VISION, RACE, and MODERNITY. A Visual Economy of the Andean Image World DEBORAH POOLE heap en art pee CS Eee (in Bd ee fod ed Rice eee Ee Sodncdey romeo na i Sitaram ot eae eres Sf ber rg en Erp yd Seen SS eee peer oe Repeats ieee eed wor wl be of wrt Dnt Po Au Pr ofp he Gobo ony of the Now School for Socal Besa Now Yor Har reuse ‘cele Uy Or Viren, Fe rd Cael yn Fgh Proce Pa Tie of Fer ‘on Ses re /Power ny ei ‘Shery 8 Coney Nile & Dik, ond ook Ey, cers Gam sheet Need cary vin care dite. Cures ol Geoge Feomon Hose act in by PRINCETON adhe N, KAU, and ale B POT eae nn ie of the Aa CCC ranienhCHAPTER ONE Introduction. _rwvioro.0ciss, a eveyone knows ae people who to he Bld” Pe ‘query ltr, ors Teast imagined, ening the pt hemes ad Wh ‘Soihing of omecnt® colon psanbopolgs are charged with the ae ‘ot reoringmnive customs, deiertng sage tue, and dlending be leaped dts. Following te presetpton ef the funding fuher af et opaphic Sedo, Sons Malmownl, they are supposed to ee ‘hess th cre ofthe ter ed mcg decoy halen Bt po Kecoalysneathed to repo thei findings fo sleet. pe ‘sonal seoatins, and cowed le halle, "The actual expen of Sldwer of cours, te deem. As ey fetdvorer ws, thereat ar oe omante The ative ar some Slo ely Testes wach nates eae om weleoming Even the reasons we do Beldwor ate ineeasnly der siege Fai, ae ‘fen most perplesingof al. the rates tendo sk moe and harder quetons| fie aehrpelogt tan te ter way sound nded or me the hardest Sucstons abou Beldwork have alas come fom the ntve—in my case, (Gees opeskng pears Ing i sutherland Per, “Why Yu re” they msl requenly ae "And wha oyu ding” "he you king fer gold "What ae you woting dow now “Why dds you we dow hat st si Sometimes ey aed was cacy Whe, ey ‘Sned, would anyone wan to come thereof owa re wl als she wee Tookng or 01. "The peste wah whoo {ed i eur gland Ren were probably sahtto be perplexed abou the mysterious naae of my itso ich wa ‘esta ther festa, fas, story nd etre). They id aot ae ong, bow. vert find some ore practice fr mew 1 Became the Yedent Cormmuny photogaper Indeed, some won L spent mae time thing ‘evelpng. and dstrutng spots thin anything ee. At Gs L ok ‘ered toh my series and the photograps. Soon, however, my vi ling pat monies owed ito de mlnatnal cole: af Koda and he ‘Somewhat mae rose csh ses of Cseos photoes, found {hated rier Us fry wanted more than fr posts, dete py forthe ene pies I they wanted mle copies enlargements, oe yal pont te nme tle appa I marveled a te reply th seh hey lene 1 expo thei lvl represen of what Wale Ben Jin as due he ag of mecha reproduce,”alo marveled atthe poses they chose. Thy wer of ous, rl th phovogaphic perdu Calendes wih photographs of everyting fom Ie gringo plumed Ince graced the wale of tr houses, Newspapers ovis an! magiine vere wesuted abjecs reg fom Cara ot Lina ‘Some people he sto partite of enves or anes mapped etal ‘hold serps of eter o ace ay nthe her ef thei homer adhe all: Desi the dey othe photography ha sen the ous ey Chose forthe oom porate were reaabiy uno They sted sil, vid er ars down the siding the ee, with seriou aes, Photo fapls wih ses were usualy rected, a wee the unposed, o ws me ‘road call “tral photogghs leak on my own. My abjeas were aso Commuted tebe pclae in the bet clothes. ld» pod del of ny etwews and the edwerk whe barging around hoes wating for ‘hero wach and bad he ar, ea the aby and een i the ate ree ln pepraon fo the ly port. Ibe 9 develop 2 hry about ‘hr undersndig of what ports were sod tbe stachmec o parca puss Acording omy Bld notes tad eometing to do with the tory | stography (bout which Ihnew rina thing th ee) a the pee Sf poses requted forthe ey od emer sl