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Table of Contents

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………….iv
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………v
LIST OF TABLES…...……………………………………………………………………….vii
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Revit ................................................................................................................................ 3

2. AIM AND OBJECTIVES...................................................................................................... 4

2.1 Aim .................................................................................................................................. 4

2.2 Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 4

2.3 Methodology.................................................................................................................... 4

3. PROJECT DETAILS ............................................................................................................. 5

3.1 Building details ................................................................................................................ 5

3.2 Software details ............................................................................................................... 5

4. ARCHITECTURAL MODELING ........................................................................................ 7

4.1 Walls ................................................................................................................................ 7

4.1.1 About Walls ............................................................................................................. 7

4.1.2 Place a Wall.............................................................................................................. 7

4.1.3 Wall Joints .............................................................................................................. 10

4.1.4 Wall Sweeps ........................................................................................................... 10

4.1.6 Edit a Wall Profile. ................................................................................................. 12

4.2 Doors ............................................................................................................................. 14

4.2.1 About Doors ........................................................................................................... 14

4.2.2 Place a Door ........................................................................................................... 15

4.2.3 Changing of Door Orientation............................................................................... 16

4.3 Windows ........................................................................................................................ 17

4.3.1 About Windows ..................................................................................................... 17

4.3.2 Place a Window...................................................................................................... 18

4.3.3 Changing of Window Orientation .......................................................................... 19

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4.4 Components ................................................................................................................... 20

4.4.1 Place a Component ................................................................................................. 20

4.5 Architectural Columns ................................................................................................... 22

4.5.1 About Architectural Columns ................................................................................ 23

4.5.2 Add a Column ........................................................................................................ 24

4.6 Beams ............................................................................................................................ 25

4.6.1 About Placing of Beams ......................................................................................... 26

4.7 Roofs.............................................................................................................................. 27

4.7.1 About Roofs ........................................................................................................... 27

4.7.2 Roof by footprint .................................................................................................... 28

4.8 Ceilings .......................................................................................................................... 29

4.8.1 About Ceilings ....................................................................................................... 29

4.8.2 Create a Ceiling ...................................................................................................... 30

4.9 Floors ............................................................................................................................. 31

4.9.1 About Floors........................................................................................................... 31

4.9.2 Create a Floor ......................................................................................................... 31

4.10 Stair by Component ..................................................................................................... 32

4.10.1 About Stair by Component ................................................................................... 32

4.10.2 Stair Run Components ......................................................................................... 33

4.10.3 Select the Run Component Tool and Specify Options ......................................... 33

4.11 Stair by Sketch ............................................................................................................. 36

4.11.1 About Stair by Sketch .......................................................................................... 36

4.11.2 Create Stairs by Sketching a Run ......................................................................... 37

4.12 Openings ...................................................................................................................... 38

4.12.1 About Openings ................................................................................................... 39

4.12.2 Cut a Shaft Opening ............................................................................................. 39

4.13 Revit Families .............................................................................................................. 40

4.13.1 About Families ..................................................................................................... 40

4.13.2 Load Families ....................................................................................................... 41

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 4.13.3 Use Families in the Project................................................................................... 41

5. QUANTITIES ESTIMATION ............................................................................................ 44

5.1 Material Takeoff quantities ........................................................................................... 44

5.2 Creating Doors, Windows & Quantities ........................................................................ 44

5.3 Export a Schedule .......................................................................................................... 46

6. MANUAL CALCULATIONS ............................................................................................ 47

6.1 Centre Line Method ....................................................................................................... 47

6.2 Bar Bending Schedule ................................................................................................... 48

7. COMPARISION OF RESULTS............................................................................................ 4

8. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 5

9. REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 6

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 ABSTRACT
Building information modeling (BIM) is a process involving the generation and
management of digital representations of physical and functional characteristics of places.

Revit is building information modeling software for architects, structural engineers,

designers and contractors. It allows users to design a building structure and its components
in 3D. Revit is a 4D BIM capable with tools to plan and track various stages in the building's
lifecycle, from concept to construction and later demolition.

Revit will bring the realistic views of building and it is very easy to estimating and
costing using Revit. And in this project, we are taking a residential building for G+5 floors
and we are going to find the quantities of material required. After that the manual calculations
will be done. And manual calculations will be compared with Revit calculations.

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1: Building plan of a single flat……………………………………………………..5
Figure 3.2: Total building plan…………………………………………………………….....6
Figure 4.1: Placing of walls in the plan……………………………………………………....8
Figure 4.2: Properties of the wall in the plan …………………………………………….….9
Figure 4.3: Wall joints after placing………………………………………………………….10
Figure 4.4: Wall joints after placing with desired properties ………………………………..10
Figure 4.5: Adding sweep to the wall ……………………………………………….….……12
Figure 4.6: Editing the wall placed in the plan ………………………………………............13
Figure 4.7: Wall modification ………………………………………………………………..13
Figure 4.8: After modification of the wall……………………………………………...........14
Figure 4.9: Placing of the doors in the wall…………………………………………………..15
Figure 4.10: Properties of door in the plan …………………………………………………..16
Figure 4.11: Orientation of door direction ……………………………………………...........16
Figure 4.12: Placing the window in the wall…………………………………………...........17
Figure 4.13: After placing the window ………………………………………......................18
Figure 4.14: Orientation of window direction………………………………………………..19
Figure 4.15: Placing of doors by components ………………………………………............19
Figure 4.16: Properties of interior components in the plan ………………………...….…….20
Figure 4.17: Placing of interior components in the plan ……………………………………. 21
Figure 4.18: Placing of structural columns by using the column icon ……………………….22
Figure 4.19: Placing of architectural columns in the plan …………………………………...22
Figure 4.20: After placing of columns in the plan …………………………………………...23
Figure 4.21: Adding the beams of required size……………………………………………..24
Figure 4.22: Placing of beams in the plan……………………………………………………24
Figure 4.23: Properties of beams in the plan…………………………………………………25
Figure 4.24: After placing of beams. ………………………………………………………..26
Figure 4.25: Creating of roof by footprint……………………………………………………27
Figure 4.26: Placing the flat slope to the roof………………………………………………..28
Figure 4.27: After creating the roof. …………………………………………………………28
Figure 4.28: creating of ceiling to the building………………………………………………29
Figure 4.29: Icons for creating the ceiling……………………………………………………30
Figure 4.30: Creating of floor to the building…………………………………………..........31
Figure 4.31: Creating of riser to the staircase ……………………………………………….33
Figure 4.32: Properties of the stair case………………………………………………………34
Figure 4.33: After placing the staircase in the plan ………………………………………….34

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Figure 4.34: Stair case by structure…………………………………………………………...35
Figure 4.35: Creating of riser ………………………………………………………………...36
Figure 4.36: After creating the riser ………………………….………………………………36
Figure 4.37: Creating an opening to the floors ………………………………………………39
Figure 4.38: Loading the families ……………………………………………………………40
Figure 4.39: Final modeling of the G+5 residential building ………………………...……...41
Figure 4.40: Final modeling of the single flat including furniture…………………………...42
Figure 6.1: Standard hook…………………………………………………………………….47
Figure 6.2: Bent-up bar.……………………………………………………………………....48

