2 ANSUIEEE ‘Std 485-1983 (Reston of (ANSUIEEE Sud a851078) An American National Standard IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Large Lead Storage Batteries for Generating Stations and Substations Sponsor Power Generation Committee of the TEEE Power Engineering Society Approved June 23, 1983 IEEE Standards Board Approved July 24, 1984 “American National Standards Institute ©copyright 1983 by id Electronics Engineers, Ine ‘ork, NY 10017, USA ‘The Institute of El '345 East 47th Street, New ‘Me part ofthis publication mar 86 reproduced in any fr, (ean etvamie retrieval rulem or other thane ike prion wnten persion ofthe publisher.Contents SECTION PAGE 1. Scope. ++ 1 oF Definitions......-00005 ave 2 3. References. 4, Defining Loads . ¢ 4.1 General Considerations «-- - 8 4.2. Load Classifications - : B3 gavsowen 7 8 43 Duty Cycle Diagram 8 5, Cell Selection 8 5.1 Cell Designs. - 5.2 Selection Factors. 6, Determining Battery Size 6.1 Number of Cells 6.2 Additional Considerations. 6.3 Cell Size .-..--- + ‘ 64 Cell Sizing Work Sheet - FIGURES Fig 1 Diagram of a Duty Cycle «.-- oo 9 Fig 2 Generalized Duty Cycle Diagram -- 22 13 Fig Cell Sizing Work Sheet. 215 ‘TABLE “Fable 1. Cell Size Correction Factors for Temperature. «-----+--~ g goentomnanodl APPENDIX ‘Al. Required Number of Cells 16 16 ‘A2, Required Cell Capacity. . -- [APPENDIX FIGURES Fig A1 Sample Working Sheet Using Kr Capscity Factor. ---------7-+- ee Fig A2 Battery Duty Cycle Diagram ...------ og SECS 18 Fie Aa Hypothetical Composite Rating Cure for XY2 Cell Manufactured bY ABC Company. .19 Fig Ad Sample Work Shect Using Ry Capacity Factor «--- ven a) APPENDIX TABLE 16 ‘Table Al Sample Cell Sizing Data...'S JEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Large Lead Storage Batteries for Generating Stations and Substations 1. Seope ‘This recommended practice describes methods for defining the de load in a generating station or a substation and for sizing a lead storage bat- tery to supply that load. Some factors relating to cell selection are provided for consideration, Installation, maintenance, qualification, testing procedures, and consideration of battery types other than lead storage are beyond the scope of this recommended practice. Design of the de system and sizing of the battery charger(s) are also beyond the scope of this recommended practice. 2. Definitions ‘The following definitions apply specifically to this recommended practice, For other deti nitions, see ANSI/IEEE Std 100-1977, Dic tionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms battery duty cycle. The load currents a battery is expected to supply for specified time peri: ods. cell size. The rated capacity of a lead storage cell or the number of plates in the cell full float operation. Operation. of a de system with the battery, battery charger, and load all connected in parallel and with the battery charger supplying the normal de load plus any self-discharge or charging current, or both, required by the battery. (The battery will de- liver current ‘only when the load exceeds the charger output.) period. An interval of time in the battery duty cycle during which the current is asumed to be constant for puiposes of cell sizing calcula- tions. rated capacity. The ampere-hour capacity as signed to a lead storage cell by its manufac turer for a given discharge time, at a specified electrolyte temperature and specific gravity, to a given end-of-discharge voltage. 3. References [1] ANSI/IEEE Std 100-1977, IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms. [2] ANSI/IEEE Std 450-1980, IEEE Recom- mended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Large Lead Storage Batteries for Generating Stations and Substations. (3) ANSI/IEEE Std 535-1979, IEEE Standard for Qualifications of Class 1E Lead Storage Bat. teries for Nuclear Power Generating Stations. [4] IEEE Std 323-1983, IEEE Standard for Qualifying Class 1E Equipment for Nuclear Power Generating Stations. [5] IEEE Std 484-1981, IEEE Recommended Practice for Installation Design and Installation of Large Lead Storage Batteries for Generating Stations and Substations. [6] IEEE Std 627-1980, IEBE Standard for Design