wed in Casco pie pes tnd commer dor 'As my casly about peasants and photographs ge | Bean to exes ‘men tok bot of phtopapartothe Sl to show pple waked waee ow they ade he peter Wit would they ay ek expected thes 10 be ete indent or dagpproving. But thet coraments proved to be ‘mach ore ae One day we losing hough ebating Salgado er ‘Aner, or example, my fend Ole supreme! had choses Slats ‘wei dacusr with her a pt Because found tio bes book wih no easy ‘wes The phtogapbs were lsh sh eure, undenubly beau ‘spe, they were ecialiy pees. Tey append to every ke, ‘sossoatly ov uoconsoouhy about what a bral phetogaph 38 sp Dod to Bee as an anopeog, 1 alo fund them shenating. They ‘owed enhuppy er dtiue looking people ding win appeared to be trond things Wher, Iated Gomeviat alfighstuy) wee the people lowing Eells, working in cto, o rpnzng shes who as eke Op theater Amasine™ ‘Ops, However fund my concern wintering She ihe the hock ot ere ere phowogrphs at lokedething Ihe her own stiftbodied por tes Moreover, they were nlc and wht, format at ey es ‘sysctl rene, Nonetheless wa er eon among he sora ‘irene book me hed oad a "Why? sce. "Sease he sd, “poe fry i bn” She proceeded oat several photgrapt For me She hed how Sulgados pant emphasised the tenure of the peasants ty ‘shee She ie the fetta he sbowed ld peas supe Hom bck, because his ew auenon othe ragged hela (aswel Tihgh ther anonym) She evened Salgado prsureof che pas sstfeet~ the one age on which my own egsive opm old ot “fo ths dy Tr ot sure whee Ole cominced me wih er pate or ‘er Amer. What she ad het nelgbots ld do, bower Ws pique “aay about he way in wich visage an ral ecnolpier move Son the boundaries a we often gine ae separating ret cures nd saves Clay the pean 1 photaphed fad the om sds aout Dhotgaphe Theat ar sued mach wh yom Yer hey ao dled a Inporant ways Oly comments about poet snd beaaty—and my re thon to them sige to me the dnporanceofreoamining my ono ‘mpton aout Row potial elope ites wih visual mags. i Unig or ohare apprecison ofthe photogs Tomal gules suggested ‘hing show he complex ways in which # European wuss had ‘ached te cis on or terse gute flat leas ofthe besa Sed the sundane “Athough Olga the other people wh wham ved, led, and worked tn tbe Casco province of Pre aod Chun ding the ety 1960 Atul spear nowhere he pape hat fly te Bok s,s many aye TBacted othem Thee underanding fhe power—and magico photon ‘apy bpd fn my ow interes he Neary veal wel UMhhon Euopean stingy ‘Teese coward the photogs mage ‘ae me thnk abou he peal problem of epresencon a sligly more ‘real way Rally my own experince comma rat (ports) ‘as constnsy ny mind arated at thousands of me ages of Andean esis el nthe photographie rvs of New York, Wshngon, Roch ‘ocr Landon, Paso, ta, Cosco. How’ wou | deer he ntentons ‘ithe phorgphers who tok thee, smatimes anonymous, mages How ul evn bp opine what theme of hese uneeeth s etly| cate century photogphe were len? How wos Uta abou! an these he ferent ssl Bento dct n European and Pear Flotozaph? Where ee beyond the archive sould {Took fo nights io {petal and rca cours that animated heen age? Wt ke {Ethie phoogap inet plays shaping the Wenies ad inagistons| ‘ofthe people who posed or hem? What mesape about my ov, te went ‘cocmuy ideas of potgrpy and the lf were they sending back oe from thr unique viewpoint on the Andean pas? (Figae1 ‘Thisbok san ate to anawer come of hse questions. I, noe sense, {cat to bitoy of mage-making i he Anes, nate, mal Inoader sno, wes mal mage a means to eink he epeseaorl‘ree 1535) pels, ara dooms, ad dacunive Boundaries t work hee ‘unser beeen Eropeans th the pontoon nde word In descrbing this encounter, am