Formula Sheet (1 of 2)

Ideal gas: Stirling and Ericsson cycles:

P1 v 1 P2 v 2 TL
P v = RT, = th,Stirling = th,Ericsson = th,Carnot =1
T1 T2 TH

For constant specific heats: Brayton cycle efficiency:

1
th,Brayton = 1 (k 1)/k
rp

Isentropic process (const. spec. heats): Pressure ratio:

✓ ◆k ✓ ◆(k P2
1 1)/k rp =
T2 v1 T2 P2 P1
= , =
T1 v2 T1 P1
Brayton efficiency with regen.:
✓ ◆
Isentropic process (var. spec. heats): T1 (k 1)/k)
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ th,regen = 1 (rp )
P2 Pr2 v2 vr2 T3
= , =
P1 s=const. Pr1 v1 s=const. vr1
Jet Propulsion cycle:

Pump work: F = ṁ (Vexit Vinlet )

wpump,in = v1 (P2 P1 ) Ẇp = F Vaircraf t = ṁ (Vexit Vinlet ) Vaircraf t
Carnot efficiency:
Propulsive power Ẇp
TL p = =
=1 Energy input rate Q̇in
th,Carnot
TH

Thermal efficiency: Diffuser/Nozzle:

wnet qout Vin2 V2
⌘th = =1 hin + = hout + out
qin qin 2 2

Otto cycle efficiency: Rankine cycle efficiency:

 wnet qout
1 cp th = =1
th,Otto = 1 k 1
k= qin qin
r cv
Compression ratio: Reversed Carnot cycle:
Vmax VBDC 1
r= = COPR,Carnot = TH
Vmin VT DC TL 1

Diesel cycle efficiency: 1

COPHP,Carnot = TL
 k 1 TH
1 rc 1
th,Diesel = 1 k 1
r k (rc 1) Refrigerators and Heat Pumps:

Cutoff ratio: qL h1 h4
COPR = =
Vafter combustion wnet,in h2 h1
rc =
Vbefore combustion qH h2 h3
COPHP = =
wnet,in h2 h1
 Formula Sheet (2 of 2)

Dalton’s law and Amagat’s law: Major losses:

k
X k
X ⇣ ⇥⌘
l V2 f= Re,
Pm = Pi (Tm , Vm ) Vm = Vi (Tm , Pm ) hL,major =f D
i=1 i=1
D 2g
Absolute/specific humidity: Minor losses:
mv 0.622Pv V2
= = hL,minor = KL
ma P Pv 2g
Relative humidity: Turbomachines:
mv Pv wshaf t = U1 V + U2 V
= = 1 2
mg Pg
Centrifugal pump:
Total enthalpy of air:
U22 U2 cot 2 Pf
h = h a + hg hideal = Q =
g 2⇥r2 b2 g Ẇshaf t
Mixture of two flows: p2 p1
Pf = Qha
ha ⇡
ṁa1 2 3 h2 h3
= =
ṁa2 3 1 h3 h1 Net positive suction head:
patm X pv
Combustion (steady flow system): NPSHA = z1 hL
X ⇣ o o
⌘ X ⇣ o o
⌘
Qout = N r hf + h h N p hf + h h
r p System characteristics:
Combustion (closed system): h a = z2 z1 + KQ2
X ⇣ o o
⌘ X ⇣ o o
⌘
Qin Wout = N p hf + h h Pv N r hf + h h Pv
p r
Turbomachines, dimensionless parameters:
gha Q Ẇshaf t ⇥gQha
Adiabatic flame temperature: CH = 2 2 CQ = C P = =
D D 3
⇣ o ⌘ ⇣ o ⌘ ⇥3 D5 Ẇshaf t
X o X o
N r hf + h h = N p hf + h h
r p Special pump scaling laws:
Entropy change of reacting systems: Q1 1 ha1 2
1 Ẇshaf t1 3
⇣ o ⌘ ⇣ o ⌘
= = = 1
X X Q2 ha2 2 3
Wrev = N r hf + h h
o
T0 s N p hf + h h
o
T0 s
2 2 Ẇshaf t2 2
r p
Q1 D3 ha1 D2 Ẇshaf t1 D15
Air: = 13 = 12 = 5
Q2 D2 ha2 D2 Ẇshaf t2 D2
1 kmol O2 + 3.76 kmol N2 = 4.76 kmol air
Pump, specific speed:
Energy equation for a pipe system: 1/2 p p
CQ Q (rpm) Q(gpm)
Ns = = Nsd =
p1 V12 p2 V22 3/4
CH (gha )
3/4
[ha (ft)]
3/4
+ + z1 + h a = + + z2 + h L
2g 2g
Turbine, specific speed:
3 2
[ water = 62.4 lb/ft , g = 32.2 ft/s ] q q
⇥ Ẇshaft / (rpm) Ẇshaft (bhp)
Dimensional analysis of pipe flow: Ns0 = 5/4
0
Nsd = 5/4
(gha ) [ha (ft)]
hL = hL,major + hL,minor
h i
2
Patm = 101.325 kPa, g = 9.81 m/s