Principle

HUAWEI, Mobile Network Curriculum Development Section
Objectives
After this presentation, you will be familiar with:
the development of mobile communication system

the structure of CDMA2000 network
the number planning in CDMA2000 network
the techniques used by CDMA system including:
source coding, channel coding, interleaving, scrambling,
spreading and modulation etc.
power control, soft handoff, RAKE receiver
F-PCH,F-PICH,F-SYNCH,F-FCH,F-SCH,R-ACH,R-PICH
Long code, short code and Walsh code
Course Organization
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: CDMA Techniques & Technologies
Chapter 3: CDMA Air Interface
Chapter 4: CDMA Core Networks
Chapter 5: CDMA Number Planning

Development of Mobile Communications
Introduction
1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation

1980s (analog) 1990s (digital) current (digital)
GSM
AMPS UMTS
WCDMA
CDMA
TACS IS95 CDMA
Analog to Digital Voice to Broadband
2000
NMT TDMA
IS-136 TD-
OTHERS SCDMA
PDC
3G provides:
Complete integrated service solutions
High bandwidth
Unified air interface
Best spectral efficiency and
……………… a step towards PCS
Transmission Techniques
Introduction
CDMA Traffic channels: different

users are assigned unique
Power code and transmitted over
cy
the same frequency band,
n
Tim que for example, WCDMA and
e
e Fr CDMA2000
TDMA
Power
Traffic channels: different time slots
are allocated to different users, for
cy example, DAMPS and GSM
Tim uen
q
e Fre
FDMA Us
e
Us ser r
U
Us er
Us er
er Traffic channels: different frequency bands
Power
Us are allocated to different users,for example,
er
n cy AMPS and TACS
Tim que
e
e Fr
3G Objectives
Introduction
3G is developed to achieve:
Universal frequency band for standard and seamless
global coverage
High spectral efficiency
High quality of service with complete security and
reliability
Easy and smoothly transition from 2G to 3G, compatible
with 2G
Provide multimedia services, with the rates:
Vehicle environment: 144kbps
Walking environment: 384kbps
Indoor environment: 2Mbps
Standards for 3G
Introduction
CDMA2000
3GPP2
FDD mode
WCDMA TD-SCDMA
3GPP 3G system CWTS
FDD mode TDD mode
A Comparison b/w 3G standards
Introduction
WCDMA CDMA2000 TD-SCDMA
Receiver type RAKE RAKE RAKE
Close loop power

control Supported Supported Supported
Handoff Soft/hard handoff Soft/hard handoff Soft/hard handoff

Demodulation
Coherent Coherent Coherent
mode
Chip rate (Mcps) 3.84 N*1.2288 1.28
Transmission TSTD, STTD

OTD, STS No
diversity mode FBTD
Synchronization Asynchronous Synchronous Asynchronous
mode
Core network GSM MAP ANSI-41 GSM MAP
Development of CDMA
Introduction
CDMA2000
3X
CDMA2000 307.2kbps
IS95B Heavier voice

IS95A
115.2kbps service capacity ;
9.6kbps CDMA2000
Longer period of 1X EV
standby time
1995 1998
1X EV-DO
1X EV-DV
2000
2003
Higher spectrum efficiency and network capacity

Higher packet data rate and more diversified services
Smooth transit to 3G
Frequency Allocation In CDMA2000
Introduction
Band Class 0 and Spreading Rate 1
Transmit Frequency Band (MHz)
Block CDMA CDMA Mobile Station Base Station

Designator Channel Channel
Validity Number
A(10MHz) Valid 1-311 825.030-834.330 870.030-879.330
B(10MHz) Valid 356-644 835.680-844.320 880.680-889.320
A’(1.5MHz) Valid 689-694 845.670-845.820 890.670-890.820
B’(2.5MHz) Valid 739-777 847.170-848.310 892.170-893.310
The transmit frequency point for Base Station is computed by:
F=870+N*0.03
N: CDMA Channel Number

Frequency Allocation In CDMA2000
Introduction
Band Class 1 and Spreading Rate 1


Validity Number
A(15MHz) Valid 25-275 1851.250-1863.750 1931.250-1943.750
D(5MHz) Valid 325-375 1866.250-1868.750 1946.250-1948.750
B(15MHz) Valid 425-675 1871.250-1883.750 1951.250-1963.750
E(5MHz) Valid 725-775 1886.250-1888.750 1966.250-1968.750
F(5MHz) Valid 825-875 1891.250-1893.750 1971.250-1973.750
C(15MHz) Valid 925-1175 1896.250-1908.750 1976.250-1988.750
F=1930+N*0.05
N: CDMA Channel Number

Frequency Allocation in CDMA2000
Introduction
Band Class 5 System Frequency

Validity Number
A Valid 146-275 453.625456.850 463.625-466.850
B Valid 106-235 452.625-455.850 462.625-465.850
C Valid 26-168 450.625-454.175 460.625-464.175
D Valid 564-681 412.300-415.225 422.300-425.225
E Valid 717-846 416.125-419.350 426.125-429.350
H Valid 1070-1229 451.930-455.110 461.930-465.110
F=460+N*0.025 where N: CDMA Channel Number