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table no 6.1: Notation of angle with depth D………………………………………….48
Table no 6.2: Bar shapes with length…………………………………………………..49
Table no 6.3: Detailed estimation by manual calculations…………………………….50
Table no 6.4: Abstract estimation by manual calculations…………………………….53
Table no 6.5: Bar bending schedule by manual calculations………………………….55
Table no 7.1: Comparison of results of both manual and software…………………...60

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 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Building Information Modeling

Over last 20 years information technology has revolutionized the design and
production of movies, music, airplanes and, machinery. Architects and engineers are now
applying similar tools to building design. The most sophisticated of these tools are delivering
continuous and immediate feedback on far greater range of characteristics than conventional
design tools. Materials quantity and properties, energy performance, lighting quality, site
disturbance and what-if comparisons between new construction and renovation are some
types of information that are easily available from these tools. This approach to building
design is so different from using conventional CAD software that the industry has a new
name for it: Building Information Modeling (BIM). BIM is an integrated process which is
used to facilitate the exchange of design and construction information to project participants.
BIM models can be extended to store energy performance data such as power consumption,
temperature, CO2 emissions, occupancy and humidity. Furthermore, the adoption of the
sustainable guidelines such as LEED by federal, state and local governments calls for more
comprehensive BIM models describing environmental performance such as indoor air quality,
water consumption, solid and hazardous waste (Moakher & Dr S.S Pimplikar, 2012).

BIM has risen to prominence out of a desire to streamline the building design and
documentation process, to simplify construction management, and to provide the owner with
inherently better capabilities for ongoing facilities management during building occupancy.
The initial benefits of BIM were seen through the lens of economics: by making building
design, construction, and maintenance more efficient, we can ultimately deliver a better
project value at a lower construction cost. On the other hand, ―Sustainable Design has
become another buzz word in the construction industry. It has emerged out of global concern
for the state of our natural environment. As we add more buildings to our collective built
landscapes, sustainable thinking is needed to meet the future challenges of land use, energy
consumption and availability of material resources for building construction. Although BIM
and Sustainable Design have emerged from somewhat different underlying market factors,
they share a significant common thread: the success of both endeavors depends heavily on a
front loaded, deeply integrated building design philosophy that aims to include all team
players from the very beginning of a project.

Applying BIM for sustainability can be a great advantage. For energy analysis the
model can be imported into programs such as Ecotect and Dayism to determine the efficiency
of the building. This study has two major purposes i.e. to investigate and demonstrate the role

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of Building Information Modeling in passive solar design of sustainable buildings and
provide an overview of how purpose-built BIM solutions and integrated analysis tools can
help to assess building performance.

The basic benefits of a BIM-based methodology are simple. As stated before, a 2D

drawing of a building is merely a representation of the final, built form abstracted into plans,
sections, elevations, and sometimes perspective or axonometric views. BIM allows a 3D
simulation of the building and its components. This simulation goes beyond demonstrating
how different building assemblies can be combined in the project. It can predict collisions,
show environmental variables on different building designs, and calculate material and time
quantities.

By being able to virtually construct the building before physical construction begins
on site, BIM adds a level of accuracy to both building quantities and quality that supersedes
historic processes of design and documentation. Building materials and seven environmental
variables can be demonstrated in real time rather than manually estimated. These benefits add
a level of efficiency to a BIM project. By simply drawing building elements only once in the
project in line of a drawing plan, then projecting elevation, then section, we can begin to
capture time and focus that additional time on other design issues.

Benefit of BIM beyond documentation BIM was originally conceptualized as a way

of drawing it once to speed the design documentation process. Since its inception by the
design and building industry, there has been a host of other benefits derived from a BIM
model. All of these additional benefits are primarily due to BIM‘s ability to virtually realize
the building through all of the stages of the design process in the form of a database. This
allows us to simply view the database in different ways to gain different pictures of the
building. These views can take the form of plans, elevations, sections, or schedules.
Everything added to the building database can also be counted and quantified. By leveraging
this method of reporting information, we can visualize the same project in a variety of ways to
save time in communicating design information. These benefits extend from conceptual
design and documentation, through construction into building occupancy. As the use of BIM
gains momentum, more and more of these ideas are becoming realized and able to be easily
integrated into the design and construction process. Let‘s look at some of these advantages
and how they can affect the final building.

As all of the drawings in a BIM model are placed within the single, integrated
database or model, document coordination becomes relatively automatic. Because BIM is a
database structure, after views are added to sheets in a drawing set, the references are
instantly coordinated. As buildings become increasingly complex, the number of sheets in a

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set of construction documents continues to grow. Being able to automatically coordinate all of
that information is no small feat and can be time consuming to do it manually. By integrating
consultant information into the architectural drawings, we can derive additional benefits.
Since the building is modeled in three dimensions, we can easily overlay architectural,
structural, and mechanical models and check for interferences and conflicts within the
building. Many BIM packages can also automate this process and provide reports of
intersecting building components.

1.2 Revit

Revit is a design and documentation platform that supports the design, drawings, and
quantities required for building information modeling (BIM). BIM delivers information about
project design, scope, quantities, and phases.
In the Revit model, every drawing sheet (2D and 3D view) and quantities is a
presentation of information from the same virtual building model. As you work on the
building model, Revit collects information about the building project and coordinates this
information across all other representations of the project. The Revit parametric change
engine automatically coordinates changes made anywhere in model views, drawing sheets,
quantities, sections, and plans.

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 2. AIM AND OBJECTIVES
2.1 Aim

Modeling and estimating the quantities of a residential building using Revit

architecture and comparing the obtained quantities with the manual calculations.

2.2 Objectives

The objectives of the present study are

1) To prepare a plan for the residential building for G+5 floors based on the
standards from different codes.
2) After the completion of plan, modeling has to be done in REVIT software.
3) After the completion of modeling, quantities have to be estimated in the
REVIT Software.
4) Manual calculations have to be done to estimate the quantities for the
residential buildings.
5) Comparing the quantities obtained by the manual calculations with the
quantities obtained from REVIT.

2.3 Methodology

The methodology for the project is

1) The first step of this project is preparation of a plan and drafting the same
using AUTOCAD software.
2) Importing the plan from the AUTOCAD to the REVIT Architecture.
3) For the plan imported into REVIT, modeling has to be done by adding walls,
columns, slabs, beams and other components of the building.
4) Estimating the quantities required using “Materials Take off” option in
REVIT software for all the components of the buildings.
5) Calculation of quantities required using center line method and comparing the
results obtained.

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 3. PROJECT DETAILS
3.1 Building details

A complete BIM Model is created in Autodesk‘s Revit Architecture software as

shown. The model is created from the obtained building drawings. In BIM model, building
materials and environmental variables can be demonstrated in real time rather than manual
estimation, which enhances the accuracy of simulation.

Figure 3.1: Building plan of a single flat

3.2 Software details

Autodesk Revit Architecture is building information modeling software for architects,

structural engineers, MEP engineers, designers and contractors. It allows users to design a
building structure and its components in 3D, annotate the model with 2D drafting elements
and access building information from the building model's database. Revit is 4D BIM capable
with tools to plan and track various stages in the building's lifecycle, from concept to
construction and later demolition.