Qualification of Safety Systems Equip: ment Used in Nuclear Power Generating Sta tions. [1] HOXIE, E. A. Some Discharge Characteris- tics of Lead-Acid Batteries, AIEE Transactions (Applications and Industry), vol 13, pp 17-22, 1954,1EEE. Bed 485-1989 4. Defining Loads 4.1 General Considerations. The duty cycle im posed on the battery by any of the conditions vostribed herein will depend on the dc system aeeign and the requirements of the installation. The de power requirements that the battery aust supply oceur when (1) Load on the de system exceeds the maxi mum output of the battery charger (2) Output of the battery charger is inter rupted (3) Auxiliary 2c power is lost (may result a preater de power dentand than (2) above) ‘The most severe of these conditions should be used to determine the battery size for the jnstallation. A diagram of the duty eycle (Fig 4). showing the battery loads in amperes and the lengths of time for which they must be sup- plied, is normally plotted for this condition TMhe total time span of the duty eycle is deter- mined by the requirements of the installation jand need not exceed the time required to re- Guce the battery load to zero. This may be 2¢- complished by restoration of ac Power, restora: tion of battery charger output, or termination of battery loads. 4.2 Load Classifications. The individual de Ioads supplied by the battery during the duty cycle may be classified as continuous or honcontinuous. Noncontinuous loads testing One minute or less are designated “momentary Toads" and should be given special considera tion (see 4.2.3). [2.1 Continuous loads are energized through ‘out the duty cycle. These loads are those nor mally carried by the battery charger and those initiated at the inception of the duty cycle. ‘Typical continuous loads are (Q) Lighting (2) Continuously operating motors (3) Inverters (4) Indicating lights (5) Continuously energized coils (6) Annunciator loads 4.2.2 Noncontinuous loads are energized dur ing only a portion of the duty cycle. These Toads may come on at any timie within the duty cycle and may: be on for a set length of time: be removed a:xomatically or by operator ac SIZING LARGE LEAD STORAGE BATIERIES tion; or continue to the end of the duty cycle. ‘Typical noncontinuous loads are: (0) Emergency pump motors (2) Critical ventilation system motors (3) Communication system power supplies (4) Fire protection systems 4.2.3 Momentary loads can occur repeatedly during the duty cycle but are of short duration, fot exceeding 1 min at any occurrence. Al though momentary loads may exist for only @ fraction of a second, each is considered to last for a full minute because the instantaneous battery voltage drop for « given momentary pad is essentially the same as the voltage drop “Mier T min. When several momentary loads Soca? within the same 1 min period and a discrete sequence cannot be established, the Josd shall be assumed to be the sum of all momentary loads occurring within that minute. Tf a discrete sequence can be established, the Toad for the 1 min period shall be assumed to be the maximum current at any instant. Typacal momentary loads are: (1) Switehgear operations (2) Motor-driven valve operations (3) Isolating switch operations (4) Field Mashing of generators (5) Motor starting currents (6) Inrush currents 4.2.4 The above lists of typical loads are not 4 full catalog of the de loads at any one in Stallation. The designer should review each sys- tem carefully to be sure he has included all porsible loads and their variations. For example, it may be desirable to consider the increase in inventer input current with declining input voltage 4.3 Duty Cycle Dingram. A duty cycle disgram Showing total current at any ime during the Gyele is an aid in the analysis of the duty cycle To prepare such a diagram, all loads expected daring. the cycle are tabulated along with their anticipated inception and shutdown times. 