CDMA2000 1X Network Structure
Introduction
A1(Signaling)
A2(Traffic)
Abis
A3(Signaling & Traffic)
A7(Singaling)
A11(Signaling)
A10(Traffic)
MS: Mobile Station BTS: Base Transceiver Station

BSC: Base Station Controller MSC: Mobile Switching Center
HLR :Home Location Register VLR: Visitor Location Register
PCF: Packet data Control Function PDSN: Packet Data Service Node
HA: Home Agent FA: Foreign Agent
SCP: Service Control Point Radius: Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service
Course Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 CDMA Techniques & Technologies
Chapter 3 CDMA Air Interface
Chapter 4 CDMA Core Networks
Chapter 5 CDMA Number Planning

Correlation
CDMA Techniques & Technologies
+1
Correlation 100% so the

-1 functions are parallel
+1
(a)
-1
+1
-1 Correlation 0% so the
functions are orthogonal
+1
(b)
Orthogonal Function
Orthogonal functions have zero correlation. Two binary

sequences are orthogonal if their “XOR” output contains equal
number of 1’s and 0’s
EXAMPLE:
0000 1010
0101 0101
0101 1111
Information spreading over orthogonal codes
+1
-1
User Input 1 0 0 1 1
Orthogonal
Sequence 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110
Tx Data 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001
+1
-1
Information recovery
Rx Data 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001

Correct Function 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110
1111 0000 0000 1111 1111
1 0 0 1 1
+1
-1
Rx Data 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001

Incorrect Function 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101
1100 0011 0011 1100 1100
? ? ? ? ?
Spreading and De-spreading
The improvement of time-domain information rate means that the bandwidth of spectrum-domain
information is spread.
information
information
f0 f f0 f
The spectrum before spreading The spectrum after spreading
information
Interference/noise
Interference/noise
information
f0 f f0 f
The spectrum before despreading The spectrum after despreading
information pulse interference White noise
S(f) is the energy density.

Signal flow
RF
Source Convolution
Interleaving Scrambling Spreading Modulation transmission
coding &
Interleaving
Decovolution
Source deinterleaving RF receiving
& Unscrambling De-spreading Demodulation
decoding Deinterleaving
Common Technical Terms
Bit, Symbol, Chip:

A bit is the input data which contain information
A symbol is the output of the convolution, encoder, and the
block interleaving
A chip is the output of spreading
Processing Gain:
Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate to the bit rate.
The processing gain in IS-95 system is 128, about 21dB.
Forward direction: Information path from base station to

mobile station
Reverse direction: Information path from mobile station to
base station
Source Coding
Vocoder:
8K QCELP
13K QCELP
EVRC
Characteristics
Support voice activity
In a typical duplex call, the duty ratio is less than 35%. To achieve
better capacity and low power consumption, base station reduces
its transmission power.
Channel Coding
Convolution code or TURBO code is used in channel encoding

Constraint length=shift register number+1.
Encoding efficiency= (total input bits / total output symbols)
Input (bits) Output (symbols)
convolution encoder
Turbo Code
Turbo code is used during the transmission of large data packet.

Characteristics of the Turbo code:
The input information is encoded twice and the two output codes can
exchange information with each other during decoding.
The symbol is protected not only by the neighborhood check bits,
but also by the separate Check Bits.
The performance of a Turbo code is superior to that of a convolution

code.
Interleaving
Scrambling (M) sequence
0 0 1
1 1 0
Out
Two points are important here:

Maximum number of shift register (N)
Mask
The period of out put sequence is 2N-1 bits

Only sequence offset is change when the mask is changed
PN stands for Pseudorandom Noise sequence
Long Code
The long code is a PN sequence with period of 242-1chips

The functions of a long code:
Scramble the forward CDMA channel
Control the insertion of power control bit
Spread the information on the reverse CDMA channel to identify
the mobile stations
Short Code
Short code is a PN sequence with period of 215 chips

Sequence with different time offset is used to distinguish
different sectors
PNc
PNb
PNa
Minimum PN sequence offset used is 64 chips, that is, 512 PN

offsets are available to identify the CDMA sectors (215/64=512).
Walsh Code
Walsh Code is one kind of orthogonal code.
W n Wn W1=0 0 0 0 0
Walsh code W2n= 0 1 0 1
W n Wn 0 0 W =
4
W2= 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0
64-order Walsh function is used as a spreading function and

each Walsh code is orthogonal to other.
A Walsh can be presented by Wim where ith (row) is the

position and m is the order. For example, W24 means 0011
code in W4 matrix
Walsh Code
In forward direction, each symbol is spread with Walsh code
Walsh code is used to distinguish the user in forward link
For IS95A/B, in the reverse, every 6 symbols correspond to one

