RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

SLOT: E2+TE2
DIGITAL ASSIGNMENT-2
GROUP MEMBERS: NAYANA SAHA-15BEE0031
ABHISHEK DIXIT-15BEE0163
TONU KUMAR-15BEE0187
DEBABRATA SHIL-15BEE0042
SURAJ S KULKARNI-15BEE0048

TITLE: DIGITAL BLOOD PRESSURE MONITOR

BACKGROUND
“Arterial pressure is most commonly measured via a sphygmomanometer, which
historically used the height of a column of mercury to reflect the circulating
pressure. Blood pressure values are generally reported in millimetres of
mercury (mmHg), though aneroid and electronic devices do not contain mercury.
For each heartbeat, blood pressure varies between systolic and diastolic pressures.
Systolic pressure is peak pressure in the arteries, which occurs near the end of
the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are contracting. Diastolic pressure is
minimum pressure in the arteries, which occurs near the beginning of the cardiac
cycle when the ventricles are filled with blood. An example of normal measured
values for a resting, healthy adult human is 120 mmHg systolic and
80 mmHg diastolic”.

“The sphygmomanometer was invented by Samuel Siegfried Karl Ritter von

Basch in 1881. Scipione Riva-Rocci introduced a more easily used version in
1896. In 1901, pioneering neurosurgeon Dr. Harvey Cushing brought an example
of Riva-Rocci's device to the USA, modernized it and popularized it within the
medical community. Further improvement came in 1905 when Russian
physician Nikolai Korotkovincluded diastolic blood pressure measurement
following his discovery of Korotkoff sound”.
“A sphygmomanometer, also known as a blood pressure meter, blood pressure
monitor, or blood pressure gauge, is a device used to measure blood pressure,
composed of an inflatable cuff to collapse and then release the artery under the
cuff in a controlled manner, and a mercury or mechanical manometer to measure
the pressure. It is always used in conjunction with a means to determine at what
pressure blood flow is just starting, and at what pressure it is unimpeded. Manual
sphygmomanometers are used in conjunction with a stethoscope.
A sphygmomanometer consists of an inflatable cuff, a measuring unit
(the mercury manometer, or aneroid gauge), and a mechanism for inflation which
may be a manually operated bulb and valve or a pump operated electrically”.

“Digital meters employ oscillometric measurements and electronic calculations

rather than auscultation. They may use manual or automatic inflation, but both
types are electronic, easy to operate without training, and can be used in noisy
environments. They measure systolic and diastolic pressures by oscillometric
detection, employing either deformable membranes that are measured using
differential capacitance, or differential piezoresistance, and they include
a microprocessor. They accurately measure mean blood pressure and pulse rate,
while systolic and diastolic pressures are obtained less accurately than with
manual meters, and calibration is also a concern. Digital oscillometric monitors
may not be advisable for some patients, such as those suffering
from arteriosclerosis, arrhythmia, preeclampsia, pulsus alternans, and pulsus
paradoxus, as their calculations may not correct for these conditions and in these
cases, an analog sphygmomanometer is preferable when used by a trained person.
Digital instruments may use a cuff placed, in order of accuracy and inverse order
of portability and convenience, around the upper arm, the wrist, or a finger. The
oscillometric method of detection used gives blood pressure readings that differ
from those determined by auscultation, and vary according to many factors, such
as pulse pressure, heart rate and arterial stiffness, although some instruments are
claimed also to measure arterial stiffness, and some can detect irregular
heartbeats”.
Recent research
A New Cuffless Device for Measuring Blood Pressure: A
Real-Life Validation Study
Background
Cuffless blood pressure (BP) monitoring devices, based on pulse transit time, are
being developed as an easy-to-use, more convenient, fast, and relatively cheap
alternative to conventional BP measuring devices based on cuff occlusion.
Thereby they may provide a great alternative to BP self-measurement.

Objective

The goal of our study was to assess the performance of the cuffless BP monitor,
in a genuine setting. Moreover, we wanted to investigate whether the stance of
the volunteer and the situation of the gadget in respect to the heart level would
impact its results.Methods

Keywords
hypertension, cuffless blood pressure monitor, wearable device, cardiovascular
risk management, patient empowerment

Block diagram
Circuit diagram
OPERATION
“Pressure sensor The pressure transducer used is a piezo resistive pressure sensor
integrated on-chip which generates a changing output voltage proportional to the
applied pressure, with a measurement range from 0 to 50 kPa (0–7.3 PSI) with
high accuracy. This sensor has temperature compensation and offset calibration.
It is a monolithic silicon pressure sensor in which the “strain gauge”, the
diaphragm and the resistive network are integral parts of the same chip”.