The Revit work environment allows users to manipulate whole building or assemblies
(in the project environment) or individual 3D shapes (in the family editor environment).
Modeling tools can be used with pre-made solid objects or imported geometric models.
However, Revit is not a NURBS modeller and also lacks the ability to manipulate an object's

5
individual polygons except on some specific object types such as roofs, slabs and terrain or in
the massing environment.

An experienced user can create realistic and accurate families ranging from furniture
to lighting fixtures, as well as import existing models from other programs. Revit families can
be created as parametric models with dimensions and properties. This lets users modify a
given component by changing predefined parameters such as height, width or number in the
case of an array. In this way a family defines a geometry which is controlled by parameters,
each combination of parameters can be saved as a type, and each occurrence (instance in
Revit) of a type can also contain further variations. For example, a swing door may be a
Family.

Figure 3.2: Total building plan

6
 4. ARCHITECTURAL MODELING
4.1Walls
Use Wall tool to create a non-bearing wall or a structural wall in the building model.
Structural walls: Click (Wall: Structural) on the

 Architect tab Build panel Wall drop-down

 Structure tab Structure panel Wall drop-down

4.1.1 About Walls

Like other basic elements in a building model, walls are instances of predefined
system family types, which represent standard varieties of wall function, composition and
thickness.
You can customize these characteristics by modifying wall type properties to add or
remove layers, divide them into regions and change their thickness or assigned material. You
can add walls to a building model by clicking the Wall tool, selecting the desired wall type
and placing instances of that type in a plan view or 3D view.
To place an instance, you select one of the draw tools on the ribbon and either
sketch the linear extents of the wall in the drawing area, or define them by picking an existing
line, edge, or face.
The position of the wall relative to the path you sketch or the existing element you
select is determined by the value of one of the wall’s instance properties: Location Line. After
you place a wall in the drawing, you can add sweeps or reveals, edit the wall’s profile and
insert hosted components such as doors and windows.
4.1.2 Place a Wall
Add one or more instances of a specific type of architectural wall to the building
model. The process of creating a structural wall is similar.

1. Open a floor plan view or a 3D view.

2. Click Architecture tab Build panel Wall drop-down (Wall: Architectural).

7
 Figure 4.1: Placing of walls in the plan

3. If you want to place a wall type other than the one displayed in the Type Selector,
select a different type from the drop-down.

We can use the bottom part of the Properties palette to modify some of the instance
properties for the selected wall type before you start placing instances.

4. On the Options bar, specify the following:

 Level: (3D views only) select a level for the wall’s base constraint. You can choose
a non-storey level. See Levels.
 Height: Select a level for the wall’s top constraint or enter a value for the default
setting of Unconnected. See Height/Depth of Walls.
 Location Line: Select which vertical plane of the wall you want to align with the
cursor as you draw or with the line or face you will select in the drawing area. For
example, see about the Wall Location Line.
 Chain: Select this option to draw a series of wall segments connected at endpoints.
 Offset: Optionally enter a distance to specify how far the wall’s location line will be
offset from the cursor position or from a selected line or face (as described in the
next step).
 Join Status: Select Allow to automatically creating a butt joint (default) where walls
intersect. Select Disallow to prevent walls from joining when they meet. Allow is
selected by default each time you open the software, but your last-selected option is

8
 maintained during the current session. You can change the join status of individual
walls later, if desired. See Wall Joins.

5. On the Draw panel, select a draw tool to place the wall using one of the following methods:

 Draw the wall: Use the default Line tool to place a straight wall segment by
specifying both a start point and an endpoint in the drawing. Alternatively, you can
specify the start point, move the cursor in the desired direction, and then enter a
value for the wall length.

Other tools on the Draw panel let you sketch rectangular, polygonal, circular or
arced layouts. For detailed descriptions of these tools, see Sketching Elements.

As you are drawing a wall with any of these tools, you can press the Spacebar to
flip the interior/exterior orientation of the wall in relation to its location line.
 Place the wall along an existing line: Use the Pick Lines tool to place wall
segments along lines you select in the drawing. The lines can be model lines,
reference planes or edges of elements such as roofs, curtain panels and other walls.
Tip: To place walls simultaneously on an entire chain of lines, move the cursor over
a line segment, press Tab to highlight them all, and then click.
 Place the wall on an existing face: Use the Pick Faces tool to place a wall on a
massing face or a generic model face that you select in the drawing. See Creating
Walls from Mass Faces.

Figure 4.2: Properties of wall in the plan

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 Tip: To place walls simultaneously on all vertical faces on the mass or generic model,
move the cursor over one of faces, press Tab to highlight them all, and then click.
5. To exit the Wall tool, click Modify.
4.1.3 Wall Joins

When walls intersect, Revit creates a butt joint by default and cleans up the display in
plan view, removing visible edges between the joined walls and their corresponding
component layers.

You can change how the joint displays in a plan view by selecting a join option other
than Butt (Miter or Square-off) or by specifying a different order in which the walls butt up or
square off against one another.
Butt joint with and without cleanup at coarse level of detail

Figure 4.3: Wall joints after placing

Figure 4.4: Wall joints after placing with desired properties

Butt joint with and without cleanup at fine level of detail

You can also specify whether the join cleans up, does not cleans up or cleans up
according to the default setting for the view.

4.1.4 Wall Sweeps

Use the Sweep tool to add a baseboard, crown molding or other type of decorative
horizontal or vertical projection to a wall. You can add a wall sweep to a wall from a 3D or
elevation view.

10
 To add a sweep for all walls of a type, modify the wall structure in the wall’s type
properties. You can quantities wall sweeps. Integral wall sweeps, which are part of the wall
type definition, cannot be quantities independently.

4.1.5 Add a Wall Sweep

Use the Sweep tool to add a baseboard, crown molding or other type of decorative
horizontal or vertical projection to a wall.

1. Open a 3D or elevation view containing the wall to which you want to add the sweep.
2. Click Architecture tab Build panel Wall drop-down (Wall: Sweep).
3. In the Type Selector, select the desired type of wall sweep.
4. Click Modify | Place Wall Sweep Placement panel, and select the orientation of the
wall sweep: Horizontal or Vertical.
5. Place the cursor over the wall to highlight the wall sweep location. Click to place the
wall sweep.
6. Add the wall sweep to adjacent walls, if needed.

Revit preselects the wall sweep location on each adjacent wall. If you are in a
3D view, you can add a wall sweep to all exterior walls by using the View Cube to
rotate the view.

7. To start a wall sweep in a different location, click Modify | Place Wall Sweep tab
Placement panel Wall Sweep Restart. Move the cursor to the desired location
on the wall, and click to place the wall sweep.
8. To finish placing wall sweeps, click Modify.

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 Figure 4.5: Adding sweep to the wall

4.1.6 Edit a Wall Profile

In most cases, when you place a straight wall, it has a rectangular profile when
viewed in elevations parallel to its length. If your design calls for a different shape of profile,
or for openings in the wall, you can edit the wall’s elevation profile in a section view or an
elevation view.