Walsh code. For example, if the symbol input is 110011,the
output after spreading is W5164 (110011=51).
For CDMA2000, in the reverse, Walsh function is used to define

the type of channel (RC 3-9)
Variable Walsh codes
The different Walsh codes

corresponding to different data rates
W08 =00000000
( W016 ,W816)
W04 =0000
64 W48 =00001111
W02 =00 ( W416 ,W1216 )
W28 =00110011
( W216 ,W1416 )
W68 =00111100
W01 =0 W24 =0011 ( W616 ,W1416 )
32 W18 =01010101
W14 =0101 ( W116,W916 )
W58 =01011010
16 ( W516 ,W1316 )
8 W38 =01100110
4
2 W12 =01 ( W316 ,W1116 )
1
9600 19200 38400 76800 153600 307200 614400 W78 =01101001

W34 =0110 ( W716 ,W1516 )
Data rate -bps-

Modulation-QPSK
I channel PN sequence
1.2288Mcps
Cos(2pfct)
I(t)
I Baseband filter
s(t)
A
Q
Baseband filter
Q(t)
Sin(2pfct)
Q channel PN sequence
1.2288Mcps
.
1.2288Mcps: the PN chip rate of the system
After being spread, all the forward channels in the same carrier are
modulated by means of QPSK (OQPSK in the reverse).
Power Control
Handoff
Diversity and RAKE
Power Control
Reverse power control

Open loop power control
Closed loop power control
Inner loop power control: 800 Hz
Outer loop power control
Forward power control

Message transmission mode:
threshold transmission
periodic transmission
Closed loop power control

.
Reverse Open Loop Power Control
• The transmission power required by the mobile station is determined by

the following factors:
Distance from the base station
Load of the cell
Circumstance of the code channels
• The transmission power of the mobile station is relative to its received

power.
BTS
Reverse Open Loop
Power Control
BTS
Mobile BTS
Transmitting
Power
Reverse Closed Loop Power Control
Power Control Bit
Eb/Nt Value FER Value

BSC
BTS
Change in Eb/Nt Value
Inner Loop Power Control
Outer Loop Power Control

Forward Power Control
Message Transmission Mode
MS measures the frame quality and informs the base station

to the result i.e. whether it is in the threshold or periodical
mode. Base station determines whether to change the
forward transmitting power or not.
In IS-95 system, the forward power control is slow but in
CDMA2000 system it is fast.
Forward Closed Loop Power Control
Compared with IS-95 system, CDMA2000 the forward

quick power control is fast.
Power Control Bit
Eb/Nt Value
BTS
Handoff
Soft handoff
It is a process of establishing a link with a target sector before
breaking the link with the serving sector
Softer handoff
Like the soft handoff, but the handoff is occurred between
multi-sectors in the same base station
Hard handoff
Hard handoff occurs when the two sectors are not
synchronized or are not on the same frequency. Interruption in
voice or data communication occurs but this interruption does
not effect the user communication
Soft/Softer Handoff
• Multi-path combination in the BSC during soft handoff
• Multi-path combination in the BTS during softer handoffs
Power received from

a single sector
Combine all the

power from each
sector
Pilot Set
the set of the pilots having same frequency but different PN sequence offset
Active The pilot set, corresponding to the base

Set station being connected
Candidate The pilot set, not in the active set but

Set potential to be demodulated
Neighbor The pilot set, not included in the active set or

Set the candidate set but being possible to be
added in the candidate set
Remaining
Other pilot sets
Set
T_ADD,T_DROP,T_TDROP
Sector
A Sector
B
Ec/Io
Guard Time(T-TDROP)
Add Threshold (T_ADD)
DropThreshold (T_DROP)
Soft Handoff Region
Time
T_ADD, T_DROP and T_TDROP affect the percentage of MS in handoff.

T_ADD & T_DROP is the standards used to add or drop a pilot.
T_TDROP is a timer.
Comparison Threshold
Pilot strength Pilot P0
Pilot P2
T_COMP 0.5dB
Pilot P1
T_ADD
t0 t1 t2
P0-Strengh of Pilot P0 in Candidate Set.
P1,P2-Stength of Pilot P1,P2 in Active Set.
t0-Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>T_ADD
t1-Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>P1+T_COMP*0.5dB
t2 -Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>P2+T_COMP*0.5dB
Transition Between Pilot Sets
Pilot
strength
Pilot 1 Pilot 2
T_TDROP
T_ADD
T_TDROP
T_DROP
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 TIME
Neighbor Candidate Active Candidate Neighbor

Set Set Set Set Set
Transmit Diversity
Time diversity
Block interleaving, error-correction
Frequency diversity
The CDMA signal energy is distributed on the whole 1.23MHZ
bandwidth.
Space diversity
The introduction of twin receive antennas .
The RAKE receivers of the mobile station and the base station
can combine the signals of different time delay.
During a handoff, the mobile station contacts multiple base
stations and searches for the strongest frame
Transmission Diversity
The forward transmission diversity types in

CDMA2000 1X are
TD (Transmit Diversity)
OTD (Orthogonal Transmit Diversity)
– The data stream is divided into two parts, which will be spread
by the orthogonal code sequence, and transmitted by two
antennas.
STS (Space Time Spreading)
– All the forward code channels are transmitted by the multi-
antennas.
– Spread with the quasi-orthogonal code
Non-TD
Transmission Diversity
Data stream 1 Pa
th
1
Data stream Restoring data stream
Transmission Antenna 1
diversity
processing
2
Path
Data stream 2
Antenna 2
The Transmission Diversity Technology enhances the receive performance of MS.