pricy concerned with mest the wl payed by sal images in the calton of ata, dae, and seinen tween "orope and the Andes. One goof the boo wo ack wt eal di ontes and visa images payed inthe itleca orton ad sesh oj tha tok sharin nd sod the Aden oun n he intent Sd ely ten eres, A secon ga 1 eamine the fof il ‘mages in the arsctring and npg teste projec carl stent and sees epestons hat catceize modem eet, fu moder ocal scone i parle The vulval sae bere Ieee imag fom eightentcenury novel nd pean ensign ‘eee cen Sete empectons, crs de vt tathepone ph ‘ozapy, costnbiapuning Pernen indent at, and Canqur tio hotgrapiy from the 191 so 19202 Ash is of mage ors ad pes makes cer, my ppt eter sic sar rd enn rrp sh (aed in contacting "an tage othe Andes fhe dry, even sno. ‘dng of the imaper and smageabets that fave crested aro and Uhrugh he Aes dines apm any uch sings histones. eal send fora conecraion of the astounding mute and any of ages and ‘mapeabjecsthegh whch tha pce called “he Andes” hasbeen both ‘gid snd dese, manana ng by people on both hes ot ‘he Ala The ter “mage werd” captires he complety end mulpy of his rea of ages tat We might Imagine easing smog Earmpe, North ‘Ameria, nd Andean South Aerie. Wik th eto hope wo es Ue ‘moltenouy materol sso att ofboth vison snd epeton, ‘Stig ad episetng ae “mural naira they conte reas seeing ithe wotl. We done simply sec” what i thre before Father the specifi wyetn whlch we sce and epee the woe Get Tow we ac on hae word and odoin rete what tht wos eens wel, tat he scl nee af ison comes io gay sne bat the stemingly nivale of ei andthe more obvious sa et pe. Senang occur hora Spec networs esc elation, The a to ‘in Grea Voice as aie, “the eeacy of representation eles on 2 ‘aes exchange wih ober epesnaons* ea combination of hese ‘lasonhipe a eleral and exchange sng ge theme, ad thes a and discasve elmions connecting age-naers and cones, that ‘ik of ering an mage wr” "The tap oa age word ough which representation ow fo pice w pe, person to penon, clue to ele and la 9 healed Eig eto th move cially aout the pelts of epreseation- A all ssp, the divert of images sn imape-obje ound inthe Andean Sage ‘to speaks apa ny simple elionsip song repesenttoal eno: (pes, stelle and power, Neer te pms whee portals ook, ‘or the man eran wth whom | ter pike whl eeattng this bel ‘nor the age Tone in archier an books confor os spe pit. {alo eae agendas Nor were they immune t the sections of elogy athe ke most of ws, they seemed 0 oecyene mote eabesome ce the eres of diferent slesloges, pita, sd cll poeon. To egemone, te necnary to abandon tat hen dct wich 2 “be pe and hence thea f seins sing onesie tae. ‘penal donation and coal insea,woexploe the pola wes fi e~thareelsionahip to power—I sale the ice and somes Sfotndicory yerng of laine, sits, satnent, and ambilonsthough whic European and Andean popes ve ive ages th ‘snng and value ‘One oy oftsking soit he np a esters ht ge sage tar ening sos" cae” nde termite the ot Sie for an sutroplgt engaged nal gaye The tr ela” owen, ngs wih ts pnd ef bgge Tn ot op ad bo lope ge eta Sues ofthe sved ming and Sob codes Ein eacet communes f peopl Aongh I weal ot ant to pense empl wh he erm va cle tha andthe concept 04a ‘non nore tse or tnking shut isl images 5 part of compre tensive orion of peopl, ets. ad bes, na gener sect, the wed "Snes he eld fan ened some Semae sro ao cen gps that ths ongnention fas 2 much odo wh [al relaoashipineguly d power a wih sted meng od com toi nthe mow ope ane ee pit eonry an igs ta ths opalzaton tears coment nee een oe Po- teal sad cee stot fsa 5 wel (0 the pc nd xchange tle tng coms that fr tee ood tee ly te Conte eo enemy