13.1 Loads whose inception and shutdown times are known are plotted on the diagram as they would occur. If the inception time is Known, but the shutdown time is indefinite, iushall be assumed that the load will continue through the remainder of the duty cycle: PasfenAaTING STATIONS AND SUBSTATIONS 3204 280 200. ts 200 160 ta AMPERES 120 80 G «0 rT 30 6080 TEEE Sid 486-1883 -ern 0 MINUTES NOTE: This example fe worked out in detall in the Appendisy Thee will be PORE thee the firet 120 minutes is the [Quttiore the random load is located on Sonteolling portion of the duty cycle the duty eycle so that the random Tose Therefore. ther the 120th minute. Thi is indicated by the dashed lines Fig Diagram of a Duty Cycle . 4.8.2 Loads which occur at random shell be shown at the most critical time of the duty: feycle in order to simulate the worst case load Gn the battery. These may be noncontinuous gr momentary loads as described in 4.2.2 and 42.3, To determine the most critical time, it ig. mecessary to size the battery without the random load(s) and to identify the portion ‘of the duty cycle that controls battery size. ‘Then the random load(s) shall be superimposed ‘on the end of that controlling section as shown in Fig 1 (see 6.3.4) 4.3.3 Fig 1 is a diagram of a duty cycle made up of the following hypothetical loads. Ly 40 amperes for 3 hours — continuous load Ly 280 amperes for the Ist minute ~ momentary load, actually 5 seconds starting current to load Ls Ly. 60 amperes from the first minute through the 120th minute — noncontinuous load 149100 amperes from the 30th minute through the 120th minute — noncon- tinuous load Ly 80 amperes {rom the 30th minute through the 60th minute — noncontinuous load Le 80 amperes for the last minute — momentary load, actually 2 known sequence of: ‘40 amperes for the first § seconds {80 amperes for the next 10 seconds 30 amperes for the next 20 seconds Ly 100 amperes for 1 minute ~ random load. Actually this consists of four 25 amperes momentary loads that can occu! ‘at any time within the duty cycle. There: fore, the assumption is that they all oc cur simultaneously. 5, Cell Selection ‘This section summarizes some factors, other ‘than capacity, that should be considered in selecting a cell design for a particular applica- tion. 5.1 Cell Designs. All lead storage cells used in applications covered by this recommended practice are categorized by the differences in potitive plate design. The negative plates used fh these cells are all of the “pasted plate” de sign. ‘Bll The term “Planté” designates a posi: tive plate made up largely or entirely of pure ead with the pure lead surface arca increasedby mechanical means. ‘The plate may be 2 single sheet of pure lead or may have a lead- antimony frame supporting pure lead inserts. 5.1.2 The term “pasted plate” (or “Faure” designates a positive plate consisting of a lead alloy grid pasted with lead compounds. This is the most widely used positive plate design. The grid alloy is either lead-antimony or lead- caleium 5.1.3 The term “tubular” designates a posi tive plate made up of the following major com- ponents: (1) Lead-antimony alloy grid consisting of parallel vertical spines (2) Porous tubes which go over the spines (3) Powdered compounds of lead which are used to fill the tubes 5.2 Selection Factors.. The following factors should be considered in the selection of the cell: (2) Physical characteristics, such as size and weight of the cells, container material, vent caps, intercell connectors, and terminals (2) Planned life of the installation and ex- pected life of the cell design (8) Frequency and depth of discharge (4) Ambient temperature. Note _that_high ambient temperatures result in reduced battery life, See ANSIAEEE Std 454-1981 (5)! 5.1.1 a). (5) Maintenance requirements of the various cell designs (6) Seismic characteristics of the cell design ‘The battery manufacturers can provide de- tailed information on the many different cell designs. 