the

Enter (or Return) key.
7. The License Manager Install program is now
complete.
WINDOWS 2000 ONLY:
• Once installation is complete, you must start the

License Manager manually.
• Go to START | Programs | HVDC Lmgr. Select ‘Install
Windows NT Service’.
• Go to START | Settings | Control Panel |
Administrative Settings | Services. Highlight ‘HVDC
License Manager’, right-click and select ‘Start.’
MANUALLY CONFIGURING THE LICENSE

MANAGER
Most often, the License Manager will automatically configure
itself during installation. However, there are instances
where some automatic settings may have failed.
Two important files are used in troubleshooting the License

Manager:
• lmgrd.ini – License Manager initialization file

• lmgrd-log.txt - License Manager log file
These files can be found in either your Windows or WinNT

directory, depending on which operating system you are
using.
‘lmgrd.ini’ File
EXAMPLE lmgrd.ini file:

[manager]
class=C
[hardware]
port=Com1
;port=USB
In the above case, the user has a dongle connected to serial

port COM1 on their PC, and is using a network class C. The
USB port is commented out with the semi colon (;). You can
edit the network class setting by editing the ‘class=’
statement. See your system administrator for help.
NOTE: In order for any changes to take effect, the License

Manager must be stopped and then started again. See
Manually Stopping the License Manager for details.
The ‘port=’ statement is written by the License Manager as
the last known location of the dongle. If the dongle is
moved to another communication port, the License Manager
will auto-detect its location the next time it is started, and
re-write the lmgrd.ini file. Do not attempt to edit the ‘port=’
statement, as it will be overwritten.
‘lmgrd-log.txt’ File
This file can be used to monitor the performance of your

License Manager. It also contains helpful clues that could
steer you towards the solution to a particular problem. If
you require help, you may be asked to submit this file to us
to help solve your problem.
Sometimes you may have to start and stop the License

Manager manually. Before you do this, ensure it is installed
correctly.
MANUALLY STOPPING THE LICENSE

MANAGER
The method for stopping the License Manager is different for
various Windows platforms:
• Windows 95/98/ME: Press Ctrl-Alt-Del to bring up the

Task List and then use End Task to stop any
instances of Lmgrd-hvdc.
• Windows NT: Go to START | Settings | Control Panel |

Services. Select the HVDC License Manager and
select ‘Stop’.
• Windows 2000: Go to START | Settings | Control Panel

| Administrative Tools | Services. Highlight ‘HVDC
License Manager,’ right-click and select ‘Stop.’
MANUALLY STARTING THE LICENSE
MANAGER
The method for starting the License Manager is different for
the various Windows platforms:
• Windows 95/98/ME:
Go to START | Programs | HVDC Lmgr. Select ‘Start
License Manager.’
• Windows NT:
Go to START | Settings | Control Panel | Services.
Select the HVDC License Manager and select ‘Start’.
If HVDC License Manager does not exist in the list of
services, you must install it as a service. See
“Problems that can occur” for more information.
• Windows 2000:
Go to START | Settings | Control Panel |
Administrative Tools | Services. Highlight ‘HVDC
License Manager,’ right-click and select ‘Start,’ If the
HVDC License Manager does not exist in the list of
services, you must install it as a service. See
Chapter 2 “Problems that can occur” for more
information.
ADDING A LICENSE
If you have previously installed the License Manager, you do
not need to reinstall it. All you will need to do is add a new
license into the license database that resides on your
computer’s hard drive.
To do this, the License Manager must be stopped. See

“Manually Stopping the License Manager” for details.
Once the License Manager is stopped, use the Enter License

Key program to add a new license.
a. Use Start | Programs | HVDC Lmgr | Enter License

Key.
b. Place your floppy disk with the new license in the

“a:\” drive, where “are” represents the floppy drive
letter.
c. Press Enter (or Return).
Your new license should be added to the old one. To check

to see if it is installed correctly, use the Get License Info
program, in Start | Programs | HVDC Lmgr | Get License Info,
to verify you have the correct licenses. Get License Info will
not run while the License Manager is running.
Manually start the License Manager, following the

“Manually Starting the License Manager” directions.
AVOIDING THE MOST COMMON MISTAKES

Here is a checklist compiled from the most commonly
occurring License Manager problems:
• Ensure that the dongle is securely connected to the

serial or USB port and that the serial or USB port is
enabled.
• Ensure that the proper network class has been set in
the “lmgrd.ini” file. If you are unsure about network
classes, consult your system administrator.
• If you are using Windows 95/98/ME, make sure the

License Manager has been started: Go to START |
Programs | HVDC Lmgr and select ‘Start License
Manager.’
• If you are using Windows NT or 2000, make sure that
the License Manager has been installed as a service
and that it is running.
If you experience any further problems, see Appendix A:

Troubleshooting Installation, or contact the Centre at
pscad@hvdc.ca.
GNU/EGCS FORTRAN INSTALL

If you chose to install the GNU/EGCS Fortran, or if Setup was
unable to detect any other Fortran compiler on your
machine, PSCAD will now begin to install it. PSCAD must
have a Fortran compiler installed to run.
1. Follow the on-screen instructions to install GNU/EGCS

Fortran. If you encounter any difficulties, please see
the Troubleshooting section in Appendix A:
Troubleshooting Installation.
PSCAD is now finished installing, and will present you with

the following screen.
It is strongly recommended that you view the "Readme" file,
as it contains information useful to PSCAD users.
For PSCAD to work properly, you must reboot your

computer. If you do not, the License Manager will not work
correctly, and neither will GNU/EGCS.
IF you experience problems with install not covered here,

please see Appendix A: Troubleshooting Installation for
more information.
RUNNING PSCAD
To run PSCAD, simply click on Start | Programs | PSCAD |
PSCAD Relay. It should load and work without any
problems. You are ready to simulate cases!
If there has been a problem with the installation of the

License Manager, it will mostly likely be noticed when you
first start PSCAD. When PSCAD is invoked, it will ask the
License Manager if there is a license available. If PSCAD
cannot communicate with the License Manager at all, an
error will occur.
PROBLEMS THAT CAN OCCUR

PSCAD Compile Generates “make –f” Error
Problem: The user did not reboot on a 9x machine or re-

login on a NT/2000 machine after installing GNU Fortran.
Solution: This is an error message from GNU/EGCS Fortran.

Simply reboot your 9x machine or re-login to your NT/2000
machine.
Unable to Connect to License Manager Server
If the user gets the following screen:
Followed by either:
or
This indicates one of the following possible problems:
1. License Manager installed on this machine but is not

running.
2. Pscad.ini specifies a non-existent License Manager

host.
3. Pscad.ini specifies a valid machine name, which is

not running License Manager.
To solve these problems, first review pscad.ini and ensure

you have the correct information with respect to the License
Manager host. If all the information is correct, attempt to
start the License Manager manually. See Manually
Starting the License Manager for more information. If
these steps do not correct the problem, refer to the
Troubleshooting Appendix.
Unable to Acquire License from ‘localhost’
If the user only sees the following screen, it
indicates the user attempted to run a product for which

he/she does not have a valid license.
The solution to this problem is to ensure you have installed

the version of PSCAD that you purchased, and have
correctly added the license to your system. See Adding a
License for more information.
GETTING HELP DURING INSTALLATION

If you still have any problems installing PSCAD/RELAY, first
read the Appendix A Troubleshooting Installation
chapter in this manual. If you need further assistance,
contact your local PSCAD supplier or send an email to
pscad@hvdc.ca.
Note: The uninstall UNINSTALLING

program will not remove
any modified files. This On Windows, use the standard uninstall procedure through
includes the *.emt
directories created by Control Panel | Add/Remove Programs dialog. If you are not
PSCAD at runtime. These familiar with this procedure, ask for assistance from your
must be removed manually. system administrator to avoid unintentional deletion of
some other program or module.
Chapter 3
Case Descriptions
CASES INCLUDED
There are nine (9) distinct cases included with PSCAD/Relay.
They are located in the PSCAD/examples/Relay cases. The
following sections describe each case in detail. For
component description and how to run a case, see Case 1:
Single Transmission Line.
The following cases are detailed:
Case 1: Single Transmission Line

Case 2: Single Transmission Line (Mid-line Fault)
Case 3: Parallel Transmission Line
Case 4: Parallel Transmission Line (Mid-line Fault)
Case 5: Parallel Transmission Line with T-Tap
Case 6: Parallel Line with T-Tap (Mid-line Fault)
Case 7: Transformer HL/LV Connection
Case 8: Transformer HL/LV Connection with tertiary winding
Case 9: Series Parallel Transmission Lines
The remaining cases in the PSCAD/Relay examples directory

deal with advanced topics, which are described in Advanced
Topics, Chapter 5.
Chapter 3: Case Descriptions
CASE 1: SINGLE LINE

Case 1 is a single transmission line case, represented below.
Starting at Substation 1, on the left hand side, there is a
three-phase equivalent source. This 60 Hz system source
has a positive sequence impendence of 52.9 ohms at 80°
and zero sequence impedance of 52.9 ohms at 80°. Fault 1,
F1, can be applied on Substation 1 bus. A three-phase
breaker, B1, connects Substation 1 to the transmission line.
Breaker B1 displays the MW and MVAR flow that passes
through the breaker. Fault 2, F2, is located on the
transmission line side of breaker B1.
3 Phase 3 Phase
RMS RMS
Z1 =52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°] Z1 =52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]

-110.1 [MW] 112.4 [MW]
100.0 [MVA] 24.44 [MVAR] -4.319 [MVAR] 100.0 [MVA]
230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz] 230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz] SUBSTATION 2
100.0 km
SUBSTATION 1 LINE1
B1 B2
V Ph V1 V2 Ph V
Plots Plots
B1 B2
FT1 FT2 FT3 FT4

F1 F2 F3 F4
Subpages are yellow in The 100 km transmission line is designated as Line 1. This
colour. Double click them frequency dependent transmission line is accurate for all
to see more!
frequencies, including mutual coupling between phases and
zero sequence components. The line model is developed
from dimensional data for the physical construction or
geometry of the transmission line. The line data includes
the type and impedance of the conductor and any ground
conductors that may exist. The frequency dependent
transmission line is accurate, not only at 60 Hz, but also at
all frequencies between DC and several hundred kHz. If line
geometrical data is not available, then phasor based (60Hz)
line R, X and B data can be utilized. See Chapter 4 for more
details on transmission line modeling. At the other end of
the transmission line is breaker B2 and Substation 2, with
similar settings to breaker B1 and substation 1.
A brief description of each PSCAD component in Case 1 is

presented. For a more detailed description, please see the
help files associated with each component.
Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]
100.0 [MVA]
230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]
SUBSTATION 1
V Ph
A substation is located at either end of the transmission line.

It consists of a Thevenin Impedance three-phase voltage
source. Values can be entered either in Z∠ θ , or in R+jX
form. The positive and zero sequence impedance for
substation 1 and substation 2 are the same and set at 52.9
ohms and 80°. To edit the parameters, double click the icon.
PSCAD/Relay will bring up a properties menu, as shown
below:
By clicking the Configuration drop down bar, users can

change multiple properties, such as the positive and zero
sequence impedance.
For more information, see section 3.2.3.
There are four Faults in Case 1. They are located just

before and after the breaker at either end of the
transmission line. Faults are controlled by dials and sliders,
located in the Controls’ subpage.
-110.1 [MW]
24.44 [MVAR]
B1
There are two Breakers in Case 1, one at either end of the
transmission line. Breaker B2 connects the transmission
line to the Bus of Substation 2 and displays the MW and
MVAR flowing through the breaker. The breaker component
will change colour according to the current state of the
breaker. Red signifies the breaker is closed and green
signifies the breaker is open.
Hint: To return to main

page use the BACKSPACE
key.
On the main page of the case, there are also two plot
subpages, coloured yellow. These pages contain the analog
waveforms as recorded at Breaker B1 and Breaker B2.
Moving the mouse on top of the icon and double clicking the
left mouse button will open the subpage and display the
graphs. Placing the mouse over the graph and clicking the
right mouse button can access graph controls.
A typical plot subpage is shown below with the

representative voltages, currents, unbalance current, and
breaker digital contact information for Breaker B1.
Hint: Move the mouse over

top of the plots and using
the right mouse button to
display various options,
such as modifying the
format and display of the
graphs.
100.0 km
LINE1
The transmission line is shown between both breakers.
Double clicking on it will allow you to change any
parameters necessary.
For more information, and a detailed description of the

