Assignment 4: BLOOD GROUP

Course Name: PUBLIC HEALTH 101 LAB

Submitted By:
Name: Kalyan Chakroborty
ID: 1621457011
Section: PBH 101 LAB 4

Submitted To: Dr. Shaikh Abdus Salam

  What is Blood?
Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients
and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.

 ABO SYSTEM
The ABO blood group system is used to denote the presence of one, both, or neither of the A and B
antigens on erythrocytes. In human blood transfusions it is the most important of the 35 different blood
type (or group) classification systems currently recognized. A very rare (in modern medicine) mismatch
in this, or any other serotype, can cause a serious, potentially fatal, adverse reaction after a transfusion,
or a contra-indicated immune response to an organ transplant.The associated anti-A and anti-B
antibodies are usually IgM antibodies, which are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to
environmental substances, such as food, bacteria, and viruses. ABO blood types are also present in some
other animals, for example rodents and apes, such as chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas.

 Rh SYSTEM
Rh derives from rhesus and the terms rhesus blood group system, rhesus factor, rhesus positive and
rhesus negative are also used. An individual either has, or does not have, the "Rh factor" on the surface
of their red blood cells. This term strictly refers only to the most immunogenic D antigen of the Rh blood
group system, or the Rh− blood group system. The status is usually indicated by Rh positive (Rh+ does
have the D antigen) or Rh negative (Rh− does not have the D antigen) suffix to the ABO blood type.
However, other antigens of this blood group system are also clinically relevant. These antigens are listed
separately (see below: Rh nomenclature). In contrast to the ABO blood group, immunization against Rh
can generally only occur through blood transfusion or placental exposure during pregnancy in women.

 Procedure of Blood Grouping

Materials Required:

 Monoclonal Antibodies ( Anti-A, B and D)

 Blood Lancet
 Alcohol swabs
  Tooth picks
 Sterile cotton balls
 Clean glass slide
 Ice tray
 Biohazard disposal container

Procedure:

 Set the table with all the materials required. Remember to place the Monoclonal Antibody
(Mab) kit in an Ice tray.
 Open an Alcohol swab, and rub it at the area from where the blood will be sampled (finger tip).
(Discard the swab)
 Open the Lancet cover, put pressure at the tip of the finger from where blood will be sampled
(maintain it). Prick the finger tip with the opened Lancet.(Discard the Lancet)
 As blood starts oozing out, make 1 drop fall on the three depressions of the glass slide. (in
clinical setup, there will be a fourth well used as a control).
 Place a cotton ball at the site where it was pricked. Using the thumb, put pressure on the area to
stop blood flow.
 Take the Anti-A (blue) bottle, resuspend the content and use the dropper to place a drop of the
Mab in the 1st spot. Place the bottle back in ice.
 Take the Anti-B (yellow) bottle, resuspend the content and use the dropper to place a drop of
the Mab in the 2nd spot. Place the bottle back in ice.
 Take the Anti-D (colorless) bottle, resuspend the content and use the dropper to place a drop of
the Mab in the 3rd spot. Place the bottle back in ice.
 Take a tooth pick and mix the content in each well. Discard the tooth pick after using in one well
(take a new one for the next well).
 After mixing, wait for a while to observe the result.

 IMPORTANCE OF KNOWING BLOOD GROUP

Medical Emergencies – Doctors need to know what blood type you have in order to prevent the risk
of giving you an incompatible blood type during surgery or for another medical need. Getting an
incompatible blood type can cause your blood cells to clump, which can be life-threatening. In
almost all cases, hospitals will run a blood test first. In the case of an emergency, a blood transfusion
of the universal donor blood type, O-negative, may be done. However, for some circumstances, the
exact blood type may be needed for transfusion. It’s always good to be able to tell them what your
blood type is, even if they will test it to be sure.
Donating – There is a constant need for blood donations. Sometimes certain blood types will be
called out to the public to donate if possible due to an emergency or low supply. It’s important to
know your blood type so you can donate for that particular need! People with type O-negative are
universal blood donors, meaning they can give blood to any blood type. Whether you’re O-negative
or another blood type, each is needed. Also, having a blood test done is the first step to becoming a
bone marrow donor, which could save someone’s life as well.

Improving Your Diet and Workout – Some believe eating a diet based on your blood type could
make you healthier. There’s actually a diet called the Blood Type Diet. It is based on the claim that
foods you eat react with your blood type. For example, type O blood is suggested to have a high-
protein diet with lean meats and light on grains. Type A is encouraged to eat meat-free and focus on
fruits, vegetables, and beans. Studies have not been conducted to confirm whether or not this diet
has had a huge impact on one’s health, but there are many people who believe it does, particularly
with weight loss and energy boosting!