Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Continuous phase
Dispersed phase To stabilize these
droplets, emulsifying
agent should be added
1) Lotions
2) Liniments
3) Creams
4) Ointments
5) Vitamin drops
Oil Water
O/W W/O
Water Oil
Oil Water
Oil Water
O/W/O W/O/W
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Emulsion Type and Means of Detection: using of naked eye, it is very
difficult to differentiate between o/w or w/o emulsions. Thus, the four
following methods have been used to identify the type if emulsions.
Bulb
3) Dye-Solubility Test:
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What is look like under the microscope after mixing with suitable dye
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Theories of Emulsification:
Oil
Oil Agitation Oil
Water Water
Water
System is thermodynamically
unstable “ high energy”
System tends to separate in
two layer to reduce the surface area
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3. Finely divided solid particles: they are adsorbed at the
interface between two immiscible liquid phases to form
particulate film
A-Monomolecular adsorption
W= . A
Surface area
Surface free Interfacial tension
energy
Hydrophilic Water
head
Form
monomolecular
Hydrophobic film
tail
Oil
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iii. Provide surface charge which cause repulsion between adjust
particles
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Classification of surface-active agents:
Note that:
Anionic SAA are mainly used for external used.
Cationic SAA are used for external used. They have, also, good
antimicrobial activity (e.g. Benzalkonium chloride)
Nonionic SAA are stable over wide range of pH. They are not affected by
change in pH or addition of electrolytes. They are less toxic and main
function to provide steric repulsion
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B-Multimolecular adsorption
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Finely divided solid particles are adsorbed at the surface of emulsion
droplet to stabilize them. Those particles are wetted by both oil and
water (but not dissolved) and the concentration of these particles form
a particulate film that prevent the coalescence.
Bentonite
Hectorite
Finely divided solids
Kaolin
Magnesium aluminum silicate
Montmorillonite
Aluminum hydroxide
Magesium hydroxide
Silica
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Natural emulsifying agents:
Oil-soluble drug is prepared in o/w emulsion due its solubility and its
taste can be masked by adding flavoring agents
For intravenous injection “ i.v.” o/w emulsion is the only type could
be used.
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Topical application:
2. Colloid mills
3.
Emulsifying Agents:
1) Carbohydrate Materials:
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Acacia, Tragacanth, Agar, Pectin. o/w emulsion.
2) Protein Substances:
4) Wetting Agents:
o/w emulsion
w/o emulsion
Phase Inversion:
At this point the emulsion has undergone inversion i.e. it has changed from
an o/w to a w/o, or vice versa. In practice, emulsions may be prepared
without inversion with as much as about 75% of the vol. of the product
being internal phase.
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"4:2:1" Method
2 parts of water
1 part of gum
Same proportion of oil, water and gum are used as in the continental or dry
gum method but the order of mixing is different. Mucilage of the gum is
prepared by triturating acacia (or other emulsifier) with water. The oil is then
added slowly in portions, and the mixture is triturated to emulsify the oil.
Should the mixture become too thick during the process, additional water
may be blended into the mixture before another successive portion of oil is
added.
Useful for-
This method is not suitable for viscous oils (i.e. high viscosity oil).
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Stability of Emulsion:
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This is a preparation containing between 7 and 8.5% of Magnesium
hydroxide.
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