Transmission Line model, see Chapter 4.
Hint: Use the Backspace

key to return the main
page.
The Controls Module contains the user interactive controls
designed for this case. Place the mouse over top of the
Controls box. A left button double click will display the
Controls’ subpage, as shown on the next page.
Playback Recorders
Adjust phase angle to obtain
the correct power flow. Adjust
voltage to obtain the matching Recorders
PREFAULT CONTR OLS VAR flow at each end. Start Stop BREAKER CONTROLS
1 1
SOURCE 1 B1 Timing
Ph Angle S1W S1Q Voltage V1rms P1 Q1 0 0 42-B1 B1 T1 B1 T2
180 500 C O 2 2
0.15 0.5
MW MVAR kV MW MVAR
-300 300 -100 100 220 250 -150 150 -30 30 Recorder Control
0 0 en Record1 en Record2 0 0
0 -300 -100 230 220 -150 -30 OFF ON OFF ON 0 0.31 0.36
SOURCE 2 B2 Timing
Ph Angle S2W S2Q Voltage V2rms P2 Q2 42-B1 B2 T1 B2 T2
180 500 1 1 C O 2 2
To turn the Recorders on,
MW MVAR kV MW MVar click on the switch.
-300 300 -100 100 220 250 -150 150 -30 30
On = Recorder will record data.
-180 0 0 0
20 -300 -100 230 220 -150 -30 Off = Recorder will NOT 0 0.31 0.36
record data.
You can turn on or off

each recorder individually.
Adjust breaker clearing time (T1)
and reclose time (T2) if needed.
Timed
FAULT C ONTROLS
B1T1
Breaker
Logic
Closed@t0 B1
Fault Location, Type, Start & Duration
B1T2
Fault location Fault Type Fault Start Duration Rf
5 6 7 1 1 50
2 3 Tfs
4 8 Timed
B2T1
FType
3 9 Fault
2 10 Logic Fault
1 4 1 11 0 0 0.001 B2
3 4 0.2 0.12 0.001
B2T2
Tfd Timed
Breaker
Dial Position: Dial Position: Logic
Closed@t0
1=>FT1: 1=> A-g
Between Source 2=> B-g
and B1 3=> C-g
2=>FT2: 4=> AB-g
Between Line 5=> AC-g Exports to Main Page
and B1 6=> BC-g
3=>FT3: 7=> ABC-g
Between Line 8=> AB
and B2 9=> AC
4=>FT4: 10=> BC
Between Source 11=> No fault (0)
and B2
The subpage contains controls for the voltage sources,

faults, breakers, and recorders. Each control is explained
below.
Substation Control Panel

SOURCE 1 Hint: To compare PSCAD
Ph Angle S1W S1Q Voltage V1rms P1 Q1 load flow results with
180 500
phaser-based load flow
results, calculate the
MW MVAR kV MW MVAR PSCAD voltage source
-300 300 -100 100 220 250 -150 150 -30 30
0 0 behind the impedance.
0 -113.3 16.75 230 229.5 -113.7 16.75
The MW flow can be adjusted by increasing the phase angle

difference between the two substations. Keep Source 1
phase angle at zero and adjust Source 2 phase angle. The
MW flow is controlled by the difference in phase angle with

power flowing from higher to lower angle. MVAR values are
adjusted by voltage magnitude at each phase. The voltage
magnitude and phase angle are adjusted as voltage behind
the equivalent source impedances. When you are adjusting
the load flow values, it may be practical to turn all faults off.
Set the Fault Type Dial to No Fault at position 11.
Playback Recorders
Hint: The sliders can be
adjusted up and down with Recorders
the arrows keys or a value Start Stop
can be entered from the 1 1
keyboard by clicking on the
digital value. Enter the
desired value and press
“Enter.” 0 0
0.15 0.5
The Recorder Control sliders determine the simulation time

to start and stop recording data for future test waveforms.
The Test waveforms will be saved in a directory that is
created automatically by PSCAD/Relay. The directory name
is “casename.emt.” For PSCAD filename “Case1.psc,”
the recorder data files will be stored in the directory
“case1.emt.”
Recorder Control
en Record1 en Record2
O FF ON OFF ON
1 1
The Playback recorders will only record if they are enabled.

To enable a recorder, click on the “en Record” switch so that
it is in the ON position. To disable the recorder, turn the
switch to the OFF position. Each recorder works
independently.
Breaker Controls
Hint: Changing the slider
value is temporary. To
B2 Timing change the default value,
42-B1 B2 T1 B2 T2 right click on the slider and
C O 2 2
choose Control Properties.
Change the default value
property to change the
default value of the slider.
0 0
0 0.31 0.36
The breaker operations are controlled by the Breaker

Controls. A trip and reclose time are available for Breaker
B1 and Breaker B2. The default time trip time is 0.31
seconds. The fault is applied at 0.2 sec. Therefore a 110
msec detection and operating time is simulated. The
breaker recloses at 0.36 seconds.
Breakers can be held open manually by using any breaker

switch that is included in the Controls’ page.
Fault Controls
Fault controls determine the location and type of fault that

is applied. The duration of the fault is controlled by
adjusting the slider for the time the fault is applied (default
at 0.2 seconds) and fault duration (approximately twelve
60Hz cycles, or 0.2 seconds).
Steps to Perform a PSCAD Simulation
1. Open PSCAD/Relay if you have not already done so.

2. Click on File | Load Project, or the Load Project

button.
File | Load Project Load Project

Button
3. Select case1.psc from the sample cases provided by

clicking on the case, then clicking Open.
Alternatively,, double clicking Case 1 will also open
the case.
4. Double clicking the case name in the Project Tree will

open the circuit diagram. Take a minute to
familiarize yourself with the various features.
5. Click to start the case. Double clicking either

Plot icon will open the graph subpage, where you will
see your simulation results.
6. You can run, stop, pause or advance the

simulation one frame at a time (when paused) using
the buttons as shown.
ADVANC
RUN STOP PAUSE E ONE
FRAME
7. PSCAD/Relay will automatically generate all

necessary files to perform the simulation. You can
view the simulation results in the plots’ subpage, the
controls’ subpage and the animated graphics in the
circuit.
8. The case properties dialog specifies “Runtime”

settings for the particular case. The default
parameters are 50 µ sec (microsecond) time steps
and an overall simulation time of 0.5 seconds. The
user can adjust the duration of the simulation to any

length, as required. Typical lengths are 0.5 seconds
to 2 seconds, with the minimum being one time step.
For more help, see Appendix B or the Getting Started

manual, found on the PSCAD web page at www.hvdc.ca.
MODIFICATION OF PARAMETERS
Three Phase Voltage Source
Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]
100.0 [MVA]
230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz] The equivalent system impedance is defined in the voltage
source. Place the mouse on top of the drawing of the
voltage source and double click the left button. The
following properties, menu will be displayed.
V Ph
There are four pages in the properties’ menu. They are

Configuration, Positive Sequence Impedance, Zero
Sequence Impedance and Internal Output Variables. The
user should not modify Internal Output Variables.
The Impedance Data Format can be entered in Z∠ θ or
R+jX format. For either method, the Positive Sequence
Impedance and Zero Sequence Impedance must be
entered.
Voltage Input Time Constant: PSCAD/RELAY solves the

power system numerically in time steps using numerical
integration techniques. Typically, the AC system protection
simulation will use a 50 µ sec time step. This means the
network equations are solved every 50 μsec. Upon the start
up of the simulation, all the solution parameters are set at
zero. In order to allow the solution to stabilize, it is good
practice to allow the voltage sources to ramp up at the start
of a simulation. The Voltage Input Time Constant provides
ramp up time at the start of a simulation. One of the results
of this feature is to ensure faults and simulated disturbances
occur after the solution has stabilized. With a 50 msec
(millisecond) time constant, stable operation occurs after
200 msec of simulation. See Chapter 5, Advanced Topics,

“Starting from a Snapshot” for additional information.
If Z∠ θ is used as the Impedance Data Format, the
Impedance and Phase angle can be modified (as shown). If

R+jX format were used, then the Resistance and Reactance
would be modifiable.
Similarly, for the Zero Sequence Impedance, if Z∠ θ is used

as the Impedance Data Format, the Impedance and Phase
angle can be modified. If R+jX format were used, then the
Resistance and Reactance would be modifiable (as shown).
For additional information, please see the Help files

associated with the voltage source, by clicking on the Help
button.
Transmission Line Parameters
The transmission line data can adjust to simulate specific

situations. PSCAD/Relay offers several different modeling
options for transmission lines. Each transmission line can be
customized based on the information available. The
parameters of the transmission line are available by placing
the mouse on top of the transmission line (T-line) display
and double clicking the left mouse button. The T-Line
properties box will be displayed. The user can modify this
property to change line length and steady state frequency.
By selecting the EDIT button, the transmission line edit
program is started.
The T-line EDIT program allows for various geometry and

conductor data to be entered for the transmission lines.
Calculation of the equivalent impedances used by
PSCAD/Relay is performed automatically. On the T-Line Edit
page, there is a display of the positive, negative and zero
sequence impedance and admittance values calculated for
the transmission line. An option changes the display to
either rectangular or polar coordinates.
An example transmission line page is shown on the next

page.
The transmission line page has all of the components to

accurately model a multi conductor transmission circuit.
Ground plane, conductor type and configuration, selection of
model parameter, and basic line info are all displayed.
Note that the Sequence Impedance and Sequence

Admittance values are displayed on the page. These values
are calculated based on the transmission line data entered.
Please see Chapter 4: Transmission Line Models for a

complete description of Transmission Lines.
Fault Impedance
The fault impedance can be specified in the Fault Block FT5

properties either as a real fixed number or as a variable F5
name. Right click on the Fault component, and choose Edit
Parameters, or double click on the component, to access the
properties.
There are four menus; Configuration, Fault Resistances,

Fault Type and Fault Current Names. The user does not
need to modify Fault Current Names. The Fault Type is set
using the dial Fault Type in the Controls’ subpage, and is not
editable from this properties’ menu.
Fault Resistances can be set to the user-defined levels in the

Fault Resistances properties.
Hint: The value of the fault Fault resistances can be defined as a variable, or a real
resistance is determined by
the slider reading at the constant. In Case 1, the fault ON resistance is set as
instant the “fault” is variable “Ron,” and fault OFF resistance is the real variable
applied. Adjusting the
slider after the Fault time
1.0E6 [ohm] (1 Mega ohm). The value of Ron is controlled
will have no effect. by Slider Rf on the Controls’ page.
Fault Control
Recorder Parameters
A RTP and COMTRADE Recorder is required to save the AC

voltage and current waveforms for real time playback
testing. Up to 12 analog signals and 16 digitals can be
recorded by each Recorder. In Case 1, there is a 6-channel
recorder for Station 1, which records the Voltage and
Current waveforms that would be applied to a protection
relay located at Breaker B1 and a second recorder located
at Breaker B2. In general, each breaker location is
associated with its own recorder. Each recorder collects the
voltage and current signals, which a protection relay would
see at a particular location.
In all cases, each recorder is enabled and disabled from the

Controls’ subpage, using an “en Record” switch.
V1A V1B V1C I1A I1B I1C
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
Analog Inputs
v2.0 RTP Recorder No. 1
Ctrl Start File: stn1
10.0 Format: RTP
B Hint: The RECORDER files
Comtrade 91 are automatically
End Comtrade 99 overwritten each time the
Ctrl = 1
A Digital Inputs PSCAD/Relay case is run. If
you have waveforms you
D1 want to save, either enter a
Fault new Output File Name in
V2A V2B V2C I2A I2B I2C the Recorder properties or
move the existing files to a
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 different directory.
Analog Inputs
10.0

Ctrl Start File: stn2
Format: RTP
B
Comtrade 91
End Comtrade 99
A Ctrl = 1 Digital Inputs
D1
Fault
Each recorder is configured to save as a COMTRADE 99

format waveform file. The Properties of the recorder can be
modified by double clicking the left mouse button on top of
the recorder, and opening the recorder properties’ page, as
shown on the next page.
The waveform files are saved in an automatically created

directory, called “filename.emt.” For Case 1, the following
COMTRADE files would reside in the directory
“..\case1.emt\”:
• Stn1.cfg
• Stn1.hdr
• Stn1.dat (from RECORDER 1)
• Stn2.cfg
• Stn2.hdr
• Stn2.dat (from RECORDER 2)
The transient waveform files created by the recorder can be

used to provide testing waveforms for RTP (*.pbk) or
COMTRADE (*.dat, *.hdr, *.cfg) relay testing devices.
CASE 2: SINGLE LINE (MID-LINE FAULT)
Case 2 is a single line case, similar to Case 1, with the
exception that Fault can be placed anywhere along the
transmission line (T-line). The controls are identical to Case
1. The impedance of the equivalent source is modified
identical to Case 1. The MW and MVAR flow are adjusted by
using the interactive sliders controlling Source 1 Voltage
and Phase, and Source 2 Voltage and Phase. Case2_pi is
an example of the same case using a coupled pi model
instead of the full frequency dependent model. For more
information on the coupled pi model, see Chapter 4, Section
Coupled Line Model Using Load Flow Parameters.
In order to place a fault along the transmission line, the user

has to adjust the length of each line section, ensuring the
sum of the two sections equal the total length of the
transmission line that is being simulated. In this case, the
two line sections are 50 km each; therefore, Fault 5 is 50%
down the line. Care must be taken to ensure the traveling
wave models of transmission line lengths are not less then
one time step long. In this case, using 50 µ sec, the
minimum line length is 15 km. The line length is defined as
the distance electrons can travel in one time step (Assuming
3 X 108 m/sec times 50 µ sec = 15 km). Pi sections can
model shorter transmission lines. See Chapter 4 for more
details.
3 Phase 3 Phase
RMS RMS
Z1 =52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°] Z1 =52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]

-113.9 [MW] 116 [MW]
100.0 [MVA] 14.91 [MVAR] -18.45 [MVAR] 100.0 [MVA]
230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz] 230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz] SUBSTATION 2
50.0 km 50.0 km
SUBSTATION 1 T1 T2
B1 B2
V Ph V1 V2 Ph V
Plots Plots
FT3
F3
B1 B2
FT1 FT2 FT4 FT5

F1 F2 F4 F5
To change line length, right click with the mouse over top of
the transmission line and edit the line Properties. Change
the line length to the desired value, remembering to ensure
line section T1 added to line section T2 equals the total
length of the line you wish to simulate. For example, if the
total length of the line is 200 km, and the fault location is at
30 km (15%) from Substation 1, T1 should equal 30 km, and

T2 should equal 170km.
Each line section cannot be smaller then 15 km using full

frequency dependent modeling. If a line is less than 15 km,
pi section modeling is appropriate.
CASE 3: PARALLEL TRANSMISSION LINE

Case 3, case3.psc, consists of two equivalent voltage
sources connected together with two parallel transmission
lines. Once again, sliders that control the voltage
magnitude and phase for each source, control power and
VAR flow. There are four (4) Playback recorders to record
voltage and current signals at each of the four breaker
locations. A Fault can be set to occur at one of six locations.
Faults can be applied either in front or behind the location
for each protection relay. Each of the breakers can be
opened and closed by breaker timing controls, or by a
manual operated breaker control. If no fault is applied
during the simulation, the breakers will not open and close
automatically, as set in the controls’ subpage. This allows
the user to adjust the power flow of the system without
3 Phase 3 Phase
-114.7 [MW] RMS RMS 116.6 [MW]
14.7 [MVAR ] -18.52 [MVAR]
SUBSTATION 1 100.0 km
LINE1 SUBSTATION 2
B1 B2
V1 FT2 FT3 V2
F2 F3
Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°] Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]
100.0 [MVA] 100.0 [MVA]
230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz] 230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]
V Ph Ph V
3 Phase 3 Phase
-0.03452 [MW] RMS RMS 0.04279 [MW]
0.285 [MVAR ] -0.04818 [MVAR]
100.0 km
FT1 LINE2 FT4
B3 B4
F1 V3 V4 F4
FT5 FT6
F5 F6
breaker interference. The breakers will continue to operate

manually, using the dial control.
Each fault has a variety of fault types associated with it.