6. Determining Battery Size Three basic factors govern the size (number of cells and rated capacity) of the battery: the maximum system voltage; the minimum sys- tem voltage; and the duty cycle. Since a bat- tery is usually composed of a number of identical cells connected in series, the voltage of the battery is the voltage of a cell times the number of cells in a series. The capatity of a battery is the same as the capacity of a single "The number in brackets correspond o the refer fences listed in Section 3 of this standard 10 cell, which depends upon the size and number of plates. If cells of sufficiently large capacity are not available, then two or more strings, of equal numbers of series-connected cells, may be con- nected in parallel to obtain the necessary capacity. The capacity of such a battery is the sum of the capacities of the strings. The condi tions under which a battery is discharged can “change the effective capacity of that battery For example — ~ (1)Low temperatures reduce_the available capacity of the battery below its rated capa ity ) The capacity decreases as the dis. rate increases. (3) The minimum specified cell voltage at any time during the battery discharge cycle limits the ampere-hours that the battery can supply 6.1 Number of Cells. The maximum allowable system voltage determines the number o* ~ells in the battery consistent with the permissiale battery float and equalizing voltages. It has been common practice to use 12, 24, 60, or 120 cells for system voltages of 24, 48, 125, or 250 V. In some cases, it may be desirable to vary from this practice to more closely match the battery to system voltage limitations 6.1.1 Maximum System Voltage as Limiting Factor. When the battery voltage is not allowed to exceed a given maximum system voltage, the number of cells will be limited by the cell volt- age required for satisfactory charging. That is, maximum allowable battery voltage _ © cell voltage required for charging number of cells Example, Assume 2.33 Volts per cell (VPC) re- quired for charging and that the maximum allowable system voltage is (1) 140 V, or (2) 135 V. Then: 140 V (1) FIOY 5 = 60.09 cells; use 60 cells (2) 335 V rg ~ 97.94 cell; use $8 cells 6.1.2 Minimum System Voltage as Limiting Factor, For « minimum battery voltage, deter- mined by the minimum system voltage, the use of the largest possible number of cells al-UNBILA LS © ‘Table 1 Cell Size Correction Factors for Temperature Flectrolye Cell Size Electrolyte Cell Size Frsctrolys | Gomection ‘Temperature Correction cr) Factor Ce) Co) Factor = ey 2 — 39 1.82 89 26.7 98 30 = 11 143, 85 294 96 35007 135 90 32.2 4 40 44 1.30 95 35.0 ‘93 45072 1.25 100378 eT 5010.0 11s 305 40.6 89 eT no 433 88 60156 mi Ls 46.1 5 65183 108 ev i 70 71 108 1950517 BS 250 1.00 NOTES. (1) These consetion factors were developed from manvfacturess' published dats. {2} Table 1 is applicable regard tee ced (eee 6:33) and applies to all discharge rates, lows the lowest end-of-discharge cell voltage and, therefore, the smallest size cell for the duty eyele. Thetis, minimum allowable battery voltage _- end-of-discharge cell voltage number of cells Example. Assume that minimum allowable pattery voltage is 105 V and that the desired end-ofdischarge cell voltage is (1) 1.75 VPC, or (2) 1.81 VPC. Then 105 V 1.75 VPC 105 (2) 81 VPC 6.1.3 Float Voltage as Limiting Factor. So as to eliminate the need for frequent equalizing charges (refer to [ANSI/IEEE Std 450-1980 (2), st may be desirable to establish a float voltage at the high end of the manufacturer's recom- mended range. The float voltage must, how- ever, be consistent with the maximum system oltage (see 6.1.2). This higher float voltage may then reduce the number of cells and may increase the cell size required for a given bat- tery duty cycle. 6.1.4 Charging Rate as Limiting Factor. The time available to recharge the battery can affect both the number of cells and the cell mM = 60 cells 58.01 cells; use 58 cells size. The time required for a recharge decreases as the charging voltage pet cell increases. #5. uke yor nies cnmles eae n Cae cs of the capacity rating f2e- suming that the charging equipment can sup- ply the high current necessary early in the re- charge cycle. If the maximum charging voltage is limited, it is necessary to select the number of cells that can be recharged in the time avail- fable. This, in turn, may require using a larger ell than would otherwise have been necessary’ 6.1.5 Rounding Off. If the calculations shown in 6.1-1 and 6.1.2 indicate a need for a fractional cell, then the result should be rounded off to the nearest whole number of cells and then adjust the end-of-discharge, float, and ‘charge voltages accordingly. 