The Principle of RAKE Receiver
Correlator 1
Correlator 2 Combiner The combined

Receive set signal
Correlator 3
Calculate the
Searcher correlator
time delay and
signal strength
s(t) s(t)
RAKE antennas help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance

the receive performance of the system
Course Contents
Chapter 3 CDMA Air interface
Chapter 4 CDMA Core Network

Physical Channel in IS-95A
CDMA Air Interface
Forward channel
Forward Pilot Channel
Forward Sync Channel
Forward Paging Channel
Forward Traffic Channel (including power control sub-
channel)
Reverse channel
Access Channel
Reverse Traffic Channel
Pilot Channel
CDMA Air Interface
Forward pilot channel is spread over W0 and modulated with short code directly
BTS transmits the pilot channel continuously

W064
Pilot channel
(all-zeros)
A pilot channel:
Assists mobile station to be connected with CDMA network
Handles multi-path searching
Provides the phase reference for coherent demodulation and help the
mobile station estimate the transmission power
The mobile station measures and compares the pilot channel powers from
the base stations during the handoff
Sync Channel
CDMA Air Interface
Code Repetitive W3264
To QPSK coder
symbol code
Convolution symbol
Sync Ch bits symbol Block
encoder
r=1/2,K=9
repetition interleaving
1.2kbps 2.4kbps 4.8kbps 4.8kbps
The sync channel is used by the mobile station to synchronize with

the network. W32 is used to spread Sync Channel.
The synchronization message includes:
Pilot PN sequence offset: PILOT_PN
System time: SYS_TIME
Long code state: LC_STATE
Paging channel rate: P_RAT
Here note that, sync channel rate is 1200bps

Paging Channel
CDMA Air Interface
To QPSK coder
Repetitive
Paging Code code
channel bits Convolution symbol Symbol symbol 19.2kbps
Block
encoder repetition interleaving
r=1/2,K=9
19.2/9.6Kbps 19.2kbps 19.2kbps
9.6/4.8 kbps W164
decimator
The paging channel transmits:
System parameters message 1.2288Mcps
Access parameters
Long
Neighbors list
code PN
CDMA channels list message generator
The paging channel accomplishes:
Paging to MS Paging channel address
Assign traffic channel to MS mask
The frame length of a paging channel is 20ms
W1 ~ W7 are spared for the Paging Channels spreading
Forward Traffic Channel
CDMA Air Interface
is used to transmit data and signaling information.
Forward traffic Convolution

channal Add frame Add 8 Symbol
quality indicator encoded tail encoder repetition
bits(12,10,8,6) bits 9.6kbps r=1/2,K=9 19.2ksybps
(172/80/40 or 8.6kbps
16bits/frame) 4.0kbps 4.8kbps 9.6ksybps
2.0kbps 2.4kbps 4.8ksybps
0.8kbps 1.2kbps 2.4ksybps
19.2kbps I Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps) Cos(2pfct)
Power control bits Baseband

+ filter +
19.2kbps I(t)
Block MUX
interleaver +
QPSK Modulation
Repetitive
symbol Walsh code
Baseband
+ filter
+
Long code decimator
Q(t)
decimator
generator
PN 1.2288 Mcps Sin(2pfct)
Q Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps)
Reverse Access Channel
CDMA Air Interface
used by MS to initiate communication or respond to Paging Channel
Repetitive
symbol
4.4 kbps Add 8 4.8 kbps Convolution 14.4 kbps 28.8 kbps
Symbol Block
Access encoder tail encoder
repetition interleaving
channel bits Code r=1/3,K=9
(80 bits/frame) symbol
Repetitive I Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps)

symbol Cos(2pfct)
28.8 kbps
Frame rate Baseband I(t)
PN chips + filter +
Orthogonal spreading 1.2288 Mcps
4.8 kbps (307.2kbps) Data burst 1/2 PN chips Delayed
randomizer time=406.9ns
QPSK Modulation
Walsh code Long code
PN Baseband
Long code mask + filter +
generator Q(t)
Sin(2pfct)
Reverse Traffic Channel
CDMA Air Interface
used to transmit data and signaling information

Reverse traffic convolution
channel Add frame Add 8 Symbol
quality indicator encoded tail encoder repetition
bits(12,10,8,6) bits 9.6kbps r=1/3,K=9 28.8Ksybps
(172/80/40 or 8.6kbps
16 bits/frame) 4.0kbps 4.8kbps 14.4Ksybps
2.0kbps 2.4kbps 7.2Ksybps
0.8kbps 1.2kbps 3.6Ksybps
I Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps) Cos(2pfct)
Frame rate Baseband I(t)