The user must choose at which fault point the fault is
located, as well as the type of fault.
Dial Position Fault Type
1 A phase to ground
2 B phase to ground
3 C phase to ground
4 AB phase to ground
5 AC phase to ground
6 BC phase to ground
7 ABC phase to ground
8 AB phase to phase
9 AC phase to phase
10 BC phase to phase
11 No fault
Fault Location Description
1 Fault at Source 1 Bus
Fault between Breaker B1 and

2
Line 1
Fault between Line 1 and

3
Breaker B2
4 Fault at Source 2 Bus
Fault between Breaker B3 and

5
Line 2
Fault between Line 2 and

6
Breaker B4
Case 3 is considerably more complex than Cases 1 or 2.

Therefore, the steps to perform the simulation are
considerably more complex, and are outlined below.
For help on changing parameters, please refer back to Case

1, or the help file associated with each component.
Steps Required to Perform Simulation.
• Ensure Sources 1 and 2 are adjusted to the

appropriate voltage level and equivalent system
impedance.
• Ensure the transmission lines have the appropriate

data.
• Ensure the Playback recorders are set to start and

stop at the required times. The default settings are
sufficient for this case. The “en Record” switch for
both recorders must be in the “ON” position for
recording to occur.
• On the Controls’ subpage, select No Fault, Position

11. Run the simulation and check the Voltage levels,
power and VAR flows are appropriate. Adjust Sources
1 and 2 Voltage Magnitude and angle, as required.
• On the Controls’ subpage, adjust the Fault Type and

Fault location. For help, please see Case 1, Chapter
3.
• Select Time for Fault to Start. Apply Fault after

simulation arrives at Steady State, typically 0.2 sec.
• Select Fault Duration. Fault durations are typically

between 0.050 sec and 0.3 sec.
• Determine Breaker Operation sequence and adjust

Breaker Control Timers.
For example:
• Assume 3-phase to ground Fault is on Transmission
Line 2 in front of Breaker B3. The following settings
would have to be made.
Fault Location = 5 and Fault Type = 7
• If the fault is applied at 0.20 sec and is permanent

(the duration of the fault outlasts the end of the
simulation).
Fault Start Time = 0.20 and Fault Duration = 2
(2 sec is after simulation is completed)
• Operate breaker B3 to open at 0.32 (120 msec

detection and breaker operating time after fault
occurs), and not reclose.
B3T1 = 0.32 sec and B3T2 = 2 sec
• Operate breaker B4 to open at 100 msec after B3,

perhaps from POTT detection. Breaker Timer B4
opens at 0.42 sec and does not reclose.
B3T1 = 0.42 sec and B3T2 = 2 sec
• Neither Breaker 1 nor Breaker 2 operates

automatically.
B1T1 = 2 sec B1T2 = 2 sec
B2T1 = 2 sec B2T2 = 2 sec
The last issue of concern is the set-up of playback recorders.

This feature will record the waveforms for future playback
testing on a physical relay.
Playback Recorders
Recorders
Start Stop
1 1
0 0
0.15 0.55
Select the Start and Stop times for the playback recorders.
• Set Recorder Start to 0.15 sec.

• Set Recorder Stop time at 0.5 sec.
The Recorder can be enabled or disabled from the Controls’

subpage using the “en Record” switch. Each recorder
operates independently.
The recorder should have a minimal of three cycles of

steady state waveforms prior to fault application, hence
start recording after initialization, but before fault
application.
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
Analog Inputs
Start File: stn1
Format: RTP
Comtrade 91
End Comtrade 99
Digital Inputs
D1
Check the Playback recorder set-up from the main page.

Enter the recorder dialogue by double clicking on the
Recorder component.
Hint: Either move or use
new filenames as
PSCAD/Relay will overwrite
existing filenames in the
*.emt directory.
Ensure the recorder filename is appropriate and the type of

record, either RTP or Comtrade format is selected. The
output data files will be created in a PSCAD created
directory called “..\CASE3.emt\.”
Case3_state_pi is an example of Case 3 with coupled pi

model representations of the transmission lines, and the
added ability to record Doble ProTesT .ss1 files for playback
on Doble’s test equipment, using the State component. For
more information on the coupled pi model, see Chapter 4,
Section Coupled Line Model Using Load Flow
Parameters. For more help on the Doble State component,

see Chapter 4, Section Doble State Component.
There are many other Case 3 variations in the example

directory. These will be explained further in Chapter 5,
Advanced Topics.
CASE 4: PARALLEL TRANSMISSION LINE

(MID-LINE FAULT)
Case 4 is very similar to the parallel line Case 3, except that
faults can be located anywhere along the transmission lines.
The two transmission lines 1 and 2 are divided up into four
(4) sections, T1 through T4. A Line fault can applied at mid
line on either Line 1, between line sections T1 and T2 using
fault location three (3) or on Line 2, between line sections T3
and T4 using fault location seven (7). The user must ensure
that the line sections T1 and T2 add up to the total length of
Line 1 and similarly for Line 2. The total length of Line 1 and
Line 2 is up to the user.
Plots Plots
B1 B3 B2 B4
3 Phase 3 Phase
52.54 [MW] RMS RMS -51.28 [MW]
-10.57 [MVAR] 8.376 [MVAR ]
SUBSTATION 1 50 km 50 km SUBSTATION 2
T1 T2
B1 B2
V1 FT2 FT4 V2
Fault FT3 Fault
Z1 =52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°] Z1 =52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]
100.0 [MVA] Fault 100.0 [MVA]
230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz] 230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]
V Ph Ph V
3 Phase 3 Phase
52.54 [MW] RMS RMS -51.28 [MW]
-10.57 [MVAR] 8.376 [MVAR ]
50 km 50 km
FT1 T3 T4 FT5
B3 B4
Fault V3 V4 Fault
FT6 FT7 FT8
Fault Fault Fault
Note that the transmission lines are now designated T1

through T4. This indicates pieces of the transmission line
that contain movable faults, not the entire line. This naming
convention is used throughout the rest of the cases.
Case4_pi.psc is identical to Case 4, with the exception of

the full frequency dependent models for the transmission
lines replaced with coupled pi models. For more information
on the coupled pi model, see Chapter 4, section Coupled
Line Model Using Load Flow Parameters.
CASE 5: PARALLEL LINE WITH T-TAP

Case 5 continues to add on features to Case 3. In this case,
Line 1 is tapped into two sections with Substation 3 added.
A transformer is introduced, as well as an additional
distribution breaker, B5, and distribution load. The
distribution load is specified in MW and MVAR respectively.
The load is modeled as constant impedance; therefore, the
MW and MVAR flow will depend on the Bus Voltage.
3 P hase
0.2286 [MW] RMS
0.04266 [MVAR]
50 km
LINE4 #1 #2
B5
40.0 [MW] 10.0 [MVAR ]

FT8
F8
V5 FT7
F7
3 Phase 3 Phase
-0.1233 [MW] RMS RMS 0.4404 [MW]
0.2227 [MVAR] -0.2651 [MVAR]
SUBSTATION 1 50 km 50 km SUBSTATION 2
LINE1 LINE2
B1 B2
V1 FT2 FT3 V2
F2 F3
Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°] Z1 =52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]
100.0 [MVA] 100.0 [MVA]
230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz] 230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]
V Ph Ph V
FT1
F1 3 Phase 3 Phase FT4
-0.2557 [MW] RMS RMS 0.3089 [MW]
F4
0.2106 [MVAR] -0.2844 [MVAR]
100.0 km
LINE3
B3 B4
V3 V4
FT5 FT6
F5 F6
Transformer MVA, voltage ratings, winding configuration and

leakage reactance can be changed, along with a suite of
other settings. The transformer model can include
saturation.
The transformer properties are available by right mouse

clicking on the transformer component and choosing Edit
Properties. The properties’ dialog is shown on the next
page.
The transformer is a complex component of the system. For

more information, please see the Help file associated with it,
by clicking the Help button depicted above.
CASE 6: PARALLEL LINE WITH T-TAP (MID-

LINE FAULT)
Case 6 is the same as Case 5, with two additional fault
locations. Two line sections, T3 and T4, allowing a midline
fault at fault location 6, replace line 3. Line 5 is also split
into two sections, T5 and T6, with a midline fault at fault
location 9.
3 Phase
31 [MW] RMS
7.752 [MVAR]
50 km
T5
50 km
T6 #1 #2 FT9
B5
FT9
F9
F9 40.0 [MW] 10.0 [MVAR]
V5 FT8
F8
-16.22 [MW]
3 Phase
RMS
3 Phase
RMS 50.88 [MW]
Fault and signal labels.
85.16 [MVAR ] -89.68 [MVAR]
SUBSTATION 1 50 km 50 km
LINE1 LINE2 SUBSTATION 2
B1 B2
V1 FT2 FT3 V2
F2 F3
Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°] Z1 =52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]
100.0 [MVA] 100.0 [MVA]
230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz] 230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]
V Ph Ph V
FT1
F1 3 Phase 3 Phase FT4
-33.17 [MW] RMS RMS 35.56 [MW]
F4
86.75 [MVAR ] -89.07 [MVAR]
50.0 km 50.0 km
T3 T4
B3 B4
V3 V4
FT5 FT7
F5 FT6 F7
Plots Plots
F6
B1 B3 B2 B4
If a fault location is not where you would like to apply it, it is

possible to drag and drop an existing fault to a new location.
For example, Fault 9 can be relocated from the midpoint of
the line to either end of the line. Ensure you move both the
fault and the signal labels. If you do not, you will get errors.
For help with errors, see Appendix A.
CASE 7: TRANSFORMER HL/LV CONNECTION

Case 7 provides a system for testing transformer protection.
The high voltage side of the transformer is connected to an
equivalent system source, through breaker B1. The low side
of the transformer is connected to a distribution bus using
breaker B2. The distribution bus has a second low voltage
equivalent source, switched by breaker B3. A constant
impedance load is located on the distribution bus and is
switched by breaker B4.
The controls for Case 7 have the same general look and feel
as for the previous cases. Power and VAR flows are adjusted
Plots Plots Plots
SUBSTATION 1
3 Phase 3 Phase
B1 RMS RMS B2 B3 B4
Z1 =52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°] Z1 =52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]

1.497 [MW] 1.287 [MW] -1.067 [MW]
100.0 [MVA] 1.254 [MVAR] 50 [MVA] 0.182 [MVAR] -0.02433 [MVAR] 100.0 [MVA]
230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz] tap 230.0 [kV] / 25 [kV] 25.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]
#1 #2
B1 B2 B3
V Ph V2 Ph V
V1 FT1 FT2
F1 F2
Display
Tap Position FT3
-0.2166 [MW]
F3
-0.1577 [MVAR]
0.9 1.1
B4
0.9 FT4
V3
F4 20.0 [MW] 5.0 [MVAR]
Tap Changer setting
refers to final Turns ratio
in Per Unit
with the magnitude and phase of each equivalent voltage

source. A Tap changer is located on the low voltage side of
the transformer. A 1.05 value means the secondary voltage
is increased by 5% while a 0.95 tap changer setting results
in a 5% reduction in secondary voltage.
CASE 8: TRANSFORMER HL/LV WITH

TERTIARY WINDING
Case 8 is another transformer case, using a 3 winding
configuration. Fault location 5 has been added to place a
fault on this tertiary winding.
0.00012 [MW]
-1.336e-015 [MVAR]
B5
FT5
Plots Plots Plots
F5
SUBSTATION 1
B1 B2 B3 / 4
3 Phase 3 Phase
RMS RMS
Z1 =52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°] Z1 =52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]

6.21 [MW] 6.099 [MW] 0.3487 [MW]
100.0 [MVA] 2.312 [MVAR] 1.684 [MVAR] -0.1103 [MVAR] 100.0 [MVA]
tap #2
230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz] 25.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]
#1 #3
B1 B2 B3
V Ph V2 Ph V
V1 FT1 FT2
F1 25 [MVA] F2
230.0 [kV]/10 [kV]/25 [kV]
1.0
FT3
-6.447 [MW]
F3
-1.574 [MVAR]
B4
Display V3 FT4
off line tap F4
20.0 [MW] 5.0 [MVAR]
0.9 1.35
1.05
CASE 9: SERIES PARALLEL TRANSMISSION