6.2 Additional Considerations. Before proceed- ing to calculate the cell capacity required for t particular installation, the designer should Consider factors that will influence cell size tout that are not included in the general equa tion. 6.2.1 Temperature Correction Factor. The available capacity of a cell is affected by its operating temperatur ture for stating cell capacity is 25 °C (17°F) Tithe lowest expected electrolyte temperature i below standard, select a cell large enough to have the required capacity available at the low. est expected temperature. Ifthe lowest expected ‘leetrolyte temperature is above 25°C (71 °F), it is a conservative practice to select a cell size to match the required capacity at the standard temperature and to recognize the resulting in- ccrease in available capacity as part of the overall ddesige margin, Table 1 lists cell size correction ‘The standard tempera.1eeE, Bid 406-1983 factors for various temperatures, For unlisted temperatures within the range of Table 1, inter- polate between adjacent values and round off to two decimal places, 6.2.2 Design Margin. It is prudent design practice to provide a capacity margin to al low for unforeseen additions to the de sys tem and less-than-optimum operating con. ditions of the battery due to improper main tenance, recent discharge, or ambient tem- Peratures lower than anticipated, or both. A method of providing this design margin is to add 10%-15% to the cell size determined by calculations. If the various loads are expected to grow at different rates, it may be more accurate to apply the expected growth rate to each load for a given time and to develop 2 duty cycle from the results The cell size calculated for a specific appli cation will seldom match a commercially available cell exactly, and it is normal pro- cedure to select the next higher capacity cell. The additional capacity obtained can be con. sidered part of the design margin. Note that the “margins” required by IEEE Std 923-1983 [4], 6.3.1.5 and 6.3.3 are to be applied during “qualification” and are not related to “a rein.’ . _. 6.2.3 Compensation for Age“ANSI/IEEE Sid? 450-1980 (2) Zecommends that a battery be Féplaced when its actual capacity drops to 80% of its rated capacity; therefore, the battery's ated capacity should be at least 125% of the load expected at the end of its service life, 6.2.4 Initial Capacity. Batteries may have less than ‘rated capacity when delivered. Unless 100% capacity upon delivery is specified, initial capacity can be in the range of 90%-95% of Fated capacity. This will rise to rated capacity in normal service after several charge-discharge cycles or after several years of float operation. NOTE: If the designer has provided adequate compen: fation for aging (s0€ 6.2.3), there it no’ need for the battery to have full rated capacity upon delivery, be, ‘ause the capacity normally available {rom a new bat tery will be above te duty cyele requirement 6.3 Cell Size. This section describes and ex- Plains a proven method of calculating the cell Capacity necessary for satisfactory performance on a given duty cycle. The Appendix demon- strates the application of this method to a specific duty cycle, ‘&n optional pre- Printed work sheet to simplify the calcula 12 SIZING LARGE LEAD STORAGE BATTERIES FOR tions. Instructions for the proper use of the work sheet are given in 6.4. 6.3.1 Equation 1 (see 6.3.2) requires the use of a capacity rating factor Cy (6.3.3) that is based on the discharge characteristics of Particular plate type and size. Thus, the initial calculation must be based on a trial selection of positive plate type and capacity. Depending fon the results of this initial calculation, it may be desirable to repeat the calculation for other types or sizes of plates to obtain the optimum cell type and size for the particular applica tion. Use the capacity from the first ealeula tion as @ guide for selecting additional types to size. 6.3.2 The cell selected for a specific duty cycle must have enough capacity to cany the combined loads during the duty cycle. To de- termine the required