Orthogonal spreading PN chips + filter +
4.8 kbps (307.2kbps) 1.2288 Mcps
Data burst 1/2 PN chips Delayed
Block randomizer time=406.9ns
interleaver
QPSK Modulation
Walsh code Long code
PN Baseband
Long code mask + filter +
generator Q(t)
Sin(2pfct)
Initialization of the MS
CDMA Air Interface
Pilot Channel – Reference channel for MS

Synchronous Channel – Synchronization channel for MS
Paging channel – Paging MS & Assign traffic channel to MS
Access channel – Initiate communication & Respond to page
a nnel
t ch
Pilo l
h anne
c
no us
o
ynchr
S nel
h a n
i ngc
Pa g nel
a n
e s s ch
Acc
BTS
CDMA2000 Forward Channel
CDMA Air Interface
Forward CDMA2000 channel
F-CACH F-CPCCH F-PICH F-CCCH F-SYNCH F-TCH F-BCH F-PCH F-QPCH
F-PICH F-TDPICH F-APICH F-ATDPICH
F-PC F-SCCH F-SCH

F-DCCH F-FCH
subchannel (RC1~2) (RC3~9)
Note: Only the channels with black color are being implemented in
Huawei equipment. The function of F-PICH, F-SYNCH, F-FCH, F-PC,
F-SCCH, F-PCH are the same as those of IS95. We will only discuss
F-SCH, F-QPCH F-DCCH in the following slides.
Forward channel
CDMA Air Interface
CDMA physical channels are classified in common channels and dedicated channels:
Common physical channels:
Forward Pilot Channel(F-PICH)
Forward Synchronous Channel(F-SYNC) These channels are compatible
Forward Paging Channel(F-PCH) with IS-95 system
Forward Broadcast Control Channel(F-BCCH)
Forward Quick Paging Channel(F-QPCH)
Forward Common Power Control Channel(F-CPCCH) These channels are newly
Forward Common Assignment Channel(F-CACH) defined in CDMA2000 system.
Forward Common Control Channel(F-CCCH)
Dedicated physical channel:

Forward Dedicated Control Channel(F-DCCH)
Forward Fundamental Channel(F-FCH)
Forward Supplemental Channel(F-SCH)
These channels are used to establish the connection between a base station and a
specific mobile station.
The CDMA2000 system adopts multiple data rates and the different combinations of
channels can achieve a performance superior to that in IS-95 system.
F-QPCH
CDMA Air Interface
It transmits OOK-modulated signal which can be demodulated by

MS simply and rapidly.
The channel adopts 80ms as a QPCH timeslot. Each timeslot is

divided into paging indicators, configuration change indicators
and broadcast indicators, all of which are utilized to inform the
MS whether to receive paging message, broadcast message or
system parameters in the next F-PCH.
Rapid and simple demodulation. MS no need to monitor F-PCH

for long time, so the standby time is prolonged.
F-SCH
CDMA Air Interface
F-SCH is typically used for high speed data

applications, while F-FCH is used for common
voice and low speed data application.
When a data call is established, firstly, F-FCH will

be allocated to the user. If the speed of data for
user exceeds 9.6kbps, F-SCH will be allocated.
F-DCCH
CDMA Air Interface
It is used for the transmission of specific user

signaling information during a call.
Each forward traffic channel may contain one F-DCCH.
Support 5ms frame.
Support discontinuous transmission.

Forward Radio Configuration (RC)
CDMA Air Interface
Radio Spreading Max Data Rate* Effective FEC OTD

FEC Encoding Modulation
Configuration Rate (kbps) Code Rate Allowed
1** 1 9.6 1/2 No Conv. BPSK
2** 1 14.4 3/4 No Conv BPSK
3 1 153.6 1/4 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK
8 3 460.8 1/4 or 1/3 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK
9 3 1036.8 1/2or 1/3 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK
Radio Configuration(RC):
A set of Forward Traffic channel and Reverse Traffic Channel transmission
formats that are characterized by physical parameters such as data rates,
modulation characteristics, and spreading rate.
Spreading Rate: Equivalent to chips rate, e.g., 1.2288Mcps.
** Same as IS95
Reverse Channel
CDMA Air Interface
Reverse CDMA2000 channel
R-TCH R-EACH R-TCH

R-ACH operation R-CCCH operation
operation operation
(RC1~2) (RC3~6)
R-FCH R-PICH R-PICH R-PICH
0~7 0~1
R-EACH R-CCCH
R-SCCH R-DCCH
0~1
R-FCH
0~2
Only the channels in dark color are used in Huawei R-SCH
equipment. The function of R-ACH,R-FCH,R-SCCH R-PC

subchannel
are the same as those in IS95. We will only discuss
R-PICH,R-SCH in the following slides.
Types of Reverse Channel
CDMA Air Interface
Reverse channel includes reverse common channel

and reverse dedicated channel.
Reverse common channel:
Reverse Access Channel(R-ACH)
Reverse Enhanced Access Channel(R-EACH)
Reverse Common Control Channel(R-CCCH)
Reverse Dedicated Channel
Reverse Pilot Channel(R-PICH)
Reverse Dedicated Control Channel(R-DCCH)
Reverse Fundamental Channel(R-FCH)
Reverse Supplemental Channel(R-SCH)
Reverse Supplemental Code Channel (R-SCCH)
R-PICH
CDMA Air Interface
Pilot( all '0's)