LINES
This case is based on Case 3, with the addition of
transmission lines in series with the parallel lines of Case 3.
The lines are all modeled with the coupled pi model, using
line lengths of one (1) metre. Coupled pi line sections
require data for R, X and B selected as impedance per metre
or pi per meter. By choosing a one-metre line section, the
R, X and B values entered are for the entire line length. In
this case, the one-metre line is equivalent to the 160 km
(approximately 100 mile) line using the full frequency
dependent model.
Plots Plots
SUBSTATION 1 B1 B3 B2 B4
Line 3 Line 1
3 Phase 3 Phase
Z1 = 17.95 [ohm] /_ 87.63 [°]
24.08 [MW] 36.05 [MW] RMS RMS -25.51 [MW]
100.0 [MVA] 82.54 [MVAR] 117.4 [MVAR] -65.69 [MVAR]
230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz] SUBSTATION 2
Line 5
B5 B1 50 [%] 50 [%] B2
Ph V1 FT2 FT4 V2
V Z1 = 3.8 [ohm] /_ 87.69 [°]
Fault Fault 100.0 [MVA]
230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]
FT3
Fault
Ph V
3 Phase 3 Phase FT5

36.05 [MW] RMS RMS -25.51 [MW]
Fault
Line 4 117.4 [MVAR] -65.69 [MVAR]
FT1
Fault
B3 50 [%] 50 [%] B4
V3 V4
FT6 FT8
Fault Fault
FT7 Line 2
Fault
Note the breaker control for breaker 5 is located on the

main page, and not in the Controls’ subpage.
Chapter 4
PSCAD/Relay Components
TRANSMISSION LINE MODELING
The modeling of transmission lines for transient simulation is
an important and complex topic. Transmission lines and
cables in electric power systems are non-linear in nature
due to frequency dependency in conductors (skin effect)
and the ground or earth return path. PSCAD/Relay offers
the most accurate time domain transmission line models
offered today, but can also accommodate limited models
based on the available system data.
There are two main methods for modeling transmission lines

for PSCAD simulation in the time domain:
1. Use of coupled pi line sections. Although for

frequency domain studies, transmission lines
modeled with pi lines can be precise, in the time
domain, particularly for long lines (where
propagation travel time spans many time steps),
precision suffers. Pi line sections are most useful for
very short transmission lines where the propagation
travel time is less than a time step. At 50 µ sec time
step, any line less then 15 km should be represented
as a pi section.
2. Use of distributed or traveling wave modeling. The

distributed transmission line models operate on the
principle of traveling waves. A voltage disturbance
will travel along a conductor at its propagation
velocity (near the speed of light) until it is reflected
at the end of the line. In a sense, a transmission line
or cable is a delay function. Whatever is fed into one
end will appear at the other end after some delay,
perhaps slightly distorted. The calculation time step
of the simulation should be less than the propagation
time.
Chapter 4: PSCAD/Relay Components
There is provision in PSCAD/Relay to model both pi line

sections and distributed lines.
Distributed or Traveling Wave Transmission Line
There are three distributed transmission lines available in

the Tlines and Cables’ pages of the Master Library. These
are in order of increasing precision:
1. Bergeron model
2. Frequency Dependent (Mode) model
3. Frequency Dependent (Phase) model
The example cases implement a Frequency Dependent

Phase Model. The user is required to provide the tower
geometry and conductor information. A library of typical
conductor types, radius and resistance per km information is
provided based on Southwire’s ASCR data, found at
www.southwire.com/wc/catalog/sec11/11-04.pdf1. All
of the impedance calculations are performed automatically
by the Line Constant program, which is part of PSCAD/Relay.
If data regarding tower configuration is not available, it is

suggested to convert the R, X and B from stability or load
flow models into a Bergeron traveling wave model.
Displaying Line Data Calculated by Line Constants
In order to display data calculated by Line Constants, double

click on the transmission line. Use the EDIT key to view the
transmission line parameter page. There are three pieces of
information on this page, the line model, line configuration
and the sequence information. The following box is an
example describing which modeling option was selected for
this line.
1
This is a valid web site as of August 23, 2001.
Frequency Dependent (Mode) Model Options
Travel Time Interpolation: On
Curve Fitting Starting Frequency: 0.5 [Hz]
Curve Fitting End Frequency: 1.0E6 [Hz]
Maximum Order of Fitting for ZSurge: 20
Maximum Order of Fitting for Prop. Func.: 20
Maximum Fitting Error for ZSurge: 2 [%]
Maximum Fitting Error for Prop. Func.: 2 [%]
Tlines
Master Library T-Lines page

icon
To change the type of line model simply delete this box and
replace it with a different option from the master relay
Library "Tlines."
Next is the line configuration and ground information. This

set of data describes the tower configuration and contains
the information on conductor and ground wire data. Again,
if a different tower configuration is required, simply delete
the current one and paste a new one from the T-line library.
G1 G2
10 [m] C2
10 [m]
C1 5 [m] C3
10 [m]
Tower: 3H5
30 [m]
Conductors: chukar
Ground_Wires: 1/ 2"HighStrengthSteel
0 [m]
Ground Resistivity: 100.0 [ohm*m]

Relative Ground P ermeability: 1.0
Earth Return Formula: Deri-Semlyen
The last item on the Tline edit page is the Sequence

Information display block. When Line Constants solves the
line parameters, an output file is created in the “.emt”
directory that corresponds to the current case, for example
“case1.emt.” This output file, “linename.out” provides
the data for the sequence display information, which can be
viewed using any ASCII text viewer, such as Notepad. The
display data takes into account the line length.
Sequence Impedance(ohms)
R X
POS 3.62518 50.8645
NEG 3.62518 50.8645
ZERO 36.3595 132.732
Sequence Admittance (mhos)
G B
POS 1e-005 0.000327118
NE G 1e-005 0.000327118
ZER O 1e-005 0.000232266
Line Constants are solved either by running the case, or

right click on the T-line Parameters’ page, and select “Solve
Constants” option, as shown below.
Coupled Line Model Using Load Flow Parameters
PSCAD/Relay offers a coupled pi section line model. This

coupled pi is located in the Main Library and not in the T-
Lines or Cables library pages. The coupled Pi line model
uses data readily available from the Load Flow Parameters.
This line model should be used when distances of less than
15 (at a 50 µ s time step) kilometres are to be simulated.
In transient studies with pi sections, it is important to

consider whether one or several sections should represent a
line. This is dependent upon:
1. The calculation time step DELT or ∆ t.
2. The length of the line.
3. The frequency of response required from the

simulation model.
Typical transient studies for AC relay protection should

represent frequencies up to 2000 Hz. A 50 µ sec calculation
time step (∆ t) is adequate. At the speed of light, a wave
may travel 15 km over 50 µ sec. If the length of the
transmission line is less than 15 km when ∆ t = 50 µ sec,
then one pi section is adequate to represent the line. If the
line is longer than the 15 km, then two or more pi sections
should be cascaded in series.
Converting Line Data
Often network data is only available in load flow program

format. A transmission line is represented with positive
sequence parameters in per unit (usually on 100 MVA base).
The line is represented by the parameters R, X and B, where
R = per unit Resistance,
X = per unit Reactance, and
B = per unit Susceptance.
The load flow line model data can be transferred into the
coupled pi section component. The steps to do this are as
follows:
Decide how many coupled pi sections are to be cascaded for

the line to be modeled. If the line length is not available,
assume a length of 1.0 meter for each line section.
To use the component, simply delete the full frequency

dependent model and replace it with the coupled pi model,
which can be found in the master library. There are two
views available, single line diagram or three phase view.
The single line diagram view is shown below.
50 [%] 50 [%]
A middle connection is optional, and is set within the

model’s main parameters. The parameters are available by
double clicking on the component.
The middle connection location is determined by the

percentage entered in the Distance to middle connection
parameter. The distance is taken from the left. For
example, if you had a 3-metre line and you entered a
distance of 30%, the middle connection would be located
0.9 metres from the left hand side of the transmission line.
The minimum distance to the middle connection is 5% and
the maximum is 95%.
Data entry is in two formats, R, Xl, B (ohms) and R, Xl, B (per
unit). B is susceptance, which is the reciprocal of reactance.
Note that susceptance is entered in Mmhos*m, as shown
below.
No other changes are necessary to use the coupled pi model

in place of the full frequency dependent model.
The coupled pi model uses transformers to represent

transmission lines of short length; therefore, the results will
not be identical to the frequency dependent model.
However, these results will be more accurate for a sub 15
km line than the frequency dependent model’s results would
be for such a short line.
The coupled pi section component is for a balanced 3-phase

line, which is similar to being continually transposed, so that
its positive sequence impedance is the same as its negative
sequence impedance.
Manual Entry of Data for Bergeron Model
There is an option to insert data manually for the Bergeron

Model Options, instead of using the tower and conductor
geometry component described above.
The line data available is in positive sequence load flow
format R+jX, (B) in per unit, without any details of the tower
and conductor geometry. A “best fit” distributed line model
is desirable over using coupled pi sections.
To enter data manually for the Bergeron Model, copy the

“Manual Entry of Y, Z” component from the Tlines page in
the Master Library to the TlineInfo subpage of the
transmission line being added to the simulation model under
construction. Do not copy and transfer the tower and
conductor geometry component or the ground component
to the TlineInfo subpage. If the ground component is
already located there, then delete it.
Tower Component:
G1 G2
10 [m] C2
10 [m]
C1 5 [m] C3
10 [m]
Tower: 3H5
30 [m]
Conductors: chukar
Ground_Wires: 1/2"HighStrengthSteel
0 [m]
Ground Component:
Ground Resistivity: 100.0 [ohm*m]
Relative Ground Permeability: 1.0
Earth Return Formula: Deri-Semlyen
Consider the 500 kV, 222.07 km transmission line in its load

flow/stability data format in per unit on 100 MVA base:
R + jX (B) = 0.001525 + j0.034 (2.355)
If the line length is known, and it exceeds 100 km, the long
line correction factor should be applied in converting the per
unit line data for manual entry into a Bergeron line model.
The line data with the long line correction removed enables
parameters to be determined in terms of 1-metre sections
for the Bergeron line model. The correction factors for long
line effects can be enabled in the Bergeron line model or
can be applied to the data conversion. In this example, the
factors included are to compensate for effects of long,
greater than 100 km lines.
Positive Sequence Resistance

= R/(0.976*222070) [p.u./m]
= 0.007036E-06 [p.u./m]
Positive Sequence Inductive Reactance

= X/(0.987*22070)[p.u./m]
= 0.1551E-06 [p.u./m]
Positive Sequence Capacitive Reactance*

= 1.006*222070/B [p.u.*m]
= 0.09486E6 [p.u.*m]
Note: Charging capacitance is entered into the Bergeron

manual data page in terms of per unit capacitive reactance
(1/B), not the more familiar per unit admittance.
Although the Bergeron line model provides a good

impedance match at steady state frequency, the lack of
frequency dependency in the model will result in less
damped transients at higher frequencies.
Additional information on Transmission Line modeling can

be found in PSCAD/Relay Help by using the Help key, Table
of Contents and select Tlines and Cables. This will bring up
a topic about “Building a Transmission Line Model.” At the
end of this chapter, there is a link to the PSCAD web site for
more information on transmission line modeling theory,
“Distributed Line and Cable Models.”
Conductor Database
When using a traveling wave transmission line model, the

transmission tower geometry and conductor data is
required. Using different pre-configured tower geometries
from the transmission line library can modify transmission
tower geometry. Conductor radius in meters and DC
resistance in ohms per kilometre is required. This conductor
data can be inserted into the t-line component directly or it
can be read in from a conductor data file. A data file,
“conductor.clb,” is supplied with PSCAD-Relay and
contains many of the common ACSR conductor types.
The user can add additional conductors to this conductor

library file by editing the file using any ASCII text editor such
as Notepad. By specifying the name of the conductor and
the location of the data file, the user does not have to
remember the precise numbers for a particular conductor
type.
For example, to add and use a new conductor type named

“polly” in any example case, the following steps are
required:
1. Open up conductor.clb from the

examples/Relay_Cases directory, using an ASCII text
editor, such as Microsoft’s Notepad.
2. Enter in your conductor type, as shown below. Data

can be entered anywhere within the
“conductor.clb” file. Be sure to use spaces, not
tabs to separate the data. PSCAD/Relay is case
sensitive, so capital letters are different than
lowercase.
3. Save conductor.clb.
4. Double click on the T-Line you which to change in

your case. Click on the Edit button. This will bring
up the Transmission Line page. On it, you will find
the T-Line component, as shown below. Note it is

shown as using "chukar."
G1 G2
10 [m] C2
10 [m]
C1 5 [m] C3
10 [m]
Tower: 3H5
30 [m]
Conductors: chukar
0 [m]
5. Double click on the T-line component to bring up the

properties, as shown below.
6. From the drop down menu, select Circuit 1
Conductor Data.
7. Under Data Entry Method for Conductors, click

on From Library. This tells PSCAD to use the
conductor.clb file to find the conductor geometry.
The path for the file can be
absolute or relational. In
the
\examples\Relay_Cases
examples provided with
PSCAD_Relay, the
conductor library file is
entered as
“..\conductor.clb.”
This means the file is
located in the same
directory as the
PSCAD_Relay *.psc case.
8. Enter in the correct name in Circuit 1 Cond. Name.