cell size, it is necessary to calculate, from an analysis of each section of the duty cyele (see Fig 2), the maximum capacity required by the combined lo»? de- mands (current versus time) of the various sections. The first section analyzed is the first Period of the duty cycle. Using the capacity rating factor (see 6.3.3) for the given cell type, a cell size is calculated that will supply the re. Quired current for the duration of the first period. For the second section, the capacity 4 calculated assuming that the current Ay required for the first period continued through the second period; this capacity is then ad Justed for the change in current (Aq —A,) dur- ing the second period. In the same manner, the capacity is calculated for each subsequent sec- tion of the duty cycle. This iterative process is continued until all sections of the duty cycle have been considered. The calculation of the capacity Fy required by each section S, where S can be any integer from 1 to N, can be ex pressed mathematically as follows Fee Sh AntAeey oa Gr (Eq 1) NOTE: Fy will be expressed in ampereshours of num ber of potitive platet, depending upon which Cy is used (see 6.3.3), ‘The maximum capacity (max Fs) calculated determines the cell size that can be expressed by the following general equation: coll size = max Fy ee (Eq 2) whereG a ENERATING STATIONS AND SUBSTATIONS cursewt —= IEEE xd 405-1983 Fig 2 Generalized Duty Cycle Diagram S =section of the duty cycle being anal- yzed, Section S contains the first S periods of the duty cycle (for example, section Sg contains periods 1 through 5). See Fig 2 for a graphical repre- sentation of “section.” N= number of periods in the duty cycle period being analyzed amperes required for period P T. «time in minutes from the beginning of period P through the end of section S Cp = capacity rating factor (see 6.3.3) for a given cell type, at the T minute dis charge rate, at 25 °C (77 °F), toa def- inite end-of-discharge voltage NOTE: If the current for period P + 1 is greater than the current for pesiod P, then section S= P+ 1 wire Quite larger cell than section S= P. Consequently, the Galeulations for section $ = P can be omitted. 6.3.3 There are two terms for expressing the capacity rating factor Cy of a given cell type in cell sizing calculations. One term R,, is the number of amperes that each positive plate can supply for T minutes, at 25 °C (77°F), toa definite end-of-discharge voltage. Therefore, Cr* Rpand, combining equations 1 and 2 cell size (positive plates) = max Fy * max sel set ‘The other term Ky, is the ratio of rated ampere- hour capacity (at # standard time rate, at 25 °C [77°F] and to a standard end-ofdischarge volt age) of a cell, to the amperes that can be sup- plied by that cell for T minutes at 25°C (77°F) and to a given end-of-discharge voltage. There- fore Cp = 1/K,y and equation 3 can be rewritten: cell size (ampere-hours) = max Fy = max [oe Ae a) se (Eq 4) NOTE: Ry is not equal to I/Ky because of the ifs ferent units applied to exch factor. However, Rr is proportional to 1/Ky. The values may be obtained From battery manufacturers for each postive plate de sign and various end-of-discharge voltages 6.3.4 When equipment loads that occur at random are included as part of the battery duty cycle, it is necessary to calculate the cell size required for the duty cycle without the random Joad(s) and then add to this the cell size required for the random load(s) only. 6.3.5 When used with the factor Ry (am- peres per positive plate), the general equation ‘expresses the cell size as the number of posi tive plates. In the manufacturer's literature, the cell size will be listed as the total number of positive and negative plates. The conversion from number of positive plates to the total number of plates is total number of plates ~ 1+ (2 « number of positive plates) (Eq 5) 13TBE Std 485-1983, 6.4 Cell Sizing Work Sheet. A work sheet, Fig 3, has been designed and may be used to Simplify the manual application of the pro- tedure described in 6.3. Examples of its use will be found in the Appendix. Instructions for proper use of the work sheet are as follows: 6.4.1 Fill in necessary information in the heading of the chart. The temperature and volt- age recorded are those used in the calculations. ‘The voltage used is the minimuni allowable bat tery voltage divided by the number of cells in the battery. 