Design with non-rectangular walls and cut openings

You cannot edit the elevation profile of an arc wall. To place rectangular openings in
an arc wall, use the Wall Opening tool.

To edit the profile of a wall

1. In the drawing area, select the wall, and click Modify | Walls tab Mode panel
Edit Profile.
2. If the active view is a plan view, the Go to View dialog displays, prompting you to
select an appropriate elevation or section view.

For example, for a north wall, you could select either the North or South elevation
view. When an appropriate view is open, the profile of the wall displays in magenta
model lines, as shown.

12
 Figure 4.6: Editing the wall placed in the plan

3. Use the tools on the Modify and Draw panels to edit the profile as needed.
 Delete the lines and then sketch a completely different shape.
 Split the existing lines and add arcs.
 Draw openings or holes.

Figure 4.7: Wall modification

4. As you move and edit the rectangle, datum planes appear to indicate the original
shape and size of the wall when you entered sketch mode. If the sketched lines snap
to the datum planes, the endpoints of the lines automatically align to the planes,
unless you explicitly unlock them. If you unlock the sketched lines, you can modify
them independently of the datum planes. If you exit sketch mode with the sketched
lines still aligned, then as you move a datum handle, the sketched lines move with it.

13
 Figure 4.8: After modification of the wall

5. Sketch lines unlocked.

6. When you are finished, click Finish Edit Mode.

You want to restore an edited wall to its original shape, select it, and click Modify | Walls
tab Mode panel Reset Profile.

4.2 Doors

Use the Doors tool to place a door in a wall. Select a door type from the Type Selector.

 Architecture tab Build panel (Door).

4.2.1 About Doors

Doors are hosted components that you can add to any type of wall. Doors can be
added in plan, section, elevation, or 3D views.

You select the type of door to add, and then specify its location on the wall. Revit
automatically cuts the opening and places the door.

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4.2.2 Place a Door
Use the Door tool to place doors in walls of the building model. An opening is
automatically cut into the wall to accommodate the door.

Figure 4.9: Placing of door in the wall

1. Open a plan, section, elevation, or 3D view.

2. Click Architecture tab Build panel (Door).
3. If you want to place a door type other than the one displayed in the Type Selector,
select a different type from the drop-down.

Note: To load additional door types from the Revit library, click Place Door tab
Mode panel Load Family, navigate to the Doors folder, and open the desired family
file.

4. If you want to tag doors automatically as you place them, click Modify | Place Door
tab Tag panel Tag on Placement. Then specify the following tagging options
on the Options Bar.
5. Move the cursor over a wall to display a preview image of the door.

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 6. When placing the door in plan view, press the Spacebar to flip the door hand from left
to right. To flip the door facing (make it swing in or out), move the cursor closer to
the inner or outer wall edge.
7. By default, the temporary dimensions indicate the distances from the door centerline
to the centerlines of the nearest perpendicular walls. To change these settings, see
Temporary Dimension Settings.
8. When the preview image is at the desired location on the wall, click to place the door.
4.2.3 Change the Orientation of a Door
You can change a door’s hinge side (hand) or swing (facing).

1. In a plan view, select the door.

2. Right-click, and click the desired option.

Figure 4.10: Properties of door in the plan

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 Figure 4.11: Orientation of door direction

4.3 Windows

Use the Windows tool to place windows in a wall or skylights in a roof. Select a window
type from the Type Selector.

 Architecture tab Build panel (Window)

4.3.1 About Windows

Windows are hosted components that you can add to any type of wall (or to an in-
place roof, in the case of a skylight). Windows can be added in plan, section, elevation, or 3D
views.

You select the type of window to add, and then specify its location on the host
element. Revit automatically cuts the opening and places the window.

17
 Figure 4.12: Placing of window in the wall

4.3.2 Place a Window

You can add a window to any kind of wall or add a skylight to an in-place roof.

To add a window to a curtain wall panel, you must first change the panel to a wall.

1. Open a plan, elevation, section, or 3D view.

2. Click Architecture tab Build panel (Window).
3. If you want to place a window type other than the one displayed in the Type Selector,
select a different type from the drop-down.
4. If you want to tag windows automatically as you place them, click Modify | Place
Window tab Tag panel Tag on Placement. Then specify the following tagging
options on the Options Bar.
5. Move the cursor over a wall to display a preview image of the window. By default,
the temporary dimensions indicate the distances from the window centerline to the
centerlines of nearest perpendicular walls. To change these settings.

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 6. When the preview image is at the desired location on the wall, click to place the
window.

Figure 4.13: After placing the window

4.3.3 Change the Window Orientation

You can change a window’s horizontal orientation (hand) or vertical orientation (facing).

1. In a plan view, select the window.

2. Right-click, and click the desired option.
3. Alternatively, you can click either of the corresponding flip controls (Flip the instance
hand or Flip the instance facing) that display in the drawing when a window is
selected.

Figure 4.14: Orientation of window direction

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4.4 Components

Components are used to model building elements that are usually delivered and installed
on site, such as furniture and plumbing fixtures.

 Architecture tab Build panel (Place a Component).

 Structure tab Model panel Component drop-down (Place a Component).
 Systems tab Model panel Component drop-down (Place a Component).
 Use the Type Selector to choose the desired component, or load a component family
into the project.

Figure 4.15: Placing of door by components

Revit provides many pre-defined components. You can create additional components
using the Family Editor.
4.4.1 Place a Component
You can to place freestanding components in the building model.
1. Open a project view appropriate for the type of component you want to place.
2. On the ribbon, click one of the following:
o Architecture tab Build panel (Place a Component)
o Structure tab Model panel Component drop-down (Place a
Component)
o Systems tab Model panel Component drop-down (Place a
Component)

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3. In the Type Selector at the top of the Properties palette, select the desired
component type.

Figure 4.16: Properties of interior components in the plan

If the desired component family has not yet been loaded into the project, click
Modify | Place Component tab Mode panel Load Family. Then navigate to
the appropriate category folder in the Load Families dialog, select the family, and
click Open to add the family to the Type Selector.

4. If the selected component family has been defined as face-based or work plane-
based, see the Note following this procedure.
5. Click one of the following options on the Placement panel, which displays on the
Modify | Place Component tab.
o Place on Vertical Face: This option is only available for some
components and allows placement only on vertical faces.
o Place on Face: This option allows placement on faces regardless of
orientation.
o Place on Work Plane: This option requires an active work plane to be
defined in the view.
6. In the drawing area, move the cursor until the preview image of the component is
in the desired location.

21
 7. If you want to change the orientation of the component, press the Spacebar to
rotate the preview image through its available positioning options.

Figure 4.17: Placing of interior components in the plan

8. When the preview image is in the desired location and orientation, click to place
the component.
9. After you place a component, you can specify that it moves when a nearby wall
moves.

4.5 Architectural Columns

Use architectural columns to model column box-outs around structural columns and for
decorative applications.