For our example, it is “polly,” as shown below.
Unless you wish to use a file in an alternate location,
the pathname remains the same.
9. Click OK.
10. To test and make sure that PSCAD/Relay is using the

new geometry, right click on the T-Line page and
select Solve Constants, or simply run the case.
Notice the Sequence Impedance box. The values
should change to reflect the new geometry. Note the
conductor component also changes to reflect the
new conductor type.
Sequence Impedance (ohms)

R X
POS 12.5169 37.3557
NEG 12.5169 37.3557
ZERO 45.2512 119.223
Sequence Admittance (mhos)
G B
POS 1e-005 0.000455103
NEG 1e-005 0.000455103
ZERO 1e-005 0.000290216
G1 G2
10 [m] C2
10 [m]
C1 5 [m] C3
10 [m]
Tower: 3H5
30 [m]
Conductors: polly
0 [m]
Values can also be added manually, without having to

modify the conductor.clb file. In step seven (7), choose
Custom from the Conductor Data menu and enter in the
appropriate Conductor Radius and Conductor DC
Resistance.
For more information, search for “Transmission Line” in

the Help files, or visit the PSCAD/Relay web site at
www.hvdc.ca.
Additional T-line References
An introduction to PSCAD V3 is provided free of charge from

the Centre’s web site.
This web site requires a user name and password, which are
free to users of PSCAD.
To obtain a username and password, follow these

steps:
1. Log on to
http://www.hvdc.ca/main/downloads/pscad_v3/i
ndex.html
2. Click on Register Online.
3. Fill out the form. The Name you enter will be your
user name.
4. Click on Submit. The form will be submitted and a

user name and password will be generated.
5. Write down your user name and password, for access

to the site.
Either click on the go to downloads link at the bottom of the

password page, or go to:
http://www.hvdc.ca/main/downloads/pscad_v3/pe_reg/pe/ind
ex.html
Look for AN INTRODUCTION TO PSCAD/EMTDC V3 MANUAL:

pscad-intro-v1-4.pdf (3.3 MB), and other useful information.
Chapter 5 deals specifically with Transmission Lines.
TRANSFORMERS
Simulation of transformers requires an understanding of
#2 some of their basic properties involving both core and
winding configuration. This is complicated by the fact that
#1 #3 the core of the transformer is prone to saturation leading to
the phenomena of inrush current, remanence, geomagnetic
current effects and ferroresonance.
Three phase component of
a transformer model.
In this section, the main emphasis is on the magnetic
properties of transformers. The effects of winding
capacitance are generally minimal and need not be modeled
providing the frequencies of interest are less than about
2000 Hz and switching transients are of interest. Winding
capacitance is important when fast front studies are to be
performed and magnetic effects can usually be neglected.
The transformer models are in the Transformers Library

Group in the Master Library of PSCAD.
TRANSFORMER MODELS
The models require that there is leakage reactance, and so

the concept of an ideal transformer without leakage
reactance is not possible in PSCAD. If the leakage reactance
is set to 0.0, the transformer model may actually run, but it
may become numerically unstable. Fortunately, due to the
double precision calculations of EMTDC, low values of
leakage reactance (0.001 to 0.01 per unit) should solve
satisfactorily if such a low value is needed.
Magnetizing current is a setting entered into each Winding

Property Sheet of the transformer components. This is the
unsaturated magnetizing current of the transformer at rated
volts and at no load. Enter the same value for each winding
in percent on the base of the winding rated voltage and
transformer MVA rating. Usually, unsaturated magnetizing
current at rated volts is less than 1% for most power (10
MVA or greater) transformers.
When saturation is included in the model (see below), the

magnetizing current is merged into the saturation effects.
Actual winding resistance must be added as an external

resistance as PSCAD does not request it in the transformer
components. For many studies, the effect of winding
resistance is negligible.
Core Configuration
The positive and zero sequence leakage impedances of

three-phase transformers are dependent upon both core
configuration and winding configuration. If the core is three-
limb, then the effect is to have zero sequence impedance
similar in value to the positive sequence impedance. This is
because if the transformer is subjected to zero sequence
voltages, there is no core path for zero sequence flux to
flow. Consequently, the zero sequence flux passes through
air, yoke and tank causing zero sequence impedance to be
quite low. In the general transformer model, adding a delta
winding approximates this effect.
Some-three phase transformers have their zero sequence

impedance larger than their positive sequence impedance.
A compensating neutral reactance XN is mathematically
added at the star point to ground. If the positive sequence
leakage reactance is XH-L, then the zero sequence reactance
XO of the transformer from its star winding is:
XO = XH-L + 3*XN
From which;
XN = [ XO – XH-L ]/3
The neutral reactance is patched into the network model as

an inductance. Its value is:
LN = XN * MVA / (w * VH2)
Where:
XN = Neutral reactance in per unit on the

transformer base MVA and the star winding
voltage rating.
MVA= Transformer base MVA rating.
VH = Rated line-to-line r.m.s. volts of the star
winding.
w= System frequency in radians per second.
If a neutral reactor is incorporated in this way for modeling

expediency, it should be noted that the transformer neutral
point is removed from the actual ground to a node
connected only to inductances. The chatter removal feature
of PSCAD should eliminate numerical instability, but a
resistor in parallel with the Neutral reactor can be added if
any problems are detected. The value of the resistor should
be selected to be larger than the fundamental frequency
value of XN by one or two orders of magnitude.
Ungrounded Windings
Sometimes a transformer has an ungrounded winding

without any load connected to it. When the case is run, a
warning message may appear or the case may stop with
numerical instability. This is because the winding has no
way to keep itself from accumulating voltage and it will drift
away until the problem manifests itself in some way
compromising the precision of the simulation. Delta
windings on three phase transformers are often at risk in
this way.
The solution is to simply ground one terminal of the winding

through a very large resistance. A suitable value would add
shunt losses to about 0.1% of the MVA rating of the winding.
If it is a three-phase winding, apply such a resistor on at
least one phase, but if applied on all three windings, then
balanced winding terminal voltages should result.
Autotransformers
Autotransformers are modeled as coupled windings and not

necessarily physically connected in the unique configuration
where the LV winding is in series with the HV winding. As
long as the leakage reactances between terminals are
correct and winding configuration (Y or •∆ ) is the same,
then mathematically the models are identical.
Saturation
The General Transformer model represents saturation by a

current source placed across a selected winding. The
winding wound closest to the core is the winding usually
selected as it is closest to where the magnetic effects are
occurring. This is often the lowest voltage winding or the
tertiary winding if there is one. In a HVDC converter
transformer, the HV winding is usually closest to the core.
The saturation characteristic is a continuous asymptotic

function converging to the vertical flux axis at the low
current end, and to the air core reactance line at the high
current end. Although it is simply entered into the
Saturation Properties Sheet, it is a reasonable entry method
since the true saturation characteristic of a transformer is
rarely known with any degree of precision.
The Saturation Property Sheet includes the Inrush

decay time constant parameter. This allows control of the
rate at which inrush current decays. If it is short, such as
1.0 seconds, then any observed inrush current will fade
within one or two seconds. The rate of decay of inrush
current is controlled by losses internal and external to the
transformer and it may be easier to set the rate by this
method than in trying to change losses in the model. If the

Inrush decay time constant is set to 0.0 seconds, then no
rate of decay is applied, and inrush will continue as dictated
solely by the network.
Time to release flux clipping is also an important

parameter to consider. When a case is starting up initially,
then for calculation TIME less than the value entered here,
the flux is inhibited or clipped and can’t pass into saturation.
This has the effect of centring the flux. This feature allows
the network to initialize with the transformers being in
saturation. If 0.0 seconds is entered, then during start-up,
sustained inrush currents may inhibit an effective steady
state condition for the snapshot. This effect is lessened if
AC voltages are ramped up slowly over many cycles.
After TIME has exceeded Time to release flux clipping,

the clipping is removed and the flux may migrate into
saturation if network conditions so dictate.
PSCAD RECORDER MODEL

Any waveform that is generated by PSCAD V3 can be
converted into an analog signal and used for testing real
equipment. The Real Time Playback or RTP system
developed by the Centre is a powerful open loop real time
playback system designed to take full advantage of PSCAD.
This chapter describes the procedure for using PSCAD to
prepare a data file for playback. More information on the
RTP system can be found at:
http://www.hvdc.ca/main/rtp/index.html.
PSCAD Playback Recorder
Any data signal available in PSCAD can be recorded and

saved as a playback data file. The recorder allows the user
to configure the START and END times for the playback
record, as well as define the analog and digital signals for
future playback. The Recorder has options to record in
either COMTRADE or RTP formats.
V1A V1B V1C I1A I1B I1C
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
Analog Inputs
Start File: stn1
Format: RTP
Comtrade 91
End Comtrade 99
Digital Inputs
D1
Fault
The recorder is limited to 12 analog and 16 digital signals.

For example, 12 digital and 4 analog signals can be
recorded at once. There is a maximum of 28 signals that
can be recorded.
Models of PT or CT, available in the protection library, can be

used in PSCAD simulations to accurately model the effect
these devices will have on the waveforms that would be
seen by the protection relay. Optionally, inside the recorder
properties, simple PT or CT ratios can be programmed. The
CT/PT ratios are transferred to the RTP program to assist the
user in tracking the signal levels during real time testing.
Notice that the recorder in our sample cases has a start time
of 0.15 seconds and stop time of 0.50 seconds. This time
refers to the time of the PSCAD simulation. The faults are
programmed to occur at 0.2 sec. simulation time. The total
PSCAD simulation time is set to 0.50 seconds and the
recorder data file length will be 0.35 sec or 350 msec (0.50-
0.15). The recorder is set to recorder #0. Multiple
recorders in the same PSCAD case are allowed. The
recorder or RTP file is named "stn1" and the COMTRADE 99
file format is selected. Alternatively, RTP or COMTRADE 91
formats are allowed. The digital outputs are derived from
PSCAD logic, as well.
Output File Location
When a case is run, PSCAD will automatically create a

subdirectory with the case name appended by .emt, for
example “case3.emt.” This directory contains all the
temporary files created by PSCAD/Relay, including any
output files. The RTP recorder file, in this case, “stn1.pbk,”

will also be created in this sub directory. If the case is
repeated and the name in the recorder is not changed, the
file *.pbk will be overwritten.
Multiple Run Capability with Recorder
PSCAD/Relay allows multiple playback files to be created

using the multiple run component of PSCAD. An example of
multiple run is found as Case3_multiple_run.psc. In order
to perform repeated cases where parameters are varied
from run to run, a multiple run component is used. The
PSCAD recorder name is automatically truncated to the first
eight (8) characters and then appended with the run
number. See Advanced Topics, Chapter 5, section Multiple
Run Component for more information.
RTP Playback Program
RTP is a full function versatile waveform playback system.

In addition to the ability to play PSCAD waveforms, RTP can
also play COMTRADE waveforms and RTP generated STATE
waveforms. Multiple site end-to-end testing can be
performed using GPS synchronization. For a complete
description of RTP, email rtp@hvdc.ca. or -107.2 [MW]
http://www.hvdc.ca/main/rtp/index.html. 14.03 [MVAR]
BREAKER COMPONENT
PSCAD/Relay breaker component models the switching
behaviour of an AC system breaker. This breaker can be B1
displayed graphically in several formats, and display
calculated MW and MVAR at the location of the breaker.
Both the open and closed resistances can be specified. The
breaker can be specified to open only at current zero, allow
for single phase control, and can be programmed to include
pre-insertion resistors.
DOBLE STATE COMPONENT

The Doble state component captures voltage and current
from the running case, perform a fast Fourier transform
(FFT) on the data, then output it in Doble .ss1 format, for
use in Doble’s ProTesT software. The component will
convert the transient time domain solution result into the
phasor components (magnitude and angle) that can be used
by the Doble ProTesT state testing software and hardware.
These .ss1 files are located in the .emt directory associated
with the case. The component can be found in the main
library in the Meters’ subpage.
It will save three “snapshots” of the data at the prefault

time, the fault time and the post-fault fault time. The .ss1
files are located in the emt directory created at runtime by
PSCAD/Relay. The times are set within the component itself,
and are centered on the Fault Start time, which is set within
the Controls’ page.
FStart
FDur
doble
V
ProTesT
I
Inputs to the component include the Fault Start time

(FStart), the Fault Duration (FDur), Voltage (V) and Current
(I). Voltage and Current are three dimension connections, to
include all three phases. They require a data merge, as
shown below.
I1A
I1B
I1C
I1
Double clicking on the state component will bring up the

component properties menu, as shown below.
From here, the user can change the output file name
(leaving the .ss1 suffix). If there is a multiple run
component in the case, PSCAD will automatically modify the
file names to ensure they do not over-write each other. For
example, if the output file name is out1.ss1 and PSCAD is
set to run four runs using the multiple run component, the
output file names will become out100001.ss1,
out100002.ss1, out100003.ss1 and out100004.ss1.
The pre-fault, fault and post-fault fault cycles can be

changed. The cycles indicate to the Doble ProTesT software
how many cycles the values should be used. Post-fault Fault
Data Zero, if set to Yes, will automatically record zeros in
the post-fault fault data section of the .ss1 file, regardless of
the actual measured values.
PSCAD/Relay normally calculates primary values. Primary

values can be used input to the STATE component. PT & CT
ratios can be entered to convert primary values into
secondary levels.
The second menu available is the Advanced Settings. This

is where the time to record values is set.
The minimum value allowed is zero, and there is no

maximum value. However, if a value is entered which is
past the end of the simulation run, the data will contain all
zeros. If all zeros are entered, the output file will contain
two sections, prefault and fault, with identical data. The

data in the post-fault-fault section does not occur until after
the fault duration time.
Once the case is run, the .ss1 files will be located in the
.emt directory created. These files are ready for import into
Doble’s ProTesT software with no changes required.
Chapter 5
Advanced Topics
SEQUENCER
These components can be used to set up complex
sequences to control the application of faults,
opening/closing of breakers, or waiting for events (such as a
zero crossing...), for example. A sequence can be merged
with other sequences, or a single sequence can branch off
into many sequences. Some examples are shown in the
PSCAD/Relay Master Relay Library in the Sequencer
subpage.
Case3_seq.psc presents a modification of Case 3 to include

a Sequencer control of the breakers. In this case, the same
dials as for Case 3 control the Fault location and Fault type.
The sequencer controls the time the fault is applied.
The sequences visually indicate their progress during a run

StartTime ProtTime ProtDelay
S S Close S Close S S Wait For S S Apply S S Open S S Open
Start Wait Until Wait For Wait For Wait For
Breaker Breaker * V1a Fault Breaker Breaker
Sequence B3 B4 StartTime (Sec) to Cross 0.0 FDelay (Sec) Fault ProtTime (Sec) B3 ProtDelay (Sec) B4
from -ve to +ve
by coloring the finished section in gray, as shown below.
Sequence Control
StartTime Seq. E nable FaultAngle Prot Time Prot Delay
1 Off Enab 360 0.1 0.1
0 0 0 0
0.2 1 22.8 0.032 0.014
The Fault is applied at 0.2 sec according to the StartTime

in this case.
Next, PSCAD/Relay waits for Source 1 voltage (V1a) to cross

zero in the positive direction.
The phase angle, determined by the FaultAngle slider,

causes PSCAD/Relay to wait a certain amount of time before
Chapter 5: Advanced Topics
application of the fault. This allows for testing the effect of

faults occurring at different angles.
Next, breaker B3 is opened after a delay defined by slider

Prot Time. Prot Time represents the breaker operating
time.
Breaker B4 opens after delay defined by slider Prot Delay.

