Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Irwin Programmed Learning Aid Cultural Anthropology PDF

    Uploaded by

    ijinkan
    22 views95 pages

    Original Title

    Irwin Programmed Learning Aid Cultural Anthropology.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    22 views95 pages

    Irwin Programmed Learning Aid Cultural Anthropology PDF

    Uploaded by

    ijinkan

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 95
    SELF REVIEW in Cultural Anthropology 1 college level study supplement 1 professionally programmed for quick 0 Comprehensive examinations with answers 2 detailed glossary/index Irwin PLAID Series Business and Economic Statistics Principles of Management Retailing Intermediate Accounting, Vol. 1 Intermediate Accounting, Vol. 2 Elementary Accounting, Vol. 1 Elementary Accounting, Vol. 2 Basic Algebra Handbook for Achieving Academic Success Introduction to Business Introduction to Data Processing Business Law Principles of Economics: Macro Principles of Economics: Micro Management Accounting Introductory Sociology FORTRAN: A Beginner's Approach College Mathematics: With Applications in Business and Economics Principles of Marketing Introduction to Environmental Science Introduction to Psychology Developmental Psychology Cultural Anthropology Physical Anthropology and Archaeology Personal Finance Principles of Salesmanship Personnel Administration Principles of Insurance Programmed Learning Aid for CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY VICTOR BARNOUW Protessor of Anthropology University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee Coordinating Editor ROGER H. HERMANSON The University of Maryland LEARNING SYSTEMS COMPANY ® A division of Richard D. Irwin, Inc., Homewood, Illinois 60430 Canadian distribution through Irwin-Dorsey Limited, Georgetown, Ontario © LEARNING SYSTEMS COMPANY, 1972 ‘igs ered, No pt of spun may Be reproduced, stored in avretrieval system, or transmitted, inrany form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photacopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior ‘wmtten permission of the publisher. ISBN 0.256.012644 Printed in the United States of America 1234567890K8765432 rE Rieenien i FOREWORD Each of the books comprising the Programmed Learning Aid Series is in pro- grammed learning format to provide the reader with a quick, efficient, and effective means of grasping the essential subject matter. The specific benefits of the pro- ‘grammed method of presentation are: 1. le keeps the reader active in the learning process and increases his comprehen- sion level. 2. Incorrect responses are corrected immediately. 3. Comtect responses are reinforced inumediately 4. The method is flexible. Those who need mote “tutoring” receive it because they are encouraged to reread frames in which they have missed any of the questions asked. 5. ‘The method is fun to use since it makes leaning seem likea game. ‘The method of programming used in this PLAID on cultural anthropology and in Host of the other FLAIDS is unique and simple to use. The reader begins by reading Frame 1! in Chapter 1. At the end of that frame he will answer the Truc, False questions given. To determine the correctness of his responses he merely tums the page and examines the answers given in Answer Frame 1!, He i told hy each statement is true or false. He should use his performance on the given questions as j measure of his understanding ofall the materials in Frame It. If he misses any of the questions asked, he is encouraged to reread Frame 1! before continuing on to Frame 2). This same procedure should be used throughout the book. Specific jn. structions as to where to turn next to continue working the program are given everywhere necessary. ‘The reader may desire to go through the PLAID a second time leaving out the Programmed questions and answers. Or he may desire to further test his under, standing by going through it a second time, answering all of the questions once ‘gain and rereading only those frames in which his comprehension is unsatisfactory The author of this PLAID on cultural anthropology is Professor of Anthropoloey at the University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee. He is the author of Culture and Per. sonality and the two-volume An Introduction to Anthropology Rocen H. HeRnsanson, Coordinating Editor and Programmer PREFACE This Programmed Learning Aid in Cultural Anthropology is a condensed sum- ‘mary of the content common to mast courses in introduction to cultural anthro- ology. It is not intended to replace the basic textbook ins college level course but Xs meant to seve asa supplement, enabling the student to leone by himself or her- self. This PLAID should be useful to: J. Students enrolled in a course in introduction to cultural anthropology, as a selfstudy supplement to help them do better work in the couse 2. Students who wish to get a quick overall survey of the Sed of cultural anthro- ology. Introductory anthropology courses are sometimes offered in one semester, some- times in two. In cases where the introductory course is given in two semesters, it is common for one semester to be devoted to physical anthropology, archaeology, and Pichistory, while the second deals with ethnology, social anthropology, and lin- guistics. This PLAID is designed to be used in the latter sort of