Reverse Pilot Channel
MUX A
Power Control Bit
The Function of Reverse Pilot Channel

Initialization
Tracing
Reverse Coherent Demodulation
Power Control Measurement
Base station enhances the received performance and increases the

capacity by means of coherent demodulation of the Reverse Pilot
Channel.
Reverse Channels
CDMA Air Interface
Fundamental Channel
Fundamental Channel is used for the transmission of user
information to the base station during a call, and can be used to
transmit defaulted voice services as an independent Traffic
Channel.
Dedicated Control Channel

The Dedicated Control Channel is used for the transmission of
user and signaling information to a base station during a call.
Supplemental Channel/Supplemental Code Channel

These channels are used for the transmission of user information,
mainly data services, to the MS. The Reverse Traffic Channel
contains up to two supplemental channels and up to seven
supplemental code channels.
Reverse Radio Configuration (RC)
CDMA Air Interface
Radio Spreading Max Data Rate* Effective FEC OTD

FEC Encoding Modulation
Configuration Rate (kbps) Code Rate Allowed
1** 1 9.6 1/3 No Conv 64-ary ortho

2** 1 14.4 1/2 No Conv 64-ary ortho
3 1 153.6 1/4 Yes Conv or Turbo BPSK
(307.2) (1/2)
4 1 230.4 3.8 Yes Conv or Turbo BPSK
(614.4) (1/3)
(1036.8) (1/2)
RC: Radio Configuration

RC1~RC2:IS-95A/B
RC3~RC4:CDMA2000 1X
RC5~RC6: CDMA2000 3x
** Same as IS95
RC Combination Regulation
CDMA Air Interface
RC1 and RC2 corresponds F-FCH RCs R-FCH RCs
respectively to rate set 1 and rate set

RC 1 RC 1
2 in IS- 95A/B system.
RC 2 RC 2
RC 3
CDMA2000 Forward RC: RC1~RC5 RC 3
RC 4
Reverse RC: RC1~RC4
RC 5 RC 4
Rules: F-DCCH/SCHRCs R-DCCH/SCHRCs
Forward RC1, Reverse RC1 RC 3

RC 3
Forward RC2, Reverse RC2 RC 4
Forward RC3 or RC4,Reverse RC3
RC 5 RC 4
Forward RC5, Reverse RC4
Course Contents

A typical CDMA Network
CDMA Core Network
T9 Di
EIR IP HLR IP ISDN
F T3 T2 T5
T8 T1
MSC SCP SCP SSP PSTN
E Ai
MS Um A Di
BS MSC ISDN
Ai
C B
H D
Q AC HLR VLR
N G
SME SME MC MC VLR

M M M
CDMA Interfaces
CDMA Core Network
MC/VM Mobile Customer Service Center

PSTN/ISDN
Other MSCs IS-41
SS7 SS7
IS-41
SDH SS7
Other PLMNs
BSC MSC/SSP/VLR GMSC/SSP
IOS4.0 TCP/IP
IS95---- BTS IS-41

CDMA2000 OMC IS-41
INTERNET
MS SCP
IS-41
BTS
HLR/AC STP
MSC:
MSC: Mobile-service
Mobile-service Switching
Switching Center
Center BSC:
BSC: Base
Base Station
Station Controller
Controller
MC:
MC: Short
Short Message
Message Center
Center HLR:
HLR: Home
Home Location
Location Register
Register
BTS:
BTS: Base
Base Transceiver
Transceiver Station
Station VM:
VM: Voice
Voice Mailbox
Mailbox
VLR:
VLR: Visitor
Visitor Location
Location Register
Register OMC:
OMC: Operation
Operation && Maintenance
Maintenance Center
Center
AC:
AC: Authentication
Authentication Center
Center SCP:
SCP: Service
Service Control
Control Point
Point
Network Interface
CDMA Core Network
BSSAP
MSC/VLR GMSC
SCCP
MTP
Physical
PSTN
layer
A1/A2
HLR/AuC
BSS SS7 SCP
A10/A11
PDSN HA
A11 A10
signaling service IP
UDP GRE GPRS IP
backbone
IP IP network
Link layer Link layer
Physical Physical
layer layer
CN
CDMA Services
CDMA Core Network
Schools, groups
•Universal account number
•Sectorized and time-
shared charge
•Broadcast news
Businesses, enterprises
•Mobile virtual private Family
network •Familiarity number
•Mobile high-speed •Life & amusement
network access
•Advertising services
•Free phone
Individuals
•Individualized services
•Privacy
CDMA Feature Services---Example 1
CDMA Core Network
Ruyi lock
Where is my mobile
Features: a mobile phone user can dial the phone? It is lucky to
have Ruyi lock!
access code and input the PIN code to
lock/unlock his mobile phone by using any
fixed telephone instead of registering and
paying at a business hall.
Why can’t I make a call