sows wo hk mere any bout the Babalor a st tn Adaechanes dough whic aps (nd ‘Eres about image) hve Nowe tween Esrope and he Aes, = ‘eaely ey omape the peopl of Parad Pere fr xampp. tng th same ‘economy To gine or speak ofthe spr of sed ‘Sitee scomdenty ue ieee he word economy” to fame my {Tocasonefthe Andon tge wold with be eton of earings Sens of ow vis ages move acres atonal and cata bounds. “he ve come ih is Book rss was tered around the prodacon retain sonunton, sb poses of aps of he As {nb andrs peoples pero ronning to ough the mieienth tothe cay mein cen T hve Sete se creole! bounds the eonory eh one saree, by the cence of ean sii bea stich wile more syn momen? nth sts fbi sion athe ‘Raverin organ cpeteloges. On te other exer, Tae closed 7 SRqoy nh Seats ced the aden of asin ad wit ‘Debrd scan he “sey othe spect" The anges wo oo derma of ge sod al epeence yl ni cess bre ‘en roma This bo conser the vil economy tt secede angen sal ecology pubic clue and tbe flnascf ate pores they presumed Tang economy gol wot: On he one hand Ewan to cud he pcr of pe ages gh ih Ere a Frome aged the Ange a the oe at Adan people ye nb cston othe ages> On tether hand, om eed dering how the Aadean sage world paicpatd in the formation of ‘det veal econray Two ets pace dsingused this iss conn ios Enlightenment nd Retateance pedecsrs. Fst the ‘oder wl economy the domain of in is ognized around the com> ‘al prodacon sed culation of rere image cb Jecs thd vou expences, Second the plage ofthe human suject—or ‘Setrer—ts reset accommodate a ghy mobo fd el of Son. Toe new cera of sermon, wsion, nd the val image nerd toward he Begining of te races century ate when Ex ‘Sa apn enya pall seem oe ede ae a “Te complenty of the cave nd scl ele wabin which dhs com prctenane eorgnzaten of bath von snd fnowldge occured pots 2 tengo Sesion an testo. The Book frames the ior of ‘moder vial hough dco of peti st of mages andthe In ‘Ts nd sot that podsced them. hs wa, son Becomes ro Ten f son ator nd snot, rer then ofthe abacus, fans of Knowle, gn astens, and ideologies tha lod mach of the ‘Beare eae the bes Ducane regis havea ons, ‘Sen nail sence in history To understand how they shape oration ‘ic ard dams, Howeer ent oka he ways mw courses Ices wth sete canon ah pocorn. This prey tree the non Exopean wold, where wenera European hosp 04 ‘Gree moons of epmsentntion ssn, and uh were wold othe orca poled eaarl agri fbn the gees of taper ulead ‘heats who etd and ssommodted) the ale PRINCIPLES OF VISUAL ECONOMY ‘ike ther economies, yl ecnomy ees ea te levels fog Ton, Ero tee mist eat orien of production encompassing oth theta nd the technolo that produce ages Regi the P= {cto of inagey os eo te adds ad toa ees etn the Sretrone who made, cecolted, ond publited maps of the Andean ‘ori ns espe, ebook might well be approached a hstocal eh opaply oe illest whose words and pete shaped modern ag Tig of be Andes. Tike oc etogaphers ave een ete choosing the india seo werk wil preset tb Anes mage word Im maig thse sl Ts have een ged not by thee of dacovering yp repre late a ol exer fraps or inge-matere bs ae, by to undead Thu ee isn adage eonaittes a pret fviance wi sheermal bros ange of presentational psi ad daourses a bave {2 mothe constuction of the Andean nage word There and women ‘wom we wel met range from fous permet ech a re, um eld and Bufo to unl or ven—some mig piensa i. es such ashe athopolgt Arh Cher, he rt Juan Mas igi ven and testi phoopapers Pile td sia Caters Tg ‘weighed dill sory book, bth groups a les to play ix bing The vil dscouss sd economies ht urea inthe cou ofthe Ande urpesn encounter Aliough Humbols lish engine mee cnily seen by more