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 Architecture tab Build panel Column drop-down (Column: Architectural)

Figure 4.18: Placing of structural columns by using the column icon

Figure 4.19: Placing of architectural columns in the plan

You can use architectural columns to model column box-outs around
structural columns and for decorative applications. Architectural columns inherit the
material of other elements to which they are joined. Compound layers in walls wrap
at architectural columns. This does not apply to structural columns.

23
 Figure 4.20: After placing of columns in the plan
4.5.2 Add a Column
You can add columns in plan views and 3D views. The height of the column is defined by
the Base Level and Top Level properties, as well as offsets.

1. Click Architecture tab Build panel Column drop-down (Column:

Architectural).
2. On the Options Bar, specify the following:
 Rotate after placement. Select this option to rotate the column immediately
after placing it.
 Level. (3D views only) Select a level for the column's base. For plan views,
the view's level is the base level for the column.
 Height. This setting draws the column upward from its base. To draw the
column downward from its base, select Depth.
 Level/Unconnected. Select a level for the top of the column, or select
Unconnected and specify the column height.
 Room Bounding. Select this option to designate the column as room-
bounding before you place it.
3. Click in the drawing area to place the column.

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 4. If you need to move the column, select it and drag it to a new position.

4.6 Beams

Figure 4.21: Adding the beams of required size

Use beams tools to add load-bearing structural elements to building models.

 Structure tab Structure panel (Beam)

Figure 4.22: Placing of beams in the plan

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4.6.1 About Placing Beams
It is good practice to first add grids and columns before creating beams. When adding
a beam to a plan view, you must set the Bottom clip plane below the current level; otherwise,
the beam is not visible in the view.

If you use a structural template, however, the view range and visibility settings will
display beams accordingly.

Elements of each beam are defined through the type properties of the specific beam
family.
In addition, various instance properties can be modified to define the functionality of
the beam.
You can attach beams to any structural element in your project using one of the
following methods:

 Sketch individual beams.

 Create a chain of beams.
 Select grid lines that lie between structural elements.
 Create a beam system.

Figure 4.23: Properties of beams in the plan

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 Figure 4.24: After placing of beams

4.7 Roofs

Create a roof from a building footprint or an extrusion.

 Architecture tab Build panel Roof drop-down (Roof by Footprint) or

(Roof by Extrusion).

4.7.1 About Roofs

Revit offers several methods of creating roofs. Choose the method that best meets the
needs of your design.
For examples of basic roof shapes, and a link to a sample Revit model containing
these examples, see the Roof Sample Filetopic.
You can create a roof
 from a building footprint
 as an extrusion
 with sloped glazing
 from a mass instance
A roof cannot cut through windows or doors.

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 Figure 4.25: Creating of roof by footprint
4.7.2 Roof by footprint

 2D closed-loop sketch of the roof perimeter.

 Created when you select walls or draw lines in plan view.
 Created at level of view in which it was sketched.
 Height is controlled by Base Height Offset property.
 Openings are defined by additional closed loops.
 Slopes are defined when you apply a slope parameter to sketch lines.

Create a Roof by Footprint

Create a roof using the building footprint to define its boundaries.

1. Display a floor plan view or a reflected ceiling plan view.

2. Click Architecture tab Build panel Roof drop-down (Roof by
Footprint).
3. On the Draw panel, select a sketch or pick tool. To edit roof properties before
sketching, use the Properties palette.
4. Sketch, or pick, a closed loop for the roof.
5. Specify slope defining lines.
6. To change the slope definition of a line, select the line and, on the Properties
palette, click Defines Roof Slope. You can then change the slope value.

7. When a roof line is set to slope defining, this symbol appears adjacent to
it.

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 Figure 4.26: Placing of flat slope to the roof

8. Click (Finish Edit Mode), and then open a 3D view.

Figure 4.27: After creating the roof

4.8 Ceilings

Use the Ceiling tool to create a ceiling at a specified distance above its level. To place a
ceiling, click within walls that form a closed loop, or sketch its boundaries.
 Architecture tab Build panel (Ceiling)
4.8.1 About Ceilings
You can create a ceiling defined by walls, or sketch its boundary. Create ceilings in a
reflected ceiling plan view.

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 Ceilings are level-based elements: you create them at a specified distance above the
level in which they reside.

4.8.2 Create a Ceiling

Use the Ceiling tool to create a ceiling in a reflected ceiling plan view.
1. Open a ceiling plan view.
2. Click Architecture tab Build panel (Ceiling).
3. In the Type Selector, select a ceiling type.
4. Place a ceiling using one of the following methods:

Figure 4.28: Creating of ceiling to the building

Use walls as ceiling boundaries:

By default, the Automatic Ceiling tool is active. When you click inside walls
that form a closed loop, the tool places a ceiling within those boundaries. It ignores
room separator lines.

Sketch ceiling boundaries:

a. Click Modify Place Ceiling tab Ceiling panel (Sketch Ceiling).

30
 b. Use tools in the Draw panel of the ribbon to sketch a closed loop that
defines the ceiling boundary.
c. (Optional) To create an opening in the ceiling, sketch another closed
loop within its boundary.

d. On the ribbon, click (Finish Edit Mode).

Figure 4.29: Icons for creating the ceiling

4.9 Floors

Use the Floor tool to create level, sloped, or multi-layer floors.

 Architecture tab Build panel Floor drop-down (Floor: Architectural)

 Structure tab Structure panel Floor drop-down (Floor: Architectural)

4.9.1 About Floors

You create floors by defining their boundaries, either by picking walls or using
drawing tools.

Typically, you sketch a floor in a plan view, although you can use a 3D view if the
work plane of the 3D view is set to the work plane of a plan view. Floors are offset downward
from the level on which they are sketched.

You can create a sloped floor, add slab edges to a floor, or create multi-layer floors.
In a conceptual design, you can use floor area faces to analyze masses, and create floors from
a mass.

4.9.2 Create a Floor

To create a floor, define its boundaries by picking walls or sketching its profile
with drawing tools.
1. Click Architecture tab Build panel Floor drop-down (Floor: Architectural).
2. Draw the floor boundaries, using one of the following methods:

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  Pick walls: By default, Pick Walls is active. If it is not active, click Modify |
Create Floor Boundary tab Draw panel (Pick Walls). Select walls in
the drawing area to use as floor boundaries.
 Sketch boundaries: To sketch the profile of the floor, click Modify | Create
Floor Boundary tab Draw panel, and select a sketching tool. See Sketching.
 The floor boundary must be a closed loop (profile). To create an opening in
the floor, you can sketch another closed loop where you want the opening to
appear.
3. On the Options Bar, for Offset, specify an offset for the floor edges.
4. Click Finish Edit Mode.

Figure 4.30: Creating of floor to the building

4.10 Stair by Component

Create a stair by assembling common run, landing, and support components.

 Architecture tab Circulation panel (Stair by Component)

4.10.1 About Stair by Component

To create a component-based stair, you work in a stair assembly edit mode to add
common and custom sketched components.

In stair assembly edit mode, you can directly assemble components in a plan or 3D
view. Tiling the views can give you a complete picture of the stair model as you assemble it.