6.4.2 Fill in the amperes and the minutes in colurnns (2) and (4) as indicated by the section heading notations. 6.4.3 Calculate and record the changes in am- peres as indicated in column (3). Record ‘whether the changes are positive or negative. 6.4.4 Calculate and record the times from the start of each period to the end of the section as indicated in column (5). 6.4.8 Record in column (6) the capacity fac- tors (Rr or Kr, from the manufacturer's liter- ature) for each discharge time calculated in column (5). 6.4.6 Calculate and record the cell size for each period as indicated in column (7). Note the separate tubcolumns for positive and nega- tive values. 6.4.7 Calculate and record in column (7} the algebraic subtotals and totals for each section as indicated. 6.4.8 Record the maximum section size (the largest total from column 7) on line (8), the random section size on line (9), and the un. corrected size (US) on lines (10) and (11). 6.4.9 Select the conection factor from Table 1 for the temperature shown in the main head ing and record it on line (12). 6.4.10 Enter the design margin on line (13) and the aging factor on line (14). Combine lines (11), (12), (13), and (14) as indicated and record the result of line (15). 6.4.11 When line (15) is in terms of ampere- hours and does not match the capacity of a commercially available cell, the next larger cell is required. When line (15) shows a fractional number of positive plates, use the next !=rger integer. Show the result ori Tine (16) 6.4.12 From the value on line (16), 6.3.5, and the manufacturer's literature, determine the commercial designation of the required cell and record it on line (17).Xt w@ Date Pate Project? Pa Lowest Expected Minimum prcrslyte Tempe'F Cell Voltage: cat ate et Typ: a @ @ « ) oy Capacity at |t3) + (6A) Positive Plate Tie a or range in| Duration | Time to End [(6A) Ampa/Par (Ry) (9) (6B)= Raced Ame Hee Lod Lod” | of Period | of Section cee eeeame ie penod | amperes) [famperes) [Iminutes} | (minutes) | (68) K Fectar (Ky) [Por Values | Nee Velurs Secuion 1 — First Period Only ~ IC AZ u greater than AI. ¢9 to Section 2 1 [ae aimo- [i= [pew see Sec Tour TF ‘Section 2 — First Two Peviode Only ~ IC AI k greater than AB, ca «0 Section 3. POT ‘AD=AT= [Moe [retire See See Ter 2 Tow Tae ame tne Fee L I Section 9 — First Thiee Periods Only — IC Adi greater than AS, go to Section & =o Ig [eens AQ=ATS gee ‘AS=Az [a= [Tense 1 Ai z Sub Tar otal Se 3 Section 4 — Firat Four Periods Only — IC AS i reste At, go to Section 6 [a= Me Mae Sti T=MaeMe [Tee Net Se Se «Tour Section § — Fist Five Periods Only — If AG i greater than AS, goto Section 6. ‘AZ=AI= ASSAD AA=AI= SAC Aa AS ie Moe Isa Mee eh Ms= TEM NSS Tests Mise Tatts we ‘3 “Tour ‘Section 6 — First Six Periods Only — 10 A7 ix greater than AG, go to Section 7 Ale Az Ae ioe [re AP=AT=_[N2= AI=APe TMS Ai=Ad= TN AS=Ate [Moe Biante irene Mae =e Mie SMe reMseMe= Tene See Saar 6 Tout Seevion 7 — Firat Seven Periods Only ~ If AB is greater than AT, go vo Seetion 8 1a Ms rene a= TTA Mae [reso T= a= Maz rewiie S17 Aa ase 7 eT as Ms=—— T= MssR1g => 7 t_[ Ate G>T =MeoA7= Fat ise JT See Sob Ta 7 eat aa Random Equipment Uoad Only (if needed) — a [AR An-o- [MR= [rune Masirvum Section” Size (8), + Random Section Ste (9) = Uncorrected Site — (US) (10) USI) Temp Com (13) "TT Daaige Mare (13) x Anime Fae ‘When the cell sige (15) i eater than a standard eel ie, the next large cell u required (A) Foaitve Pate eS) Required cell site (16) (B)~ Ampere Hours, Therefore eell(17) ia enuived Fig 3 Cell Sizing Work Sheet< TEE Bed 486-1983 SIZING LARGE LEAD STORAGE BATTERIES FOR Appendix (Thi APter Generating Stations and SwbHatone ) In all the following examples, the duty cycle raged is that of 4.3.3 and the lowes, expected clectrolyte temperature is 18.3 2¢ (65 °F)-See- dion AL. provides several examples of calcula tons selecting the number of cells to Oe used in the battery and shows how the number of cells vmrects the required