people, gnc pvt photographs or the Cabrera sto prone ek wth quti—and perhaps peter sloguence tow te fle the val economy hs payed isthe moe ita nao ting, dene, snd oto ' stcond lee of ecnomic omnsation nvles the lation of pod cin thee images snd age bert, Hee the tecnologia spe of Production pas 4 determing te Daring the mintenth nd twentieth fentunes, wo tecoologs have ber of prs imporaner i preducag ss archive of mages ofthe Aden wo Up though the ely inte enn, Andean popes and plces were sem sot exh mene tng. Then, fom roughly the mi-runcent century on, photogtaphy aod lihogapy nerwened 2 the prefrred echnologs for epredocng rages othe Ades sd spel" Them fle: ofthis halogen. ‘ton wae speaciar eon of bah the qn ad the ace ‘of Andean images. Lthogaphs had cle song the reaey lied ‘mbe of people who cou allord to purchase engraving and books. Pt- gaps, however, were sus produced n eae deste, posta, ad afer {he peiecton of haltone pocsing inthe ery 1880s, popalt agains sd newpaper "Thi acon of cretion velap ih heh and na lel on wich sn ecomy of ion sna be eae the curl an daca tone ‘Bough which raphe imags are appated erp, and anigned tor teal set, and sesh wth ese becomes portant aaah twat ‘pectic mags meot Dt, te, bow ages secur vale Inthe Gomi Entopean valu ste, fr example, graphic images ae evaluated ine of ther elaionstip fo the rey they te-pesent_ coding cos elt di- ura, the oa of al inal eesetton ona the ap tate the lege edt erent The mage nae wy ven tren tty ‘orepresent ot eproduce nua ofan ogra or eal Wiha te eas ofthe donan elt dacourse, his terse anton of th mage ‘gh thevtore be thoght oss ws malue™ ‘When teat of as at of general economy of vision however, an age saa sla be conse terms oe exchange alu eee oe sas the graph images proce through diflrenttchneloges asumes an medne importance. Photography and phooengving, fr example, in ‘Mion so peducng su ako images an to tthocoges for the ‘technical and mass production of specie sor of mageabects. Tes ob Jets ae charceried nest place by ther eave ard, ponbi- Isgand sae The penis | photogephed, lor eae, could own pt (pee pst way they were no iyo hae ome png More ponan, thy could wert the photograph nea In her or pay ‘hom ary weed. They coal to reproduce tem, make then lage ot sal an pve them avy. Reads ofthe tec quly oe Ptr ‘nen, posesion of photographs confeed a special ats on tei One ‘When we conler ssh sacl ae of photographic objeto commode {becomes cesta he value of ager ot med to the wo hey ‘scr epetaons we (or consume) by inal viewers Ince, ites sre save hough the sacl proces af cumulation, poses fon eeolton, and xchange? ‘On sme lvl he exchange ale fay arcu nage ot imageobet sof coun sey rele to ts represctratonal content We nee ly thnk the very diferent valine plaed on family pean poser nth are Endo Shepp changes, both ccs se ase yet uth scuie ferent scal and asthe lus by vate theft hat one ‘nian the kena of people we know, whe te ober contains pctores role pues me know only sages ate aoa heute mpame to be made or cenaierng he two seams ovale spstely, cee ech bas somathng ter dle 5 ‘Sout the sta nt of megs One mayo appecaehow hs works so ‘Siu happens tour own sderznding of lmags when we pegs one ‘rth other of tse foe fein oar aay of ager. Ths fw ook 4 pomear interns oft repeerintonal conte ts poli and cal ingoanee wou appearto Bersted to wha does: des ote wsabout the potion place sbows-for example, Ua Pz If we Bink aboot the psa excange vale we hn send ofthe ways in which hs pire Ta ae chutes fn teltonehip to malo of eter pests of other acs andthe wen wich he et fe clin cones the ise, weve rou th to he mater, geopapic fof La Pat and os ‘er