32
 A component-based stair can consist of
 Runs: straight, spiral, U-shaped, L-shaped, custom sketched run.
 Landings: created automatically between runs or by picking two runs or by creating
a custom sketched landing.
 Supports (side and center): created automatically with the runs or by picking a run
or landing edge.
 Railings: automatically generated during creation or placed later.
Notice in the following image that you can create a stair where the assembled
components overlap. You can assemble multiple runs leading to the same landing, for
example, a T-shaped stair.

Components in a stair assembly are independent, but also have an intelligent

relationship to each other to support design intent. For example, if steps are removed from
one run, steps are added to connected runs to maintain the overall stair height.

Because the stair is built with components, the individual parts can be controlled
separately; they can be

 Quantities
 Tagged
 Added, removed or replaced with different parts.
 Converted to sketch for custom editing.
 Customized for visual representation.

4.10.2 Stair Run Components

When creating stairs, create a common run component in a plan or 3D view. You can
assemble a stair using individual run, landing, and support components. Use the run
component tools to create common runs, such as straight, arc, spiral or winder.

4.10.3 Select the Run Component Tool and Specify Options

Use the Stair by Component tool to define a stair run. Refer to these steps to select
the appropriate tool and specify initial options, and then refer to the specific procedure for the
type of run you are creating.

1. Click Architecture tab Circulation panel (Stair by Component).

2. On the Component panel, verify that Run is selected.

3. In the Draw gallery, select one of the following tools to create the desired run type:

33
  (Straight)

 (Full-Step Spiral)

 (Center-Ends Spiral)

 (L-Shape Winder)

 (U-Shape Winder)

4. On the Options Bar:

 For Location Line, select the creation path for the run relative to the Up-
direction:

Figure 4.31: Creating of riser to the staircase

 Exterior Support: Left (1)

 Run: Left (2)

 Run: Center (3)

 Run: Right (4)

 Exterior Support: Right (5)

Depending on the type of run you are creating, it can be helpful to change the
Location Line option. For example, if you are creating a winder run and want to snap the left
edge to a wall, choose Exterior Support: Left for Location Line.

 For Offset, specify an optional offset value for the creation path. For
example, if you enter 3" for Offset and the Location Line is Run: Center, the
creation path is 3" to the right of the center line of the stair (in the Up-
direction). A negative offset is to the left of the center line.

 For Actual Run Width, specify a value for the run width. This is the value of
the run not including supports.

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  Automatic Landing is selected by default. If you create 2 separate runs to
reach the next level, Revit automatically creates a landing between the 2 runs.
Clear this option if you do not want to create landings automatically.

5. In the Type Selector, select the type of stair you want to create. You can change the
type later, if required.

6. Optionally, you can specify run instance properties, such as Relative Base Height,
and Begin with Riser/End with Riser preferences. On the Properties palette, select
New Stairs: Runs, and modify the instance properties as required.

Figure 4.32: Properties of the stair case

Figure 4.33: After placing the staircase in the plan

7. Optionally, on the Tools palette, click (Railing).

By default, a railing is automatically created when you create a run.

35
 In the Railing dialog:

Select the railing type or select none if you do not want to create a railing
automatically. You can also add a railing later, if required. Select to position the railing on the
Treads or Stringer. Click OK. Follow the procedure for the specific type of run component
you are creating.

4.11 Stair by Sketch

Create stairs in a plan view by defining the run of the stairs or by sketching riser lines
and boundary lines.

 Architecture tab Circulation panel Stair drop-down (Stair by Sketch)

Figure 4.34: Staircase by sketch

4.11.1 About Stair by Sketch

You create stairs in a plan view by defining the run of the stairs or by sketching riser
lines and boundary lines. When creating new stairs, you can also specify the railing type to be
used.

Using the Stair by Sketch tools, you can define straight runs, L-shaped runs with a
platform, U-shaped stairs, and spiral stairs. You can modify the outside boundary of the stairs
by modifying the sketch. The risers and runs update accordingly. Revit generates railings
automatically for the stairs. In multi-storey buildings, you can design one set of stairs and
extend identical sets up to the highest level you define in the stair properties.

The number of treads for a stair run is based on the distance between floors and the
maximum riser height defined in the stair properties. A rectangle is displayed in the drawing
area, representing the footprint of the run of the stairs. You can quantities stairs with
parameters that include Actual Rise (riser), Actual Number of Risers, Run, and Width.

36
4.11.2 Create Stairs by Sketching a Run
When creating a stair by sketch, sketching a run is the easiest method. The boundaries
and risers are generated automatically as you sketch the run.

When you finish the sketch, a railing is applied automatically. The Run tool limits the
design of your stairs to straight runs, straight runs with landings, and spiral staircases. For
more control when designing stairs, sketch the run by sketching the boundary and riser lines.

To sketch a run of stairs

1. Open a plan or 3D view.

2. Click Architecture tab Circulation panel Stair drop-down (Stair by Sketch).
3. Click Modify | Create Stairs Sketch tab Draw panel Run.

The Line tool is selected by default. Select a different tool on the Draw panel if
desired.
Click to start the run. Click start point on left side.

Figure 4.35: Creating of riser

4. Click to end the run.

Figure 4.36: After creating the riser

Click endpoint on right end.

5. Optionally, specify a railing type for the stair. Click (Finish Edit Mode).

Completed stairs in with default railings and balusters

To create stairs with a landing,
1. Click Architecture tab Circulation panel Stair drop-down (Stair by Sketch).
2. Click Modify | Create Stairs Sketch tab Draw panel Run.

37
 The Line tool is selected by default. Select a different tool on the Draw panel if
desired.
3. Click to start the run.
4. Click to position the landing when the desired numbers of risers have been reached.
5. Drag the cursor along the extension line and click to start drawing the remaining
risers.
6. Click to finish the remaining risers.
7. Click (Finish Edit Mode).
8. Completed sketch with landing created automatically.
To modify a run of stairs
You can modify a stair footprint that you have sketched using one of the drawing
tools.
1. Select the stairs.
2. Click Modify | Stairs tab Mode panel Edit Sketch.
3. Click Modify | Stairs > Edit Sketch tab Draw panel, and select the appropriate
drawing tool to make your changes.

4.12 Openings

Use an Opening tool to cut openings in walls, floors, ceilings, roofs, structural beams,
braces, and structural columns.

 Architecture tab Opening panel

 (By Face)
 (Shaft)
 (Wall Opening)
 (Vertical)
 (Dormer)

 Structure tab Opening panel

 (By Face)
 (Shaft)
 (Wall Opening)
 (Vertical)
 (Dormer)

38
4.12.1 About Openings
Use the Opening tools to cut openings in walls, floors, ceilings, roofs, structural
beams, braces, and structural columns.

 When you cut a floor, ceiling, or roof, you can choose to cut vertically or
perpendicular to the surface. You can also sketch complex shapes using the drawing
tools.

 When cutting an opening in a wall, you can sketch a rectangular opening in a straight
or arc wall. (For walls, you can create rectangular openings only. You cannot create
round or polygon shapes).

For information on cutting openings in structural beams, braces, and structural

columns, you can also cut openings in structural floors and decks. For more information, see
when creating a family, you can sketch an opening in family geometry.