call capacity. Secuch Az aiiws how the cell sizing work sheet can be sted to ealculate the required cell size 'A1 Required Number of Cells Example 1. The de system voltage limits 0 108 V to 140 V; the battery must be recharged at 2.33 V per cell (VPC) to reduce recharge ceeand the battery and charger mast remot Girectly connected to the de system at al times. Number of eels * 40V/2.33 VEC = 60, therefore 60 cells End-of-discharge voltage = 105V/60 cells 75 VPC Corrected cell ize = 10204 ampere hours at the 8 hour rate ‘This example is worked out in detail in Fig Al. Example 2. Same de system voltage limits a in Example 1, but the batten and chafeee sae isolated from the dc system during equalizing and recharging, and it '5 desired to float the battery at 2.25 VPC. Number of cells» 140V/2.25 VPC > 62.2, therefore 62 cells End-of discharge voltage * 105¥/62 cells = 1.69 VPC ‘A cell sizing work sheet isnot provided for this example, but calculations show that the cor- Fected cell size = 944 ampere hour at the 8 hour rate, The reduction in the end: of-discharee voltage results in about ‘2.7% reduction in cor- ara cll capacity with only # 9% increase in the number of cells. 16 ris Appendix. note part of IEEE Se 14951963, IEEE Recommended Practice or Siting LASS Lead Storace Example 3. Same conditions as Example * except the de system voltage Timits are now! 105 V to 135 V. Number of cells = 135V/2.03 VPC = 87.9 therefore 58 cells 105/58 cells, 1.81 VPC, End-of-discharge voltage ‘A Cell Sizing Work Sheet is not provided for this example, but calculations show thal the tis ccted call size = 1186 ampere hours st the $ nour rate. In comparison to Example }» the Jnerease in the end-of-discharge voltage results incre im increase inthe corected cel size with only a 3% reduction in the number o cells required. ‘A2 Required Cell Capacity From the battery duty cycle diagram: Fig ‘adv we can construct Table A1, which wil be ae valse in filling out the cell sizing work sheet Fig A3 is a hypothetical composite ANE cure for the XYZ cell manufactured by 18 sare Company. The graph gives values for bor types of capacity rating factors for Qsaree types Pat 25 °C (71 °F) and terminated whe stated sage call voltage reaches 1.81 V. 175 7 the wg V Fig, Ad shows the way in which the Oty sizing work sheet and the Ry rating facet cet ty be sed to size the XYZ cell for the Fis TGuty eyele. Fig Al shoxes the application of dhe A rating factor to the same problem. Table Al ‘Sample Cell Sizing Data to Toul Duration Period Loads Ampere mia] y by the 320 1 a dates 100 29 3 dy thst bet bse 30 a Ly that he 60 sly 39 6 lyte 120 1 Roky 100 1ia rjc Example Ung Ky Cana Foster ae 40107 Paget Tame Bape ine CITE eer conateg Th GaMig ABCC, GM Tren: EYE ope |e o o 0 ental 1s Poied Only =H At dan Al coe Seton 2 7 aisae[arcoesze [rss Trewin Tae ae fs Feuoet fh ye Jaron fee Te See da com 5 Teg nae 200 eae fis [sean bad fe qt ‘geta tae ee tar ep “ass pe thn At goo Sec 5 - See Tr =e Tew aa “elon 97 Fee Feria Only 1 Abin ae han AS 0 Section 6 “Seales 6 Fr Feria Ory — VAT mere tan AS, Sc 7 nt = Ampere hon Tron co (ITE XYE 37 Fig Al Sample Work Sheet Using Ky Capacity Factor iWeee | Eases SrZNG LARGE LEAD STORAGE BATTERIES FOR 32044 ra 2804 i! it L 240 4 ig " . & 2004 iy oi Le = 1604 La “ A ‘ 0 aie 80 a Ld 40 a lL i 4 1 30 60 90 120 150179180 ain 1 t \ MINUTES it Il as peep 4——+p-— 5 sr 1 eR | Hl PERIODS il 1 i \ I SECTIONI—] K- 1 1 ' ' ! i ' SECTION 2+] kK : 1 \ I ‘ | section 3 —4 ' i! t ' |._____- section 4 ————-41 I i | } SECTION 5 —————+ \ -_-———- section 6 ——____+} . Fig A2 Battery Duty Cycle Diagram 18Tae se rcv ano wars TEE Bed 486.1088 SAMPLE oarA ONLY GOWSULE THE BATTERY MaRUPACTUMERS FOR ACTUAL DATA 300 L 7 i Va 70 minures 20 Tye veeh cEtua 9 pen cet} SV Peace | J ' “I 2030 «0s060m wo 2003 ‘90 -EMPERES PER Positive PLATE FACTOR B8SEO OW @ HOUR AMPERE HOURS 95102} 5 67890 Asailable Number of Pites 11 19 15 17 19 2123 95 oat Sines Gh (Ah)(1.75 VPC)400 460 560 640 720 800 860 969 1040 Fig Aa * Hypothetical Composite Rating Curve for XYZ Cell Manufactured by ABC Company// Sid 486.1903 ae ~ reict:Esamal Ung Ry apy Factor i oa Fig Aa Sample Work Sheet Using R Capacity Factor