course. A companion Since ether PLAID can be used independently of the other, a brief general Sisroce 8 given in Chapter 1 ofeach about the feld of anthropclogy and {ray Aivisions, and the relationship of anthropology to other Geld Because archaeology isa subdivision of cultural anthropology, it deserves some wearirent in this PLAID, although archaeology and prehistory ate usually dealt ith in the other introductory anthropology course. Chapter 4 of this PLAGD re- Nonlin review of prehistory it introduces some terms, such a5 Palaclithie sed Neolithic, which should be known by students in any introductory anthropology course ludents who have already taken an introduetory course in physical anthropology, archaeology, and prehistory can skip Chapters | and 4, ny nique feature ofthis PLATD is its programmed sequence, explained more fally inthe editor's Foreword. We offera few suggestions for ts ase 1. Since no two textbooks follow the same chapter sequence, you should first check the Contents to see which topics in the PLAID parallel the assigned chapter in your textbook. 2. Carefully answer the questions at the end of each frame. Then ‘check your agiwes and restudy that frame if you had any of them wrong. 3. Check the meaning of any unfamiliar concepts in the Glossary/Index before reading any further. 4+ Atthe end of every few chapters you will be asked to complete an examination i those chapters. You should do this to further reinforce your understanding. ‘The answers are provided Victor Barnovw vil Acculturation Age grades and age sets... Agriculture ie Applied anthropology . Archaeology MGS ae es ee Blood feud Bronze age 2 Guten. et Chass 4 Conflict resolution Cultural evolution . Cultureand personality Culture change... Ecology Economic exchange Energy production . Ethnology Family Funetionalism Horticulture ‘Hunting gathering Incest taboos om Kinship Law . Lineages Linguistics Marital residence TOPICAL OUTLINE OF COURSE CONTENT (See Glossary-Index fora complete listing of topics) ice oan 49-50 = 5-6, 8-9, 18-19, 63 2,8, 59-61 cert ea eeeG3 6) eect a - 0,63 SSeteasry ¢ Searle Becta 2, 5-9, 15-42 Wa Ata ee 29-39 Bea ¢ 7) Tae ee 19, 23, 46, 47 hearse eee 17,19, 22-23, 45-46 Cae cae Rep 1) ese sot 2 5 546,29, 30, 37-39 Bo Sake ee 49-50 (greene ee: + 53739 1-2, 1-15 re ae 2 34-36 x ‘Topical outline of course content Mariage ©. + + + Matrlineal descent Matrilocal residence Metallurgy. - + Neolithic... + + = Palaeolithic... + + Pastoralism . . . + = Patrilineal descent . Patrilocal residence . Physical anthropology - - Political organization. . + Prehistory . Reciprocity Redistribution Religion and magic. = - Role 5s ties Social anthropology... - Social organization... - + + + Social stratification... - - + + Status 2 ‘Technology. - yates et Universal aspects of culture - ‘Voluntary associations Warfare 2 2. = 30,32-36 5, 37-38 3536 18419 ITs egolT 2 ABAT esesanies a mel 45-48 . + 219 5.27 26-27 1. 5153 peat 242-66, . B,A2-50 16, 19,42-43 39,44 . 1-23 » « 25-26,27 _ 41, 51, 35-56 A? 50 SERB ES The Field of Anthropology. The Development of Ethology The Study of Languages A Review of Prehistory Environment and Technology . Exchange and Distribution Aspects of the Family , Family Types and Marriage Arrangements Descent and Kinship Age Grades, Associations, Castes, and Class gee + Political Organization and Legal Institutions in PreIndusttial Societies Religion and Magic. , The Are <2 1S Culture and Personality Culture Change . ce Examination 1: Chapters 1-3 Examination 2: Chapters 4-6 Examination 3: Chapters 7-9 Examination 4: Chapters 10-12 Examination 5: Chapters 13-15 Answers to Examinations , Glossary-Index chapter 1 THE FIELD OF ANTHROPOLOGY Frame 1! Anthropology is the study of man, There are, of course, other sciences that make man the foous OF “investigation—sociology, Psychology, history, law, coonomics, and political science. One way in Which anthropology differs from these other felds is that it contains a branch, physical anthropology, which deals with man as a physical organism and with man’s evolution from simpler forins of life, Physical anthropology Physical anthropologists analyze fossil skeletal ‘material of forms that are in or near the human Tine of descent. They try to arrange such finds in a temporal sequence. Physical anthropologists make comparative anatomical studies of living primates {the order of mammals to which we belong). ‘They sometimes observe and record the behavior of apes, monkeys, and other primates in their atural settings, as well as under controlled labora. tory conditions Physical anthropologists also study human vari- ation in modem man—differences in skin color, Ve color, hair form, blood types, body build, and inguishi acterize the Cultural anthropology The other main division of anthropology is cultural anthropology, which includes the fields of linguistics, archaeology, and ethnology. These con- cem man’s behavior, particularly the patterned Teamed behavior called culture. A culture is the way of life of a group of people, a configuration of patterns of leaned behavior that are handed down from one generation to the next through the means of language and imitation. This is not in. stinctual behavior. A child may be born with « genetic capacity to learn a language, but he learns a specific language—Hopi, Swahili, Chinese. or English—which is spoken in the society in