4.12.2 Cut a Shaft Opening

Use the Shaft tool to place an opening that extends through the entire height of a
building (or through selected levels), cutting through the faces of roofs, floors, or ceilings
simultaneously.

1. Click Architecture tab Opening panel (Shaft).

2. Sketch a shaft opening by drawing lines or by picking walls.

3. If desired, add symbolic lines to the opening.

4. When you are done sketching the shaft, click Finish Opening.

5. To adjust the levels that the opening cuts, select it, and make the following
adjustments on the Properties palette:

 For Base Constraint, specify a level for the start point of the shaft.

 For Top Constraint, specify a level for the end point of the shaft.

6. Click Apply.

The shaft cuts through and is visible on all intermediate levels. If you move the shaft
on any level, it moves on all levels. The symbolic lines are visible on all levels too.

39
 Figure 4.37: Creating an opening to the floors

4.13 Revit Families

Use the Family Editor to modify existing elements or create new ones to meet the
specific needs of a project.

All of the elements that you add to your Revit projects are created with families. For
example, the structural members, walls, roofs, windows, and doors that you use to assemble a
building model, as well as the callouts, fixtures, tags, and detail components that you use to
document it, are all created with families.

By using predefined families and creating new ones in Revit, you can add both
standard and custom elements to your building models. Families also provide a level of
control over elements that are similar in use and behavior, allowing you to easily make design
changes and manage your projects more efficiently.
4.13.1 About Families
A family is a group of elements with a common set of properties, called parameters,
and a related graphical representation.

Different elements belonging to a family may have different values for some or all of
their parameters, but the set of parameters (their names and meanings) is the same. These
variations within the family are called family types or types.

40
4.13.2 Load Families
When you load families into a project, the Revit family library is accessed by default.
The library is located here: Autodesk\<product name and release>\Libraries. If your office is
using a different library of content in another location, your system may access that library by
default. Contact your CAD Manager for more information.

To load families
1. Click Insert tab Load from Library panel (Load Family).
2. In the Load Family dialog, double-click the category of the family that you want to
load.

Figure 4.38: Loading the families

3. Preview any of the families (RFA) in the category:
 To preview a single family, select it from the list.
At the top right of the dialog, under Preview, a thumbnail image of the family
displays.
 To display a thumbnail image in the list for all families in the category, at the
top right corner of the dialog, click Views Thumbnails.
4. Select the family that you want to load, and click Open.
The family type is now available to place in the project. It displays in the appropriate
category under Families in the Project Browser.
4.13.3 Use Families in the Project
Create an instance of a family type in the project, or change the family type for an
existing element.

41
To add an element in a project, do one of the following:
 On the appropriate tab of the ribbon, click the element to create. In the Type
Selector, select the desired family type.
 Select the family type in the Project Browser, and drag it to the drawing area.
 Select the family type in the Project Browser, right-click, and click Create
Instance.
2. On the Options Bar, specify any necessary values or selections.
3. In the drawing area, click to place the element.
To change the family type of existing elements, you can change an element to use another
family type within the same category.
1. Open a view that displays the elements to change.
2. Do one of the following:
 In the view, select one or more elements belonging to the same category. In
the Type Selector, select the desired family type.
 In the Project Browser, select the desired family type, right-click, and click
Match. In the drawing area, select each element to change its type.
 Click Modify tab Clipboard panel (Match Type Properties). In the
view, select the element whose type you want to match. Then select elements
to apply that type.

Figure 4.39: Final modeling of G+5 residential building

42
Figure 4.40: Final modeling of the single floor

43
 5. QUANTITIES ESTIMATION
Create schedules, quantities, and material takeoffs to quantify and analyze the
components and materials used in a project. A schedule is another view of the model.

 View tab Create panel Schedules drop-down

 (Schedule/Quantities)
 (Graphical Column Schedule)
 (Material Takeoff)
 (Sheet List)
 (Note Block)
 (View List)

5.1 Material Takeoff quantities

Material takeoff quantities list the sub-components or materials of any Revit LT
family. Material takeoff quantities have all the functionality and characteristics of other
quantities views, but they allow you to show more detail about the assembly of a component.
Any material that is placed in a component within Revit LT can be quantities.

Create Material Takeoff Quantities

1. Click View tab Create panel Quantities drop-down Material Takeoff.

2. In the New Material Takeoff dialog, click a category for the material takeoff
quantities, and click OK.
3. In the Material Takeoff Properties dialog, for Available Fields, select the material
attributes.
4. Optionally, sort and group, or format the quantities.
5. Click OK to create the material takeoff quantities.

The material takeoff quantities displays, and the view is listed in the Project Browser
under Quantities.

5.2 Creating a Windows, Doors, Quantities

1. Go to the View tab, select the Create panel, click the Quantities button, and click the
Quantities/Quantities button. The New Quantities dialog box opens.

2. Click in the Filter List drop-down in the upper-left corner, and uncheck all of the
disciplines except for Architecture. This will filter out the categories listed below.

44
3. From the Category list, select Windows. Click in the Name field and title your quantities
as New Window Quantities.

4. You should find yourself in the Fields tab of the Quantities Properties dialog. Choose the
following properties from the Available field’s column; then click the Add button. The
properties should now be listed in the Quantities field’s column, if the order of the fields is
incorrect, you can use the Move Up and Move Down buttons to reorder.

 Type
 Type Mark
 Width
 Height
 Count

5. Click the Filter tab at the top of the dialog. Choose to filter by Type Mark, and then click
does not equal from the drop-down list to the right. Finally, choose A from the last column.
This allows you to remove certain window types from your New Window Quantities when
desired.

6. Click the Sorting/Grouping tab. From the Sort by drop-down, choose Type. Uncheck the
Itemize Every Instance option, which is located at the Bottom left of the dialog.

7. Click the Formatting tab, and select Count from the Fields list on the left. Change the
Alignment setting to Right. Then choose the Type Mark field from the list on the left, and
change Alignment to Center so all the letters will align nicely.

8. Click the Appearance tab, check the Outline field, and choose Wide Lines from the drop-
down. You will see this graphic formatting of the quantities only when it is placed on a sheet.

9. Click OK to commit all of these Quantities Properties changes. Revit opens your new
quantities. In the quantities view, you can alter the column heading names by clicking inside
the spreadsheet cells. Let’s change the first column to OPENING and the second column to
TYPE. Quantities view should appear.

10. Now look in the Properties palette of the quantities view, and find the Phasing header.
Under it you will find the Phase Filter parameter. Set it to Show New and click Apply, or
move your mouse into the quantities. Notice that the list of windows is much shorter now.
Remember, in step 3 you set the phase of the quantities to New Construction; however, this
phase setting does not customize the display of the elements in the quantities view. The Phase
Filter view property is required to exclude model elements that were demolished in a previous
phase.

45
5.3 Export a Schedule
Send quantities data to a file that spreadsheets can open and manipulate. You can
export quantities as a delimited text file that can be opened in many spreadsheet programs.

If you add quantities to a sheet, you can export it as a CAD format.