Prot Delay represents the communication delay between the
two ends of the line.
This case allows the breakers to be controlled via the

breaker timers or the sequencer using Continuous System
Model Function (CSMF) control logic shown below.
B3seq
A
Ctrl = 1
Timed
Breaker B
Logic
Closed@t0 Ctrl B3
Seq_enable
Seq_enable
Ctrl B4
B
Timed
Breaker
Logic Ctrl = 1
A
Closed@t0
B4seq
For more information on the PSCAD/Relay sequencer

component, please see the help files.
MULTIPLE RUN COMPONENT
The Multiple Run component provides the user the capability
of changing any variable within PSCAD/Relay and
automatically repeating the PSCAD/Relay simulation.
Multiple Run works in conjunction with the Playback
Recorder to automatically prepare a series of files for real
time playback. Example case “case3_multiple_run.psc”
illustrates how the multiple component could be utilized by
building onto the sequencer case. Note that the Multiple
Run example case also includes a sequence, as described in
Chapter 5, section Sequencer.
1 Meas-Enab
.
Ch. 1 . V1
V1a FAngle1
.
Ch. 2 V2
V1B FaultType
Ch. 3 Multiple
Run
V1c
Ch. 4
I3a
Ch. 5
I3B
Ch. 6
I3c
In the Controls' subpage of the Case 3 multiple run
example, the Multiple Run component is found.
The Multiple Run example has two output control variables

and six input control variables.
The first output control variable, on the right hand side is

labeled as FAngle1. FAngle1 is a sequential real
variable that changes from 0 to 360 degrees in 90° steps,
which corresponds to the five values 0°, 90°, 180°, 270° and
360°.
Notice that the Fangle1 variable is used in the Sequencer

Control logic to determine the point on wave the fault will be
applied, as shown below.
S
Wait For
FDelay (Sec)
N N
N/D N/D
FAngle1 FDelay
360.0 D 60.0 D
FREQ
The second output control variable is FaultType. FaultType
is defined inside the component as an integer list
containing a set of three integer values, 1, 4 and 7. One (1)
represents an A phase to ground fault, 4 is an AB to ground
fault and 7 is an ABC to ground fault. FaultType replaces
the need to set the fault using the Fault Type dial.
PSCAD/Relay will set the fault type automatically with the
FaultType variable.
FAngle1 and FaultType can be set within the component by

double clicking on the component to bring up the Properties’
page, as shown on the next page.
V1, or Fault Angle (FAngle1), corresponds to the degree for
the fault angle. Since it is a real variable (which means it
can have decimal values), it corresponds to the Real
Variable 1 Config settings in the drop down menu.
V2, or Fault type (FaultType), corresponds to a list of faults

to run. Since it is a list of integer values (no decimal values
allowed), it corresponds to the Integer Variable 2 Config
settings in the drop down menu.
Multiple Run causes PSCAD/Relay to perform the simulation

a set number of times, according to the number of variables
used in the simulation. In this example case, there are only
two variables used, therefore PSCAD/Relay will run 15 times,
according to the equation
(Number of FAngles) * (Number of Fault Types) = Number of

Runs, or
5 * 3 = 15.
To change the number of simulations run, either FAngle1 or

FaultType need to be changed.
FAngle1 can be changed to include any number of angles

between 0° and 360°. This is accomplished by double
clicking on the Multiple Run Component and selecting Real
Variable 1 Config, as shown below.
Change the Start of Range for Variable 1, Increment

for Each Run and End of Range for Variable 1 to
correspond to the fault angles you wish to use. For
example, if you wanted to start at 90° and end at 360° with
45° steps, the numbers would be entered as shown below.
These numbers correspond to angles of 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°,

270°, 315° and 360°. The number of FAngle1 now changes to
7. Using the same number of faults (3), means PSCAD/Relay
will run 21 simulations.
FaultType can be changed to include all faults, or any
number of different faults by double clicking on the Multiple
Run Component and selecting Integer Variable 2 Config,
as shown below.
Change Number of Runs for Variable 2 to the number of

different faults you desire, up to 10. Remember, these
numbers correspond to the fault types. After changing the
number of runs, click on the data locations found in the Hint: Fault types are
described in a sticky note in
middle of the Properties. Enter in the numbers that the controls subpage under
correspond to the faults you wish to run. the Fault Type Dial.
For example, the number of different faults has been

changed to 5, and fault types 1, 2, 4, 6, and 3 will be
implemented. See Chapter 3, section Case 2: Single Line
(Mid-line Fault) for a table of dial positions and their fault
types.
Using our example numbers, the number of faults has

changed to five (5), and the number of angles has changed
to seven (7). This will correspond to PSCAD/Relay running
35 separate simulations automatically.
On the left hand side of the Multiple Run icon, six inputs are
analyzed during the multiple PSCAD/Relay runs. The fault
location for the example is chosen as location FT5, between
Breaker B3 and Line 2. This is set the same way as previous
cases were, using the Fault Location Dial. Both the 3-
phase Voltage and Breaker B3 currents are recorded for
analysis.
Multiple Run will collect and store its output data into a file.
The file name is also defined as a parameter within the
component itself, as shown on the next page.
Choose Recording Data Config to modify the output data

filename, as shown below.
This data file is called Data.out and is located in the
automatically generated directory called
“case3_multiple_run.emt.”
A file reference to this location can be added on the

PSCAD/Relay page. In our example, the file reference is
shown as a Data.out.
By double clicking on Data.out the results of the multiple

runs, in ASCII text, will appear in a PSCAD/Relay text area,
as shown below.
Multiple Run Output File

Run # Fault Angle Fault type V1A V1B…
1 0.000000000 1 186.0771683 188.3522885…
2 90.00000000 1 186.4884497 186.3635727…
3 180.0000000 1 186.4884497 188.5158854…
4 270.0000000 1 186.8472801 186.7300902…
5 360.0000000 1 186.8472801 188.6665013…
6 0.000000000 4 186.0771683 185.9218238…
7 90.00000000 4 221.6961404 186.3635727…
8 180.0000000 4 186.4884497 186.3635727…
9 270.0000000 4 221.3012163 186.7300902…
10 360.0000000 4 186.8472801 186.7300902…
11 0.000000000 7 186.0771683 187.5473005…
12 90.00000000 7 186.4884497 186.3635727…
13 180.0000000 7 186.4884497 187.6815173…
14 270.0000000 7 186.8472801 186.7300902…
15 360.0000000 7 186.8472801 187.7336097…
The optimum occurred for run # 5 and has been repeated for the last run below:
Run # Fault Angle Fault type V1A V1B…
16 360.0000000 1 186.8472801 188.6665013…
Statistical Summary Based on 15 Runs:

-----------------------------------------
Fault Angle Fault type V1A V1B…
Minimum: 0.000000000 1.000000000 186.0771683 185.9218238…
Maximum: 360.0000000 7.000000000 221.6961404 188.6665013…
Mean: 180.0000000 4.000000000 191.1938340 187.1195719…
Std Dev: 131.7465098 2.535462764 12.30723315 0.8890433315…
2% Level: -90.57425510 -1.207203967 165.9178670 185.2937001…
98% Level: 450.5742551 9.207203967 216.4698011 188.9454437…
Looking at the file “Data.out,” one can observe that 15

PSCAD/Relay runs were performed. The values of Fault
Note that opening up Angle and Fault Type are defined for each run as well as the
Data.out while the
PSCAD/Relay case is maximum value of voltage and current. This summary file
running will not show provides a definition or index for the playback data files
complete data.
created by the recorder. The “Stn101.dat” file is the
Recorder file for Substation 1 with a zero (0) fault angle and
A phase to ground fault. The “Stn115.dat” file corresponds
to multiple run #15, with Fault angle at 360 degrees and an
ABC ground fault.
Additional information regarding Multiple Run can be found

by Clicking on the PSCAD/Relay Help menu on the main
menu bar and select Table of Contents. One of the topics
in this PSCAD/Relay Help system is Multiple Run. Another
method to retrieve help on this or any component is to open
the component and click on the help button.
Since the fault type can be controlled by the Multiple Run

component or the dial, a switch is located on the controls
page. This switch, MR Enable, allows the user to choose
between the multiple run component and the fault type dial.
Note that this switch does not control the multiple run
component, it only controls where the fault location decision
is made.
MR Enable
MREnable
OFF ON
A Ctrl = 1
FaultType
B
FaultType1 Ctrl FType
1
Below is a table of possible combinations of sequencer,

multiple run and fault type controls. Note there are three
states, 2, 4 and 5, which result in erroneous data for the
fault type. These states are to be avoided.
MR Sequenc Multiple Fault Resulting

Enabl er Run Locatio Fault Type
e Enable Componen n Dial
Switc t
h
10 = dial
1 Off Off Off 10
(correct)
0=?
2 On Off Off 10
(Incorrect)
8 = dial
3 Off On Off 8
(correct)
0=?
4 On On Off 7
(Incorrect)
6 = dial
5 Off Off On 6 (correct,
dial is off)
1=
multiple run
6 On On On 5
control
(correct)
STARTING FROM A SNAPSHOT
PSCAD/Relay starts all simulations by ramping the voltage
sources over a time constant. This is done is order to
prevent oscillations and numerical instability of the
solutions. One of the options of PSCAD/Relay is to begin the
solutions from a known operating point, instead of all the
internal variables set to zero. A snapshot data file can be
taken at anytime during the simulation. The simulation then
can be started, not from time zero, but from the snapshot
time. Where is this feature useful? Inside PSCAD/Relay, the
systems being modeled are relatively small and the cases
arrive at steady state operation by 0.2 seconds of
simulation. However, if a multiple run case was solving 100
cases, there may be advantage to starting from a snapshot
and reduce the overall simulation time required.
How do you use a Snapshot? Look at “case3_snap.psc.”

To get to the Properties Dialogue for each case, right click
on a blank section of any page in the case or go the Project
Tree and right click on the Case name. Select Properties
and the following dialogue will open.
Hint: Keep track of the

snapshot time. The graphs
will be relabelled to start at
zero, but the time values
used for control include the
simulation time from zero.
For example, the snapshot
is taken at 0.2 sec, and you
set the fault to occur at 0.3
sec. When the case is run
from snapshot, the graph
will indicate the fault occurs
at 0.1 sec, even though the
slider indicates it occurs at
0.3 sec, because 0.2
seconds have elapsed.
To run the case from the snapshot you created, go back to

the properties and select the Start Up Method as “from
Snapshot file.” The snapshot file will be created in the
*.emt directory. Choose the snapshot file Case3.snp and
now the case will run from the snapshot data.
Above is an example of a case that started from a snapshot.