which he grows up. He learns other aspects of culture at the same time—the types of clothing worn, the food eaten and the proper manner of ating it (with fingers, fork, chopsticks, etc.). He leams how people are related to one another in the kin, ship system of the society. Religious, legal, medi- cal, and artistic beliefs and Practices all fall under the heading of culture, the pattemed leamed behavior acquired by a person as a member of a society, Cultural anthropologists are interested in both the uniformities and differences of cultures, There are some respects in which all human cultures are alike, but they often differ remarkably from one another, Linguistics Linguistics is the study of languages. No other animal is known to have as elaborate a system of symbolic communication as that of man. Our closest relatives, the apes, have the same “organs of speech,” but they do not have speech. They make cries and gestures which do have commun. ‘ative functions, but they cannot preserve learned Patterns of behavior through verbal means, nor can they discuss plans for the future. Tt is lan. Buage which makes possible the transmission of 2 Programmed learning aid for cultural anthropology numan culture from one generation to the nest fand which allows our culture to be so cumulative ‘Linguists distinguish between competence and performance in language. Competence refers 1 pee mowledge of the underlying code or set of wives that we have to know in order to speak a Tanguage, Performance refers to actual speech De- havior. "A linguist who analyzes a language discovers the factors governing competence. A child some- Tray discovers the same things by hearing people talk and imitating them. We carry around in our heads all sorts of rules about grammar and pho- nology, a knowledge which is mostly unconscions ‘Nokall linguists are anthropologists; some cone sider linguistics to be a separate field. But some ethropologists special in the study of Tam guages. thaologists try to learn the Tanguage of the people they are studying. The better one oa PeoPretand a people's language, the more likely oe will be to tnderstand their attitudes and con eeptions, which are often dificult to communicate in translation. Indicate whether each of the following statements trae or fs by writing “T” or “F” in the space provided. ew ae sicseis no significant difference between anthropology and sociology. 2. Culture is transmitted genetically, like skin color. Only the apes are known to have as elaborate a siete of symbolic communication as that of man. Frame 2! Archaeology ‘Archaeology is the study of extinct cultures. Like historians, archaeologists seek to uncover the past. But historians generally base theit reconstruc: vesson written records, while archaeologists often eal with prehistoric sites, prehistory being word for the period before the appearance of writing. ‘This period is immensely long. Systems of writing developed only about 5,000 years ago, but there were ancestors of ours who were able to us¢ tools Sout 2,000,000 years ago, ‘The archaeologist tries fo reconstiuct what he can of man’s past cultures, by examining the remains of camp sites, caves, graves, village settlements, buried cities, and other bygone locations. Ethnology ethnology is the study of contemporary cul tures. An ethnologist goes to a particular society, {ives with the people, observes their behavior, interviews informants, and takes part, as unob- trusively as possible, inthe life of the community 44, Behnologsts try to earn the language ofthe people they are studying, ‘Now tum to Answer frame 1* on page 4 to check your rxsponscs He writes an ethnographic account, a description of the culture as he sees and analyzes it, In their escriptions some anthropologists have tried to cover all aspects of the society's culture, or as many as possible, while others have focused on. particular aspect of the culture (such #8 child Paining practices, for example) of Have tried fo newer a particolar problem in relation to it. As Stnnographic accounts accumulate, itis possible to make wider comparisons and contrasts among the various cultures of the world. Fithin the field of ethnology some subdivi sions may be singled out. Social anthropology, Shieh is essentially the same thing as sociology, is Soncemed with the network of social relations in a Society, the family and Kinship orginization and Seher aspects of social structure. Culture-and ber. sonatty is concerned with the mutual interplay of eaalture and personality and the ways in which the ‘culture of a society influences those who grow UP {ait Anthropologists have sometimes specialized J such fields as the cross-cultural study of reli om, politics, economics, law, folklore, ethno, cicelogy, and art. Some have worked in applied ee anthropology, where a knowledge of the local eul- deity aid im attaining the goals of a community development program. Anthropology and other fields Physical anthropology is closely related to bi logy and allied fs, for it involves the biological or zoological study of a single species, man, Heme Sapiens, and the primates most closely related to oursehes, jMclwcology is related to history, geography, and geology. The archaeologist often work. 2, jnociation with zoologists and botanists, who help him to identify fauna and flora of a site He alee draws on the knowledge of physicist, chemists, and other specialists, Ts each of the following true or false? 