the moment I picked it up?
CDMA Core Network
You can register for a

FOLLOW ME forwarding service on
your own
Features: a user can activate call forwarding
of his/he MS from any phone to ensure that
any incoming call of a mobile phone user will
not be lost.
I forgot to bring my mobile phone, but I

will have an important customer to
meet this afternoon. What should I do?
CDMA Core Network
Friendshipcom
Features: After a called user subscribes for
this service, the system requires password
to caller. A call is accomplished only if the He can no longer
password is correct. Otherwise, the call will reach me!
be rejected or transferred.
Does that guy still Why? Ask me to input a

bother you recently? password?
CDMA Core Network
LOOK FOR service

Feature 1: When a user makes a call to an intra-group user, the
terminals of all intra-group users ring in-turn or simultaneously
until there is a reply.
Intra-group user
CDMA2000---Data Services
CDMA Core Network
2,000 Video Streaming
Still Imaging
Remote
Data rate in Kbps
384 Medical
High-quality
Audio Streaming videoconference Service
144 Sports, news and
weather report on
Text Messaging demand
128 Low-quality videoconference
Voice Mobile TV
64 Image
Electronic
newspaper Video Surveillance,
Voice
Mail JPEG Video Mail, Travel
32 Electronic book Singing room Still Photos E-commerce
Fax E-Mail
9.6
Telephone Data Mobile
(Voice) Radio
0
Weather, transportation, news, sports and securities
Locating Services
CDMA Core Network
3GPP2 uses the following 3 standards for MS location:
GPS-aided measurement
Accuracy: suburbs---10m.
City zone---30~70m.
Indoor --unable to locate
Response time: 3~10s
Measurement of base station pilot phase

Accuracy: 50~200m
Response time: 3~6s
Locating of a cell ID
Accuracy: depends on the size of a cell
Response time: within 3s
Locating Services
CDMA Core Network
110! Bandit!
The system transfers the alarm to the nearest alarm

processing center based on the location.
An emergency button can be set on a user’s mobile phone to
so that an alarm can be reported without any conversation or
delay.
Equal Access of Toll Calls
CDMA Core Network
HLR
CDMA/
PSTN INTERNET
Toll route after

Original toll route MSC/GMSC subscription
Operators who subscribe

to toll services
Help mobile operators to absorb large quantities of toll

services
Users subscribe to select toll operators to ensure quality
of service.
Users who subscribe to
Enable users to save toll call charge (premium strategy) toll services
Make an IP toll call without dialing a preamble
Course Contents

Definition of Coverage Areas
CDMA Number Planning
Service area
PLMN area
MSC area
Location area
Cell area
Sector
area
Parameters Involved
In a CDMA system, the following parameters are

defined to identify a user and his location:
MIN/IMSI
MDN
ESN
TLDN
SID/NID
LAI
GCI
SIN
SSN
MIN/IMSI
Not more than 15 digits
3 digits 2 digits
MCC MNC MSIN
NMSI
IMSI
Mobile subscriber identity/international mobile subscriber identity

For example, 0907550001 / 460 03 0907550001
MDN
CC + MAC + H 0H 1H 2H 3 + ABCD
International mobile subscriber DN
National valid mobile subscriber number
Mobile directory number

For example, 86 133 0755 0001
ESN
A unique Electronic Serial Number (ESN) is used to identify

single MS.
The ESN is allocated by the equipment Manufacturer.
An ESN includes 32 bits and has the following structure:

31......24 23......18 17......0 bit
TLDN
CC + MAC + 44 + H 0H 1H 2 + ABC
Temporary local directory number
For example, 86 133 44 755 001

SID/NID
A mobile station judges whether roaming takes place based on a

pair of identity numbers (SID and NID). For a CDMA network side,
there is no concept of NID, but an exchange number, which is used
to identify the network equipment where a user is located.
MSCID (Exchange Identity)
= System Identity (SID) + Exchange number (SWIN)
MSCID is used to represent a certain set of equipment in an NSS

network. For example, Unicom CDMA Shenzhen MSC is labeled as
3755+01
Location Area Identity (LAI)
PAGING message is broadcast within a local area, the size of

which depends on traffic, paging bearer capability, signaling flow ,
etc.
Format: MCC+MNC+LAC
MCC: Mobile Country Code, 3 digits. For example, China is 460.
MNC: Mobile Network Code, 2 digits. For example, the MNC of
Unicom is 03.
LAC: Location Area Code, a 2-byte-long hexadecimal BCD code.
For example, 460 03 0100