“Applying pressure to the diaphragm results in a resistance change in the “strain

gauge”, which in turn causes a change in the output voltage in direct proportion
to the applied pressure”.

Preamplifier
“This stage is integrated basically by an amplifier with low gain, which can be
used in different configurations. An instrumentation amplifier or conventional
operational amplifiers in some amplifying configuration can be used; the output
voltage is referred to ground. The preamplifier has a low noise level in the output
signal and high common mode rejection ratio (RRMC). The output of this circuit
is applied as an input for two different circuits, one is a filter and the other is an
amplifier”.

Amplifier
“This amplifier receives the signal obtained from the previous stage and it is used
to provide high gain, in order to adapt the signal to the later stage (A/D converter)
to full scale. It also includes a zero adjustment. The signal is handled as a D.C.
signal”.

Analog to Digital Converter

“The A/D converter used is an 8 bit converter that provides 256 possible values.
The sensor used can measure up to 377 mmHg; but the pressure to measure does
not exceed 256 mmHg, then the gain of the amplifier was adjusted so that 1
mmHg coincides with each one of the possible values of the converter. The value
obtained from A/D converter in binary code is applied to the digital stage (logical
CPLD)”.

Filter
“ Low-pass filters: The objective of this filter is to eliminate the noise due to high
frequencies contained in the signal coming from the preamplifier. The cutoff
frequency for this filter is 100 Hz and is composed by two second order stages
connected in cascade”.

Amplifier for oscillometric signal

“Since the signal from the preamplifier is very small, first the D.C. component of
the signal is removed and then it is amplified with a high gain (A=~1000) circuit,
and then used as input for two comparators in the following stage”.

Comparator
“This stage is composed by two different comparators. The first comparator
detects when the oscillometric signal appears at its maximum (bigger than a
preset value); the second comparador detects when the oscillometric signal is
smaller than a preset value. In both cases the comparator changes its output
voltage and this change is used to trigger the control logic, located in the block
called “logic CPLD”.

Logic CPLD
“This block constitutes the digital part of the instrument it is implanted in a
Complex Programmable Logic Device EPM7128SLC84-15 of Altera family. At
the same time this is composed of several blocks, below a description of the
operation of the CPLD”.

“The control logic receives the trigger signals Disp1 and Disp2 which indicate if
the Register1 or the Register2 will be updated with the 8 bits input digitized data
coming from the analog to digital converter. The 8 bits signals from registers are
received by a multiplexer (controlled by control logic) that decide which of the
two 8 bits data is sent to the binary-BCD converter. The binary converter converts
8 bits data to BCD format and it stores them in three internal registers of four bits
each one, located in this block. The control logic indicates by means of a
multiplexer located at the output of the binary-BCD converter which register will
be present to the output. The BCD to 7 segments decoder Digital blood pressure
monitor, R. Fuentes & M. A. Bañuelos, 224-229 228 Vol. 2 No. 3 December 2004
transforms the output of the previous block to 7 segments display; this decoder is
shared using a multiplexer, controlled by control logic”.

Display
“The output of the BCD to 7 segments decoder is sent to a luminous display to
show the data of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, in
alternative way controlled by the control logic”.

RESULTS
“We have built a first prototype of a digital blood pressure monitor, for
measuring the systolic blood pressure, and the diastolic blood pressure. This is a
semiautomatic meter; the pressure cuff for the arm is inflated manually, by means
of a rubber pear. The prototype is supplied with AC current (127Vac) and it has
a luminous display (LEDs). The transducer used is a piezoresistive pressure
sensor. The measure is carried out based on the oscillometric method. The digital
part of the design was implanted in a CPLD device (EPM7128SLC84-15), this is
why the instrument is less expensive than if we use conventional TTL circuits.
Although good results were obtained, further improvements to the prototype will
include a microprocessor to have greater versatility of functions and storage”.
SIMULATIONS:
ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATIC DIGITAL SPHYGMOMANOMETERS:

• This device is very compact and portable.

• Operation and maintenance is extremely easy and one of the most satisfactory and preferred device
for personal monitoring at home.
• Human error is minimum since most of the critical operations are done automatically during the
recording process.

DISADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATIC DIGITAL SPHYGMOMANOMETERS:

• Its is very delicate. We should handle it very carefully

• Repairing is complex and in most cases the device has to be serviced by the manufacture.
REFERENCES:

 www.chp.gov.hk

 Primary Care Office website www.pco.gov.hk

 Central Health Education Unit website

 www.cheu.gov.hk

 http://amcath.ccadet.unam.mx

 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

 www.medicwiz.com