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ch05 PDF
ch05 PDF
5.1 GENERAL
5.1.1 Maintenance and repair: This is the work needed to preserve the
intended load carrying capacity of the bridge to ensure correct
functioning, aesthetic appearance and continued safety. It excludes
any work leading to improvement of the structure by strengthening
or by widening to carry heavier loads or wider gauge. It consists of
the prevention of deterioration by normal causes, wear, damage
through accidents, vandalism and built-in imperfections.
Maintenance deserves great attention. Maintenance is to be
performed in a systematical way because it has been proved to be
the most economical. All structures should be designed and
constructed with consideration of both capital expenditure and
predictable maintenance cost. The maintenance of engineering
works begins from the day these have been constructed.
5.2.1 Before any repair or rehabilitation work is taken up, the cause of
damage and the extent of damage to the structure must be
ascertained. This aspect is often disregarded with the result that
further repairs have to be carried out within a short time.
Sometimes the cause of damage or deterioration is obvious, but
careful investigation of a deteriorated structure is essential. The
investigation of the causes of the damages to the structure is
largely a matter of gathering information by visual observations,
studying records and asking questions, supplemented by a certain
amount of laboratory and field testing and finally interpreting the
information thus collected.
5.2.4 The data from the investigations form the basis of decision
regarding selection of an appropriate repair or rehabilitation plan
out of the following available options:
5.2.6 Many a time, accurate structural analysis may not be possible for
the assessment of both the existing strength as well as extent of
repairs or strengthening. The designer, therefore, has to be very
judicious in his approach. Following two things should be clearly
understood.
5.2.7 After results of investigation have been analysed and the elements
of repair plan decided, detailed working drawings have to be
prepared for carrying out the necessary repairs at site. The
drawings should give clear and exhaustive instructions regarding
various procedures to be followed during execution of the repair
plan. In addition detailed specifications have to be drawn up for the
materials and equipment to be used on the work. A scheme of
quality assurance of the entire rehabilitation work should also be
prepared.
5.2.8 Site Survey: Before any repair (other than temporary works) is
carried out, a comprehensive site inspection and survey should be
made. There are four basic objectives behind this survey:
APPROACH
TESTS
MIX PROPORTION
COLOUR,
TEXTURE
SOURCES OF
MATERIALS
PERMEABILITY
INTERPRETATION
FURTHER TESTS
• Hydrophobation
• Painting
• Impregnation
• Sealers
• Coating
• siliconates
• silanes
• siloxanes and
• silicon resins
(ii) Resins:
(iii) Oils
i) Mechanical Methods
ii) Thermal Methods
iii) Chemical Methods
iv) Hydraulic Methods
i) Cementitious System
ii) Polymer Modified Cementitious System
iii) Polymer Concrete System
iv) Reactive Thermosetting Resin System
Epoxy mortar or concrete may be used for repair of spall when time
of repair is very short. ACI 503 report gives necessary guidelines
for use of epoxy system in concrete superstructure. Epoxy system
should conform to ASTM C 881-87. Type, grade and class must be
chosen to satisfy job conditions and requirements. Epoxy mortars
generally consists of 15-20 parts silica sand which shall be mixed
slowly with a premixed resin-hardener formulation by using a slow
speed drill fitted with a stirrer. Mortar shall be laid after application
of an epoxy primer and shall be trowel finished within its pot life.
5.3.3.2 Selection of Materials: The material used for crack repair must
be such as to penetrate easily into the crack and provide a durable
adhesion to the crack surfaces. The larger the modulus of elasticity
of the material, the greater will be the obtainable adhesion strength.
The interface of the material and the crack surfaces should be such
as not to allow infiltration of water and to resist all physical and
chemical attacks. Currently, the following fluid resins are used for
crack injection:
i) Low viscosity
ii) Good compression and flexural strength
iii) Excellent bonding properties
iv) High heat deflection temperature (15-20 0C) above
maximum service temperature.
v) Ability to bond even in presence of moisture
vi) Non-shrinking
vii) Adequate pot life; 30 minutes or more.
GUIDELINES FOR INSPECTION, MAINTENANCE
AND REHABILITATION OF CONCRETE BRIDGES
Adhesive packers are pasted into the crack. The hose to the
injection device is connected to the nozzle of the adhesive packer.
In the case of drilling packers, holes are drilled in the plane of the
crack or may be inclined to the crack plane. The packer consists of
a threaded metal tube which is encased in a rubber-like sleeve and
equipped with a nut. After insertion into the drill hole, the rubber
sleeve is compressed by screwing down the nut. In this manner,
the drill hole is sealed. A nipple, equipped with a ball valve to which
the injection hose is attached, is screwed into the packer opening.
The valve opens itself when subjected to the injection pressure.
5.3.4 Testing after repair: The usual testing methods are drill core
removal and ultrasonic testing described in Chapter IV.
The joints between old and new concrete should be normal to the
direction of the principal compressive stresses. If this is not
possible, the joints should be arranged in form of steps whereby
one side of steps should always be situated normal to compressive
stresses (see figure 5.2 below). The transfer area for compressive
forces should never be skewed relative to the plane normal to the
principal compressive direction, since the shear could cause a
separation of the new and old concrete. In certain cases, the
problem can be solved with a temporary prestressing in an area
remote from the damage zone. This stress is eliminated once the
repair is finished.
Principal
Compressive
Old Concrete New Concrete stress
Old Concrete
New Concrete
The joints between old and new concrete can also be prestressed
using special short tendons. It is recommended that an expanding
agent be added to the new concrete.
1. Division
2. Section
3. Bridge no.
4. Km.
5. Between stations
6. Type of Crossing – Rail/Road Bridges/Road under bridge
etc.
7. Name of River/Nallah/Canal/Road
8. Whether on curve and radius of curve
9. Angle of crossing
10. Rail level ( if on gradient, rail level at each pier/abutment
location may be given)
11a. Footpath/Manrefuge
11b. Trolley refuge Nos.
12. Level of underside of girder
13. Span details (No. of spans and clear and effective length of
each span)
14. Number of tracks on bridge
15. Date of completion
16. Completion Drawing reference
17. Type of Concrete Components – Plain/Reinforced/
Prestressed/Concrete/Composite
18. Characteristic strength of concrete used
19. Type of cement used
20. Type of aggregate used
21. Admixtures used in concrete Mix
22. Type of reinforcement steel used – Plain/deformed bars, etc.
23. Type of strands/cables (for PSC components)
24. Prestressing system adopted
25. Prestressing system adopted
26. Anti-corrosive treatment of steel reinforcement, if any
GUIDELINES FOR INSPECTION, MAINTENANCE
AND REHABILITATION OF CONCRETE BRIDGES
27. Type of bearings
28. Details of bearings
29. Details of expansion joints, if any
30. Details of water proofing of deck slabs, if adopted
31. Details of protective painting, if done
32. Span-wise Camber (for PSC girders) just after completion
33. Calculated maximum deflection
34. Loading standard (both for Rail/Road bridges)
35. Special construction features, if any (e.g.segmental
construction)
36. Special design features, if any
37. Permanent speed restrictions & infringements, if any
38. Any other information considered relevant by Engineer-in-
charge