Global Cell Identity (GCI)
The unique ID of a cell in PLMN

Format: LAI+CI
CI: Cell Identity, a 2-byte-long hexadecimal BCD code,
pre defined by the engineering department. The first 3
digits and the last digit represent the base station
number and the sector number respectively. For an
omni-directional site, the last digit of CI is 0.
For example, 460 03 0100 1230 shows base station
number 123 contains an omni-directional site
Sender Identification Number (SIN)
MSC number
The MSC number stipulated by Unicom is 460 + 03 + 09 +
H0H1H2H3 + 1000.
HLR number
The HLR number stipulated by Unicom is 460 + 03 + 09 +
H0H1H2H3 + 0000.
SMC number
The SMC number stipulated by Unicom is 460 + 03 + 09 +
H0H1H2H3 + 2000.
SCP number
The SCP number stipulated by Unicom is 460 + 03 + 09 +
H0H1H2H3 + 3000.
Sub-System Number (SSN
SSN of MSC: 8
SSN of VLR: 7
SSN of HLR: 6
SSN of AC: 10
SSN of SMC: EE
SSN of SCP: EF
SSN of A interface: FE/FC
SSN of SCCP management: 1
Why CDMA2000?
Increase the system capacity

Forward quick power control
Forward transmit diversity: OTD,STS
The reverse pilot channel aids in coherent demodulation
The introduction to Turbo code
The stronger ability to resist interference
The improved error-correcting encoding

(applying Turbo code in medium/high rate
data transmission)
Why CDMA2000?
Support high rate SCH, with the maximum rate

of a single channel being up to 307.2kbps.
Improve the standby time
Use the Quick Paging Channel
Forward compatibility
Radio-frequency part
Baseband part, such as RC
Summary
Brief Development History of Mobile

Communication
Analog--digital--code division
Objectives of 3G
Technical features of CDMA
Key technologies: power control, soft handoff, RAKE receiver
Other technologies: source coding, channel coding,
interleaving, scrambling, spreading and modulation
Channel structure: pilot, synchronization, paging, access and
service
Technical features of CDMA2000 1X

Walsh and Turbo codes
Questions
What power control modes are there in CDMA2000

system and how are they implemented?
Describe the soft handoff process?
Describe the implementation process of service
channels (forward and reverse)?
Describe the technical features of CDMA2000?
Describe the initialization process of a mobile phone?
What are the functions of a long code, short code
and Walsh code in CDMA system?

Principle

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HUAWEI, Mobile Network Curriculum Development Section

After this presentation, you will be familiar with:

the development of mobile communication system

Chapter 2: CDMA Techniques & Technologies

Chapter 3: CDMA Air Interface

Chapter 4: CDMA Core Networks

Chapter 5: CDMA Number Planning

1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation

CDMA Traffic channels: different

WCDMA CDMA2000 TD-SCDMA

Receiver type RAKE RAKE RAKE

Close loop power

Handoff Soft/hard handoff Soft/hard handoff Soft/hard handoff

Transmission TSTD, STTD

IS95B Heavier voice

Higher spectrum efficiency and network capacity

Band Class 0 and Spreading Rate 1

Transmit Frequency Band (MHz)

Block CDMA CDMA Mobile Station Base Station

A(10MHz) Valid 1-311 825.030-834.330 870.030-879.330

B(10MHz) Valid 356-644 835.680-844.320 880.680-889.320

A’(1.5MHz) Valid 689-694 845.670-845.820 890.670-890.820

B’(2.5MHz) Valid 739-777 847.170-848.310 892.170-893.310

The transmit frequency point for Base Station is computed by:

N: CDMA Channel Number

Band Class 1 and Spreading Rate 1

Block CDMA CDMA Mobile Station Base Station

A(15MHz) Valid 25-275 1851.250-1863.750 1931.250-1943.750

D(5MHz) Valid 325-375 1866.250-1868.750 1946.250-1948.750

B(15MHz) Valid 425-675 1871.250-1883.750 1951.250-1963.750

E(5MHz) Valid 725-775 1886.250-1888.750 1966.250-1968.750

F(5MHz) Valid 825-875 1891.250-1893.750 1971.250-1973.750

C(15MHz) Valid 925-1175 1896.250-1908.750 1976.250-1988.750

The transmit frequency point for Base Station is computed by:

N: CDMA Channel Number

Block CDMA CDMA Mobile Station Base Station

A Valid 146-275 453.625456.850 463.625-466.850

B Valid 106-235 452.625-455.850 462.625-465.850

C Valid 26-168 450.625-454.175 460.625-464.175

D Valid 564-681 412.300-415.225 422.300-425.225

E Valid 717-846 416.125-419.350 426.125-429.350

H Valid 1070-1229 451.930-455.110 461.930-465.110

The transmit frequency point for Base Station is computed by:

F=460+N*0.025 where N: CDMA Channel Number

MS: Mobile Station BTS: Base Transceiver Station

Chapter 2 CDMA Techniques & Technologies

Chapter 3 CDMA Air Interface

Chapter 4 CDMA Core Networks

Chapter 5 CDMA Number Planning

Correlation 100% so the

Orthogonal functions have zero correlation. Two binary

Rx Data 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001

Rx Data 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001

information pulse interference White noise

S(f) is the energy density.

Bit, Symbol, Chip:

Forward direction: Information path from base station to

Convolution code or TURBO code is used in channel encoding

Input (bits) Output (symbols)

Turbo code is used during the transmission of large data packet.

The performance of a Turbo code is superior to that of a convolution

Two points are important here:

The period of out put sequence is 2N-1 bits