wed of pot images wth which el be archived ab compe ‘Asia epration ef empha mars te lertte on colonial epee satan These works tend to dese spect sts of mage ake i he ‘Soil ron ropean wold stem ol hee repreratenal fron t (ie ule The aa sep ioflen to denounce the exten to which inde ‘hen the woe rhc thi cotnt "ilps the eat td 0 ‘ory Its haugh ths proces of mistepeseaton ta the age hen ‘St constr a “agt ofthe clonal word forthe Europern cbse Ths pe ol ana sles om wo major problems Fn se cas lyce penton snd ts dite, mans vial posible ds {show (re vl plc eabon ee te teal Pt {Scans cir cnn ava he ge pone eee ‘ongiet so tote cadcng neon ug mes apes diferent viewers. se = J "Wis pbs ind moe els to aaa he plc of oul ingrooves te ey oe {to fs ed on wt hae Ga he age xg aoe ‘orth comet pec ot henge of ee pes of maps posed an aco ciapopic rey poppy” Mes tr eck {a Foxain or move gery prc concer oe tuking te pial finan fhe Coun ches cna fr tengo ormaling cola ete, to comping he sna Caer ofp enw es cn testo om tage sre ttc poo a ey fret of eros so he ‘yt which on and poet eset nthe cil on "Renonng he dean tage met ve ef eel wet the opal in (or ali) pec ue nd peo tags endothe enol rch ochange enralaon,td eon Che caanter prc iage ome arta see Bcice ‘ope tntcs wordt pons anne ba ortega ae ‘vette Anan wo, he aps we il cure cob {ru sd colecvcy Wc set ace wae Ar ‘Incr nny colored nso ee dma aap elem ehh ge wee wad tpn ft aye th boynd he ings Tiny ss emiorme, tote toca tn ondeamding of acl ee nd ate von wl he ‘ling miso nd et eins of Eaopmn and Noh ean tnpetoknn peng wed ts contcty teen impr acest soli epee como ep ny eatog oe Ann oe {ehhe ster conien facet wih Ser en wets o he pens of nae wr ajo the no European word em asin te cle nd ceaany tt of te Aadesn mage wo ‘Rothe gimal porsncuis cen wah endesndng be oa Caen ect eologs th ondeere edn pte pose ‘Whe nyc af oe Anern ay wot parse ee cf clnal eponaten ie ase bea taps win 2 oe ‘asl econoy of rn and en tebe the cone othe aor {hing dacure ce Moe cone Ig ee angen ot ‘oul ody and ce Pon, appscting mage nl os ‘berm cna oto, engeope ye we ch Taal ol ommodty chases f ch den ina sw pO ‘vis ped pops wnerondings casa aa, gi a. Second addin te consdrng wha we might think ofthe eno” ‘ole of age Ill at he particule was in which hasay and deste Cover it the production snd comtmplon of al age I gos this Snel code te somewhat secon Bs, ll ep, to Ts "e2 ‘omic tenm of lessre Pray. {conde non Earopean th ese, A (pon named Seep: aod he ov fed tempt toca Jase fom Feros coli cours the 17 edn, he eter which tot mentioned ‘nite Duce page, forms vga pat ofthe elaton Thee page (Fin cond edison pobised a 1778, bower, promotes the Ite as at et ete cnted “hn Acct ofthe Repear Uprising Cenc, Pea ‘The second edn alo ines» prevouly unpublished lees waten by ‘Moostear Gain des Odenas, 2 mutematcan who accompanied La Cot [Binneo Suth Amerie tn the lees, Gan deverbes the pss enon teed by wife a he teed fom Carnes o Manus 1 seach of her sand "The 1745 etn a inches ldo map of the Amazon ands rb tunes The 1770 edn ila, aon to the map which sews 38 + ontaplece anther feldout la lacing the opening page athe books pre crs las sbows 4 dorcel scee tnvlving med Ten, Bedaled Fis aod many spectton seated in» ards suroundng 8 cen Sins or sere gue 21). Two mumbered kes apps te lower comers ihc enguving Teor heel emai several fhe en wae: the see ngh provides mane or the hres snd mountains tha sv 1 ieee ie ene tn he Andes portion of La Condanie’s voyage As al ‘Soces hovee, hse toi do mere han name, Tee thy ree he Pl toto col sland forthe books comemporsy reader, uly fntiar seonopaphic conventions The fx convention wae the