Professional Documents
Culture Documents
of Analysis
Gravimetry
1. VOLATILIZATION METHOD
2. PRECIPITATION METHOD
NaHCO3 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) CO2 (g) + H2O (l) + NaHSO4 (aq)
Types of Gravimetric Analysis
2. PRECIPITATION METHOD
Example
Determination of Calcium in Water [AOAC Official Methods of Analysis]
AgNO3 precipitates Cl-, Br-, I-, and SCN- (in acidic medium) [SELECTIVE]
1. Solubility
2. Temperature
3. Reactant concentrations
4. Rate of mixing
5. Relative supersaturation (qualitative)
Von-Weimarn equation
Q-S
relative supersaturation =
S
where,
Q = concentration of solute at any instant
S = equilibrium solubility
Q-S Q-S
crystalline ppt
✓
colloidal ppt S
S desirable
Precipitate Formation Processes
Nucleation
- a small number of ions, atoms, Particle Growth
or molecules come together to
form a stable solid (nuclei) - growth on existing nuclei
- nuclei formation is initiated on
surface of any solid contaminants - rate increases with decreasing
present (e.g. dust particles) relative supersaturation
- rate increases with increasing
relative supersaturation
predomination of Nucleation
large number of predomination of Particle Growth
✓
very fine particles smaller number of
large particles
Controlling Particle Size
LOW RELATIVE
SUPERSATURATION
predomination of
Q-S Particle Growth
relative supersaturation =
S smaller number of
large particles
S - increase temperature (CRYSTALLINE PPT)
- control pH
PPT
HEATING, STIRRING
ELECTROLYTE
CONCENTRATION COAGULATED
COLLOID
DIGESTION* (heating of the
Precipitate for ≥ 1 hour
in the mother liquor)
examples:
PbSO4 in BaSO4
SrSO4 in BaSO4
MnS in CdS
MgKPO4 in MgNH4PO4