As you can see, the graph displays the steady state
waveform, while stating it starts at zero (0).
Compare the above waveform to a non-snapshot start,

illustrated below.
Line
Protection
Stn 1
The snapshot method can be used in any case, however,

you cannot use a snapshot generated in a different case, as
the output data would not be compatible.
PROTECTION TO OPERATE A BREAKER

In the Case Templates, the breakers are controlled either
manually with a selector switch or controlled by fixed
timers. PSCAD/Relay allows the user to design and control
breakers by using models of protection relays.
Case1_Prot.psc and Case3_Prot.psc are examples of how
this can be implemented. Breaker B1 will open whenever
the signal named B1 is high, or logical one. On the main
page of Case1_Prot, you will find two new page blocks
named “Line Protection Stn 1” and “Line Protection Stn 2.”
This page contains the protection controls implemented for
Substation 1 and Substation 2. This protection now can
determine the state of breaker B1 and B2.
Double clicking “Line Protection Stn 1” reveals the

implemented protection.
TIME
A
Compar-
Controls
ator B1opT
0.1
B
0.1
B1opT
0
0.05
V
1 V TRIP
I
1 I OP
B1testa
Control
3 1
B
Delay
2 V TRIP
2 I OP
B1testb
3 V TRIP
3 I OP
B1testc
The protection is a phase comparator block, one per phase,

set at 67Ω (ohms) and 80° (degrees). Within the protection,
there is a feature to inhibit protection during the start-up of
simulation, and an enable block to select between this
protection and the breaker control timers.
In each protection block, there is a slider used to simulate

operating time of the breaker.
Controls
B1opT
0.1
0
0.05
For example, in “case1_prot.psc,” double clicking on the

“Line Protection Stn 1” page block will reveal B1opT, which
is included to simulate the operating time of the breaker.
The details of the protection are not particularly important,

but PSCAD/Relay provides the opportunity for the user to
design and implement protection using standard library
components. There is the possibility in other versions of
PSCAD for the user to design their own protection blocks
using Fortran, C or Matlab.
For more information, contact the Centre at
pscad@hvdc.ca or on the web at www.hvdc.ca.
SINGLE PHASE BREAKER OPERATION

In the example cases, the breakers generally have
controlled all three phases. The breaker component allows
independent pole switching. Case3_single_PoleB3.psc is
an example case where independent single breaker control
is illustrated. Breaker B3 in the general Case 3 example has
been modified to allow single phase operation. The breaker
component now requires control signals B3A, B3B and B3C
to control each phase, instead of the single signal B3 that
previously controlled all three phases. The control logic with
additional sliders is shown below.
Timed
Breaker
Logic
Closed@t0 B3A
Flt_en2
Timed
Breaker B3B
Logic
Closed@t0
Timed
Breaker
Logic
Closed@t0
B3C
B3 Timing
42-B3 B3AT1 B3AT2 B3BT1 B3BT2 B3CT1 B3CT2
C O 2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.35 0.42 2 2 2 2
In this example, the fault is an A phase to ground fault

applied at fault location 5. Only the A phase on Breaker B3
opens at 0.35 msec and then recloses at 0.42 msec, based
on the timer control.
The breaker component on the main page animates

according to the breaker. Therefore, if one phase of the
breaker is open, it will show green while the remainder stays
red.
MUTUAL COUPLED TRANSMISSION LINES

Example Case3_Mutual.psc illustrates two parallel
transmission lines that are physically on the same tower. In
this case, the transmission lines are modeled as a six
conductor transmission line. This modeling will simulate the
coupled effects on the healthy line when a fault occurs on
the other 3-phase circuit on the same tower.
3 Phase 3 Phase
-116.6 [MW] RMS RMS 118.5 [MW]
14.66 [MVAR ] -19.63 [MVAR]
SUBSTATION 1 SUBSTATION 2
B1 B2
V1 FT2 FT3 V2
F2 F3
Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°] Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]
100.0 [MVA] 100.0 [MVA]
230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz] 230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]
100.0 km
3 Phase
3 Phase
L1_2
RMS
RMS
V Ph Ph V
-0.04062 [MW] 0.0474 [MW]
0.2957 [MVAR ] -0.05028 [MVAR]
FT1 FT4
B3 B4
F1 V3 V4 F4
FT5 FT6
F5 F6
The relay protection will see the results of current and

voltage on the transmission lines, both from coupled and
non-coupled simulations. By comparing simulations of
faults, with and without mutually coupled transmission lines,
influence from adjacent lines will be demonstrated.
INTERFACE WITH DOBLE PROTEST PROGRAM

The example case case3_state contains a state component
used to create .ss1 files that can easily be imported into
Doble’s ProTesT software. When the PSCAD/Relay
simulation is complete, the resulting .ss1 files will be located
in the .emt directory.
The purpose of this component is to generate a data file

defining pre, post and fault states to be directly imported
into the Doble ProTesT software.
Fdur FStart Fdur FStart
FDur FDur
FStart
doble FStart
doble
V ProTesT V ProTesT
V1s I out1.ss1 V2s I out2.ss1
I1 I2
Fdur FStart Fdur FStart

FDur FDur
FStart doble FStart doble
V
ProTesT V
ProTesT
V3s I out3.ss1 V4s I out4.ss1
I3 I4
This example case is also done in case3_state_pi, which

uses the coupled pi model to implement the transmission
lines.
SPECIAL EXAMPLE BASED ON SEL 321 RELAY

MANUAL
Case3_SEL.psc is a special case based on the SEL 321
Relay Manual, using data from the example cases located in
Chapter 5. A Bergeron model is used to input the data into
the PSCAD/Relay case.
3 Phase 3 Phase
290.3 [MW] RMS RMS -276.2 [MW]
14.05 [MVAR] 86 [MVAR]
SUBSTATION 1 80.456 km 80.456 km SUBSTATION 2

T1 T2
B1 B2
V1 FT2 FT4 V2
Fault FT3 Fault
Z1 =17.95 [ohm] /_ 87.63 [°] Z1 =3.8 [ohm] /_ 87.69 [°]
100.0 [MVA] Fault 100.0 [MVA]
230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz] 230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]
V Ph Ph V
3 Phase 3 Phase
0.005515 [MW] RMS RMS -0.02128 [MW]
0.1912 [MVAR] -0.02051 [MVAR]
80.456 km 80.456 km
T3 T4
FT1 FT5
B3 B4
Fault V3 V4 Fault
FT6 FT8
Fault FT7 Fault
Fault
See SEL-321-2 Instruction Manual, Chapter 5, Schweitzer

Engineering Laboratories for more information.
Appendix A: Troubleshooting Install
Appe
Troubleshooting Ins
STARTING THE LICENSE MANAGER SERVICE
WINDOWS NT:
If you are running Windows NT, the License Manager is

installed as a service. To see if it installed correctly, and if
the service is running, perform the following steps:
1. Go to Start | Settings | Control Panel and double click

on the Services Icon, shown below.
2. Search through the services until you see “HVDC

License Manager,” as shown below. If you do not
see it in the list, skip to step 3: No service installed.
If the Status is blank, as shown above, it needs to be

started. To start it, click on the Start button, in the same
window. The following dialog window will appear. In this
example, the computer’s name is Joan.
If the service start attempt is successful, the Status will
change to Started, as shown below.
PSCAD/Relay should run successfully now.

3. If the HVDC License Manager is not installed on this
machine, and it has the dongle attached to it, you
must install the service manually. To do this, go to
Start | Programs | HVDC Lmgr, as shown below.
Click on Install Windows NT Service. A MS-DOS

based program will now run. It will not continue if the NT
Service is already installed.
Appendix A: Troubleshooting Install
HELP FILES WON’T OPEN*

*This section is only relevant to the html style of help
files.
If PSCAD/Relay generates the following error when you

attempt to open the help files, it is because it cannot find an
html viewer to open them.
To check this, open up Options | Edit PSCAD.ini file, as

shown below.
It will bring up the following window, in which you can see

there is no html viewer (i.e. Internet Explorer or Netscape)
specified.
To fix the error, enter in the path to Internet Explorer or
Netscape. If you do not know where these programs are
installed, contact your system administrator. An example is
shown below.
This will solve the problem, and you will be able to open the
help files.
MESSAGE TREE ERRORS

For example, a component may be disconnected from the
circuit. A picture of this is shown below, followed by the
accompanying message tree errors.
Simply moving the F2 connector will solve this problem.

Appendix B: Using PSCAD/Relay
Appe
Using PSCAD/Re
This appendix is a quick guide to useful features in
PSCAD/Relay, as well as a general how to.
STARTING PSCAD PSCAD/Relay Icon
To start PSCAD, double click on the PSCAD icon on your

desktop or use the Start menu on PC Windows. This will
open the main window of PSCAD shown below. The list of
items on the top of the window: File, Edit, etc. are called
the main menu items. The buttons below it are called menu
buttons and the collection is called a tool bar or menu bar.
The look and feel of your

PSCAD main window might
be slightly different
depending on your
operating system.
TITLE BAR AND MENU BAR

Title Bar and Active Project
The top most part of the window that displays PSCAD V4 –

Active project name is called the PSCAD title bar. The
active project name changes depending on your current
active project. When you start PSCAD, the master library is
the active project.
Menu Bar and Menu Items
The area under the title bar consisting of menu items and
menu buttons is called the main menu bar. All main
menu items are drop down menus, which means that when
you point the cursor to one of these menu items and click
the left mouse button, you will see a list appearing below it.
To select an item from this list, first move the cursor onto
that item (the item is highlighted) and then click the left
mouse button. The following menu shows how to load a
project using the File menu from the main menu bar.
Menu Buttons
The pictures on the menu bar are called menu buttons.

While menu items are two-stage processes, the menu
buttons are one step processes. They initiate actions as
soon as you click on them and hence are easier to use. For
this reason, frequently used operations have button
equivalents. After you become familiar with the program,
you will probably use the keyboard equivalents that are
faster and even more convenient than the menu buttons.
PROJECT TREE AND MESSAGE TREE

If you look at the top left-hand corner of the PSCAD main
window shown earlier, you should see a smaller window
entitled Project Tree, which is also called the Project
Manager. If it is not visible, go to the main menu bar, click
on View and select Project. This will bring up the Project
Manager.
Project Manager gives you an overall view of all the

libraries and cases loaded. You can use it to select
components and perform many activities. We will discuss
many of these functions later in this manual.
Below the Project Tree, you should see another window

entitled Message Tree. If it is not visible, click on the View
menu and select Messages to bring it up. Inside, you will
see its first message: master.psl ’Master Library.‘ All the
status, warning and error messages are logged in this
window - so keep this window open and visible.
Both Message Tree and Project Tree behave very

similarly to the Explorer (file manager) on your Windows
operating system. We will discuss efficient use of these tree
views later as we start creating and running cases.
LOADING A CASE PROJECT

We will first simulate an example case that has already been
created to appreciate the power of PSCAD/Relay. Load More Project
importantly, this exercise will help us to ensure that
PSCAD V3 library files
PSCAD/Relay is installed correctly. have .psl extension.
To load an existing case, click on File menu located at the

top left corner of PSCAD window and select Load Project…
or click on the menu button containing the picture of the
open folder (yellow). You will see the dialog pop up on your
screen. By default, the selected file type is PSCAD V3 Case
at the bottom of the dialog Load Project. With this type
selected, you will see only PSCAD Version 3 case files that
have .psc extension and directories. The file extension
stands for pscad case.
In PSCAD/Relay, the Load a Case automatically takes you to

the PSCAD/Relay Example cases’ directory. To navigate to
the general examples’ directory, use the up one level icon.
The Up One Level button.
This will take you out of the Relay_Examples directory, and
into the main example directory.
If you did not choose to

install the PSCAD example
cases, you will not have
these files. If you want to
install them, follow the
instructions in Chapter 2.
Navigate to the Tutorial directory inside your PSCAD

installation directory. Click on the vdiv_1.psc file and then
click on the Open button to load this tutorial project in
PSCAD. The Project Tree will now have a second project
entitled vdiv_1 [.psc] Single Phase Voltage Divider.
Double-click on the title to open and view the circuit.
What you see here is the assembled voltage divider circuit,

which is at the top left corner of the page that you just
opened. The plots are to its right.
The circuit consists of a single-phase resistive voltage

source connected to a restive load. Since the magnitude of
the source resistance (1Ω ) and the load resistance are the
same, the voltage at the load terminal is half that of the
voltage behind the source resistance. This voltage is
measured using a voltmeter Vmid connected to the node
between the source and the load. The current in the circuit
should be Esource/(Rsource+Rload).
The plot and graphs will contain the values of the voltage at
the mid-point of the circuit; the current flowing through the
circuit.
RUNNING A SIMULATION
Before we run the simulation, we will do a simple calculation
to find out what load current and mid-point voltage we
should be expecting. Double-click on the source component
You must have a Fortran
Compiler installed before
to view its data. Note that the source voltage magnitude is
you can run a case.
70.71 kV rms or 100 kV peak. Close this dialog by clicking
on the Cancel button at the bottom of the dialog. Click
anywhere in the empty space to de-select the selected
component. This will stop the blinking of the selected
component. For a 100 kV source voltage, we know that the
mid-point voltage should be 50 kV peak and the load current
should be 50 kA peak. Now let us run the simulation and
actually verify the current and voltage waveforms.
To run a case, simply click on the RUN button located at the

right side on the top menu bar. This button is the one with a
green triangle on it. Once you press this button, PSCAD will and Run
Compile
go through several stages of processing the circuit before
starting the EMTDC simulation. You will see a message
window pop up on the screen and display messages related
to various stages of the process.
Watch the graphs as the simulation progresses. If you look

at the bottom left corner of the PSCAD window, you will see
a message "xx% complete" where xx changes from 0 to
100. This is a percentage of the total length of the
simulation. To the right of it you will also see the current
simulation time which changes with the simulation. This
tutorial case is set up to run for 0.2 seconds. At the end of
the run, you will see the message "EMTDC run
completed." Your plot should look like this:
Make sure that your simulation produces the same result as

shown here. This is one step towards ensuring that your
PSCAD/Relay is installed correctly.
Click on the RUN button to see the run once again. It will
go through all three stages, however, you will not be able to
notice the first two stages, as they pass by very quickly.
This is because PSCAD optimizes on these stages and
performs them only if required.
PRINTING
To print the circuit along with the graph you just simulated,
click the right mouse button on the background of the circuit
page and select the Print item.
This will bring up the Print dialog. The content of this

dialog is dependent on the printer driver installed on your
computer and most likely be different from the one shown
below.
Most PRINT dialogs have a Properties button or tab to
select required properties. The common properties that are
relevant in printing PSCAD circuits are:
• Paper size: letter: A4, legal, etc.