1 The field of anthropology 3 Ethnology overlaps to some extent with soci- ology, particularly in the sphere of social anting pology. Anthropologists used to specialize in the Study of small nonliterate societies, while sociology emphasized the study of modern Westem civil {ion, but this distinction is no longer so definite. Today anthropologists often study modem urbag communities. ‘There is some overlap between psychology and ethnology in the field of cultureand personality, but, psychologists “have emphasized. boratowy Work and controlled experiments, while ethnol- ogists have relied more on observation and inter. jie in their feld work. However, the boundary lines between the various social sciences are not always definite, and they need not be. —— | Prehistory is older than history. 2 Ethnologists engage in participant observation ee are quite definite and should ‘Now turn to Answer frame 2 0n Social anthropology is essentially the same thing as sociology. ——— 4. The boundary lines between anth opology and various other sciences be kept that way, age 4 to check your answers, ‘4 Programmed learning ald for cultural anthropology Answer frame 1" eee ener | |. 1. alse, One way in which anthropology dlls is that contains a branch—physical aathcopology_—which deals with man asa physical organ 2, Fake Galle is handed down fom one generation fo the next through means of language and imitation. It is leamed 3, FueeeTibe apes have the same “organs of speech” ot they do not have speech. 3 Thue, The better one can understand a people's engwash> ‘he more likely one will Deable to understand their attitudes and conceptions, ‘an Rent has been made in each frame to test the ead 08 ‘the most important con- cepts within that fame, It is unlikely that this has been accomplished in every ine cepts Trerefore, you should use your performance on (he questions asked at the end SP each fame 2s an indication of your comprehension ‘of all of the concepts in that frame. If you missed any of the sbove questions Yow should go back and reread Frame 1” efor, turning to Frame 2! on page 2. You should ose his same procedure through out the PLAID. Answer frame 2' 1._ True, Prehistory is the period before the appesrance of writing, Systems of writing Tevcloped only about 5,000 yeas ago, Dut our ancestors ‘were using tools about 2,000,000 years ago. 2, Tue. An ethnologist Hives with the people and takes Part the life of the com munity while he observes their behavior 3, Tuer Tels concemed with the network of social relations the kinship organization, and other aspects of social structure. False. Anthropology is rclated to many different fields —biology, geology, psychology, ve and all these profit from the relationships. If you missed any ofthe above, you should revi Frame 2! before beginning Chapter 2 chapter 2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ETHNOLOGY [a reo Frame 12 have written descriptions of cultures other thay their own. For example, Herodotus (e. 484-495 Bs.) wrotea long account of Egypt and contrasted Greek and Egyptian customs; another Grech, Me Sasthenes (302-288 n..), visited India and gave fe of the earliest descriptions of the caste sys fem. The Roman historian Tacitus (ec. a.0. $5. after av. 117) wrote about the customs of the German barbarians of northern Europe, and some Chinese Buddhist pilgrims to India in the fifth and seventh centuries ap. wrote descriptions of that country on their return, For Europeans the Age of Discovery was an ‘se-opening experience, making them aware of the fact that there were human beings living ina land actoss the Atlantic. Descriptions of American Tn. dian cultures were written by missionaries and pther early travelers to the New World. The Voyages of Captain Cook to Polynesia, New Zea. Jand, and Australia in the 18th century brought pther unknown areas to the notice of Europeans, By the end of the 18th century there was a steable literature about peoples’ customs in different parts @f the world, and a new culture consciousness ap. Beared in the works of such 18th-century writers as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu, Cultural evolution An important synthesizing work was Edward B. ‘Tylor’ Primitive Culture (1871), in which Tylor, an English scholar, first used the word culture in From ancient times there have been men who English in the sense explained in out frst chapter. Tylor was struck by the fact that culture bes developed along very similar lines in different parts of the world, which he attributed to “the: ite Working of men’s minds under like conditions” He was aware that there is another explanation fpr the similarities of culture in different parts of the world, namely diffusion, the spread of a culture trail ftom one society to another, But he was more interested in the parallel evolution of similar cul, ture patterns in different regions, ‘Another key figure in the development of eth nology was Lewis Henry Morgan, ‘an Amerean lawyer who published a description of Troquois culture in 1851, Morgan was surprised to ham that the Troquois had a kinship system different from ours. They had matrilineal clans, for one thing, ‘clan is a unilineal descent group, the members of which believe that they are related to one another through descent from a common an. c

    You might also like