• Paper orientation: landscape, portrait or
rotated.
• Number of copies: usually the default is one.
• Colour: grey scale, black and white, and colour.
• Scaling: If the printer driver is capable of
scaling, you can scale the printer output to fit
one page or span across multiple pages.
The best way to learn more about what these options can do
for you is to try them out. Before printing, PSCAD provides
you a preview of what you are about to print in relation to Print
the selected paper size and orientation.
Click the OK button on the Print dialog to see the preview or

Cancel button to exit from the print mode. Stop
The Print Preview occupies the entire PSCAD window to

maximize the display area for preview, and will hide your
circuit. Click on the Print icon (see margin) on the menu
bar to print the circuit. If you are not happy with the
preview, click on the Stop button to return to the circuit and
start printing once again. Your previous printer settings are
remembered.
Do not click on the close button located at

the top right corner of the print preview window!
That will close PSCAD, which is probably not what
you want.
PSCAD/RELAY GRAPHICAL INTERFACE

FEATURES
The following describes some of the features and operations
that are available in the PSCAD/Relay Graphic User
Interface. While the intention is for the user to use the
prebuilt cases, it is certainly possible and desirable to edit,
change and save cases to meet the specific system

requirements.
Scrolling
Use the scroll bars on the right and bottom side of the
window to scroll through the page instead. A page-style
scrolling can be achieved by holding the Ctrl key down,
pressing the left mouse button on the page and then
dragging the mouse. You can also use the centre wheel
feature on your mouse, if the mouse has one, or the arrow
keys in the extended keyboard.
Keyboard Shortcuts
For a complete list of Version 3 keyboard shortcuts, click on

the Help menu on the PSCAD menu bar and select
Keyboard Shortcuts item from the drop down menu.
Printing Circuits and Plots
To print a single page, right click on the background of the

page and select Print. You can also select one or more
components or graphs and print the selected items. Options
in the print dialog allow resizing of the printed page or
printing to multiple pages.
Printing Component Parameters
Right click on the component and select View ⇒ Parameters

from the pop up menu. All the parameters will be listed in a
text window. Copy and paste this text in your favourite
editor, for example, MS Write. Edit the text as required
and print.
Creating Plots and Graphs
Plots, Graphs and Curves can be added manually by right

clicking on the background of the page where you want to
place the plot and selecting Add ⇒ Plot from the pop up
menu. Then, right click on the title bar of the plot, currently
called ”Untitled“ and select Help from the pop up menu for
further details. A faster way to plot a signal is to click the
right button on PGB plot component and select
Input/Output Reference ⇒ Create new plot with
signal.
Connecting Wires
A connection is made whenever wires make contact with the

end of another wire or at the input/output connection of a
component. See online help on wire component for details
with illustrations. To create a new wire, you can use the
right button Add ⇒ Wire, or copy the wire component from
the main page in the master library.
Creating Slider, Switch, Button, and Dial Interfaces
Run time interfaces for slider, push button, switch, and dial
are always located inside a special component called
Control Panel. Right click on the background of the page
where you want to place the interfaces and select Add ⇒
Control Panel from the pop up menu. Then, right click on
the title bar of the panel, currently called ”CPanel“ and
select Help from the pop up menu for further details.
Changing Simulation Time Step and Run Duration
Right click on the case name in the project tree and select
Properties… from the pop up menu. Click on the Help
button on the Case Properties dialog for further details.
Using Arrays
You can create an array by using a datamerge component

and extract an element out of an array by using a datatap
component. To create these components, right click on the
page and use Add menu. A data label can be used to
transfer an array signal to another part of the page. For
example, if the signal X is an array of 3, then you can name
the data label X(3) to transfer all array elements. See Help
on these components for details.
Note: You cannot connect an array to a plot channel (PGB)

component. You must extract an element and connect the
element to a PGB. You will need to do this if you are using
the FFT component, for example. See the FFT case in the
PSCAD/tutorial directory for an illustration.
MultiPlot Features: FFT, THD and Curve Calculation
Plots are very versatile. Use one of the pages in your case
to lay the plots out the way you like. Currently, PSCAD
supports only time plots, i.e., the horizontal axis is always
TIME.
Tlines and Cables
Tline and Cable constants’ programs are launched by special

info components placed on the circuit. Each Tline and Cable
should have a corresponding Info component. For further
details, see Tlines and Cables item under Help on the
main menu bar.
Grouping Components
Temporary groups are called a selection. Simply click the

left mouse button on the page and drag the mouse to
enclose the components in the selection box. Selected
components will start flashing. Now you can include or
exclude individual components from the selection by
clicking on them with the SHIFT key pressed. Right click on
one of the flashing components and choose any of the items
from the pop up menu. This menu includes cut and copy
items. To move the selected components to a new location
on the page, left click on one of the flashing components
and drag the mouse. Left click on the page background to
deselect the entire selection.
Editing Component Parameters
Double click on the component or use the Edit

Parameters… menu on the component.
Undo
Undo works on all cut, copy, paste, and parameter changes.

The keyboard shortcut for undo is to press Ctrl and “z”
simultaneously. All changes are stored sequentially, thus
allowing multiple undo operations to be performed.
Windows Meta File Export
Export any PSCAD page or selection to a Windows Meta File

(Clipboard) using the Edit | Export function in the PSCAD
Menu Bar, or by clicking the right mouse button. You can
then paste the selection into any Windows program that will
accept .wmf or .emf files. Once the objects have been
pasted, you can edit the image to resize, recolor or change
text. All objects are retained as vector objects (not
bitmaps), so you can also resize the selection.
Finding Components
To find a certain text string within a case or a library, make

the case or library active and then click on the button Find Button
marked with a pair of binoculars.
Viewing Error and Warning Messages
Error, warning and diagnostic messages are logged in a

special window called Message Tree. If this window is not
already open, select View ⇒ Messages from the top menu
bar. Resize this window and place it in a convenient
location. Whenever there is an error message, the tree
opens up to show the message with a beep. Messages from
EMTDC are also logged in this tree.
Changing Page Size and Layout
Right click on the page and select Special ⇒ Page Layout…

from the pop up menu.
Appendix C: Technical Support
Appe
Technical Supp
HOW TO CONTACT US
The Manitoba HVDC Research Centre and its representatives
are committed to providing you with the best technical
support. We can be reached at:
• Phone: +1-204-989-1240
• Fax: +1-204-453-5074
• Email: pscad@hvdc.ca
• Anonymous ftp: ftp.hvdc.ca
• World Wide Web: www.hvdc.ca
• Address: Manitoba HVDC Research Centre

244 Cree Cres.
Winnipeg, Manitoba
Canada, R3J 3W1
Contact your local PSCAD/Relay supplier first for fast and

efficient service. If you do not have their contact address
from the time you purchased PSCAD/Relay, you can get it
from the PSCAD web site at http://www.hvdc.ca/pscad or
by contacting the Centre.
To make the best use of our technical support facilities, you

should have a maintenance contract arranged through your
local PSCAD/Relay supplier.
MAINTENANCE CONTRACT
A maintenance contract provides the following support and
upgrades. Please contact us for details.
• Fast technical support via phone, fax or e-mail.

• Free upgrade of software for bug fixes and minor
releases.
• An account on our web site that you can use to

download the latest patches, tutorials, online help
and manuals.
• A subscription to PSCAD News – a technical

publication by the Centre on PSCAD/Relay related
products.
EMTDC USERS’ GROUP
The EMTDC Users’ Group is an informal forum of EMTDC
users worldwide, coordinated at the University of Manitoba.
The Users’ Group maintains an anonymous ftp-site, web site
and e-mail list server. All users are encouraged to submit
their e-mail addresses to be included in the list server by
sending an e-mail request to emtdcug@ee.umanitoba.ca.
There are other regional user groups as well. Please contact

the EMTDC Users’ Group, the Centre, or the PSCAD web
page to find out if your region has a users’ group and, if not,
how to start one.
Membership to EMTDC User’s Group
To become a member of the list server you should be an

EMTDC user. Membership is FREE!
For further details, see the online help page on “How to

Contact Us.”
Index
In
A FFT...................................122
Active project...................113 Finding components.........123
B Fortran...........................5, 24
Bergeron model.................62 G
Breaker controls.................35 Geomagnetic current effects
Breakers.......................30, 84 .......................................78
C Get license info..................21
Cases included...................27 Graph.................................31
Changing simulation time Ground component............69
step and run duration...121 Grouping components......122
Conductor database...........71 H
Conductor.clb.....................71 Hardware lock......................7
Connecting wires.............121 Hardware requirement.........4
Contact us........................124 HTML viewer....................110
Continuous system model I
function (CSMF)..............90 Inrush current....................78
Control module..................33 Installation...........................9
Core configuration.............79 Internet explorer................12
Coupled Pi Model Component K
.....................47, 54, 59, 66 Keyboard shortcuts..........120
Creating a snapshot.........101 L
Creating plots and graphs 120 Leakage reactance.............79
Creating slider, switch, License manager install.....13
button and dial interfaces Licensing..............................6
.....................................121 Line constants....................62
Curve calculation.............122 Lmgr-hvdc database file.....14
D Load a case......................114
Data.out.............................97 Localhost......................11, 26
Doble.................................85 M
Dongle.................................7 Magnetizing current...........79
E Make-f error.......................24
Editing component Menu bar..........................113
parameters...................122 Menu buttons...................113
Enter license key................21 Mid-line fault......................47
Error and warning messages Multiple run........................91
.....................................123 MultiPlot features.............122
F N
Fault controls.....................35 Netscape............................12
Fault description................49 Number of runs..................93
Fault impedance................43 O
Fault type...........................49 Output file..........................84
Fault type dial....................92 P
Faults.................................30 Page size and layout........123
Ferroresonance..................78
Parallel transmission line. . .48 Serial port............................7
Parameters........................38 Single phase breaker
Multiple run....................91 operation......................105
Recorder...................44, 82 Snapshot..........................101
Three phase voltage Solve constants..................64
source.........................38 Starting PSCAD................112
Transformer....................55 State Component...............85
Transmission line......41, 70 Steps required to perform
Phase angle.......................89 simulation.......................50
Phase comparator block...104 Steps to perform PSCAD
Pi line sections.............61, 64 simulation.......................35
Ping....................................14 Subpages...........................30
Playback recorders.............34 Substation control panel....33
Plot....................................31 T
Print.................................117 T-Tap.................................55
Printing circuits and plots.120 TCP/IP..................................6
Printing component Tertiary winding fault.........58
parameters...................120 Testing transformer
Project manager...............114 protection.......................57
Project tree......................114 THD..................................122
Protection relays..............103 Three phase voltage source
R .......................................29
Reboot...............................23 Title bar...........................112
Register online...................77 Tower component..............69
Remanence........................78 Transmission line...............32
Run button.......................116 Transmission line modeling61
Running a case..................23 U
Runtime settings................37 Undo................................122
S Uninstall.............................26
Saturation....................78, 81 USB......................................7
Scrolling...........................120 Using arrays.....................121
Sequence information........63 W
Sequencer..........................89 Winding capacitance..........78
Sequencer control logic......91 Windows meta file export.123

PSCAD Relay Manual V3 2 PDF

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PSCAD Relay Manual V3 2 PDF

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PSCAD/RELAY

Installation & Operations Manual

The Professional’s Tool for Protective Relay Testing

Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc.

All rights reserved.

Information in this document is subject to change without notice.

PSCAD is a registered trademark of Manitoba HVDC Research

EMTDC is a trademark of Manitoba Hydro, and Manitoba HVDC

Microsoft, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows 2000,

DEC and DEC Fortran are trademarks of Digital Equipment

UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other

Netscape and Netscape Navigator are registered trademarks of

MATLAB is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc.

Compaq and the names of Compaq products referenced herein are

WinZip is a registered trademark of WinZip Computing, Inc.

Revision 1.0 – Jan 16, 2001

Transmission Line Parameters .....................................41

The nine predefined base cases have a built in interactive

The very powerful and versatile PSCAD transient solution is

Graphic based controls allow the user to define the load

For more advanced users, the cases can be customized to

WHY USE A POWER SYSTEM SIMULATOR

The provided example cases consist of single, dual and

Realistic testing waveforms can be generated for a variety

PARAMETERS THAT CAN BE MODIFIED

PSCAD/Relay is simple to use and operate, while generating

PSCAD is currently supported on PCs running Microsoft

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

Processor 200 MHz Pentium processor (higher speed

Operating Windows 95, 98, NT 4.0, ME or 2000.

Additional Digital Visual Fortran 5.0 is supported, but

A GNU compiler is provided, which is

Web browser (i.e., Internet Explorer, or

Memory (RAM) 32 MB (64 MB or more recommended).

Hard disc 100 MB minimum. More space may be

Monitor SVGA minimum, XGA recommended. 17”

Other A CD-ROM drive and 32 bit CD-ROM

The free EGCS GNU Fortran

Compaq Visual Fortran 5 & 6

You can get more information on the Compaq Visual Fortran

For your convenience, a free Fortran compiler, called the

Please note that the GNU compiler will impose some

If you are installing the Compaq Visual Fortran compiler,

TCP/IP NETWORK PROTOCOL

Most Windows’ installations will automatically install TCP/IP.

You can test the TCP installation by opening a DOS prompt

It is a good idea to get the Winsock 2 and Dial Up

The License Manager software supports two types of dongle;

Although the 25-Pin Serial Port type dongle is compatible

The License Manager and dongle need only be installed on

NOTE: If you are installing the License Manager on a

To install PSCAD you must have administrator access to

To install PSCAD, perform the following steps:

pertain to PSCAD users.

Only select License

Note: If you uncheck an item that you have

If your machine currently has the dongle attached, and

using the license over the network, select on another

If you are unsure which machine has the dongle, contact

choose NO from the dialog boxes. An example of a

If you wish to maintain a

The License Manager program creates a special database,

Pay special attention to the installation to avoid License