To export a quantities,

1. Open a quantities view.

2. Click Export Reports Schedule.

3. In the Export Schedule dialog, specify a name and directory for the schedule, and
click Save.

The Export Schedule dialog appears.

4. Under Schedule appearance, select export options:

 Export column headers: specifies whether Revit column headers export.

 One row: only the Bottom column header exports.

 Multiple rows, as formatted: all column headers export, including

grouped column header cells.

 Export group headers, footers, and blank lines: specifies whether sort group
header rows, footers, and blank lines export.

5. Under Output options, specify how you want to display the data in the output file:

 Field delimiter: specifies whether fields in the output file are separated by
tabs, spaces, commas, or semi-colons.

 Text qualifier: specifies whether the text in each field of the output file
should be enclosed by a single or double quote, or no annotation.

6. Click OK.

Revit saves the file as delimited text, a format that can be opened in spreadsheet
programs, such as Microsoft Excel or IBM Lotus 1-2-3.

46
 6. MANUAL CALCULATIONS
6.1 Centre Line Method

In this method, the sum total length of Centre line of walls (long and short) has to be
found. Find the total length of Centre lines of walls of same type, long and short, having same
type of foundation and footing and then find the quantities by multiplying the total Centre line
length by the respective breadth and the height. In this method length will remain same for
excavation in foundation, for concrete in foundation, for all footings and for super structure.
This method is quick but requires special attention and consideration at the junctions, meeting
points of partition or cross walls, etc.

For rectangular, circular, polygonal, etc. buildings having no inner or cross walls, this
method is quite simple. For buildings having cross or partition walls, for every junction of
partition or cross walls with main walls, special consideration shall have to be made to find
the correct quantity. For each junction half breadth of the respective item or footing is to be
deducted from the total Centre length. Thus in this case of a building with one partition or
cross wall having two junctions, for earthwork in foundation trench and foundation concrete
deduct one breadth of trench or concrete from the total Centre length(half breadth for one
junction and one breadth (2x1/2=one for two junctions). For footings, similarly deduct one
breadth of footing for two junctions from the total Centre length, and so on. If two walls come
from opposite directions and meet a wall at the same point, then there will be two junctions.

For building having different types of walls, each set of walls shall have to be deal
separately. Find the total Centre length of walls of one type and proceed in the same manner
as described above. Similarly find the total Centre line length of walls of second type and deal
this separately, and so on.

In the case of a building having different type of walls, suppose the outer (main)
walls are of A type and inner cross walls are of B type, then all A type walls shall be taken
jointly first, and then all B type walls shall be taken together separately. In such cases no
deduction of any kind need be made for A type walls, but when B type walls are taken, for
each junction deduction of half breadth of A type wall (main wall) shall have to be made from
the total Centre length of walls.

It may be noticed that at corners of the building where two walls are meeting, no
subtraction or addition is required.

When there are number of footings, the length of the first footing is to be determined
by deducting half breadth of footing per junction from the total Centre line length and then

47
the length of the subsequent footing can be obtained simply by adding one offset of footing
i.e. 5cm for every junction to the length of the previous footing.

6.2 Bar Bending Schedule

The schedule of bars is a list of reinforcement bars in a tabular form giving the
particulars of bars, shape of bending with sketches, length of each bar, total length and total
weight. For each type of R.C.C. work, a schedule of bars is usually prepared. From the
schedule of bars, the requirement of different sizes and length of bars may be known, may be
arranged and bent-up during the time of construction.

Bar bending schedule (or schedule of bars) is a list of reinforcement bars for a given
RCC work item, and is presented in a tabular form for easy visual reference.

This table summarizes all the needed particulars of bars – diameter, shape of bending,
length of each bent and straight portions, angle of bending, total length of each bar, and
number of each type of bar. This information is a great help in preparing an estimate of
quantities.

Depicts the shape and proportions of hooks and bends in the reinforcement bars –
these are standard proportions that are adhered to:

a) Length of one hook = (4d) + [(4d+ d)] – where, (4d+ d) refers to the
curved portion = 9d.
b) The additional length (la) that is introduced in the simple, straight
end-to-end length of a reinforcement bar due to being bent up at say
30o to 60o, but it is generally 45o) = l1 – l2 = la.

 Where D/l2 = tan θ and D/l1=sin θ

Therefore the additional length = [D/sin θ] - [D/tan θ].

Figure 6.1: Standard hook

48
 Figure 6.2: Bent-up bar

Giving different values to θ = 300, 450 and 600 respectively , we get different values of la , as
tabulated given below :

Table no 6.1: Notation of angle with depth D

49
Table no 6.2: Bar shapes with length

50
 Table no 6.3: Detailed Estimation by manual calculations

DETAILED ESTIMATION
Total
Sl. No Description of work No’s Length(m) Width(m) Depth(m) Quantity Remarks
Quantity
1 Damp proof course of 2.5cm thick 1x1 222.8 0.3 1.0 66.84 m2 66.84 m2
2 1st class brick work in super structure with 1:6 CM
222.8-
For ground floor 1x1 222.5 0.3 3.0 200.25 m3
2(0.3/2)
For first floor 1x1 222.5 0.3 3.0 200.25 m3
For second floor 1x1 222.5 0.3 3.0 200.25 m3
For third floor 1x1 222.5 0.3 3.0 200.25 m3
For fourth floor 1x1 222.5 0.3 3.0 200.25 m3
For fifth floor 1x1 222.5 0.3 3.0 200.25 m3
Total brick work 1201.50 m3
Deductions:
Door openings 100x1 1.2 0.3 2.1 75.6
Window openings 120x1 0.9 0.3 1.2 38.88
Ventilator openings 40x1 0.6 0.3 0.45 3.24
Total deductions 117.72
Total brick work after deductions 1083.78 m3
Brick work in Stair case
For ground floor 20x1 1.0 0.3 0.15 0.9 m3
For first floor 20x1 1.0 0.3 0.15 0.9 m3
For second floor 20x1 1.0 0.3 0.15 0.9 m3
For third floor 20x1 1.0 0.3 0.15 0.9 m3
For fourth floor 20x1 1.0 0.3 0.15 0.9 m3

1
 Total
Sl. No Description of work No’s Length(m) Width(m) Depth(m) Quantity Remarks
Quantity
For fifth floor 20x1 1.0 0.3 0.15 0.9 m3
Total brick work in Stair case 5.4m3
Total brick work in super structure 1089.18m3
3 Reinforced Cement Concrete work for Columns
In ground floor 80x1 0.3 0.5 3.0 36.0 m3
In first floor 80x1 0.3 0.5 3.0 36.0 m3
In second floor 80x1 0.3 0.5 3.0 36.0 m3
In third floor 80x1 0.3 0.5 3.0 36.0 m3
In fourth floor 80x1 0.3 0.5 3.0 36.0 m3
In fifth floor 80x1 0.3 0.5 3.0 36.0 m3
Total RCC work in Columns 216.0 m3
Reinforced Cement Concrete work for Beams
In ground floor 1x1 222.8 0.3 0.45 30.07 m3
In first floor 1x1 222.8 0.3 0.45 30.07 m3
In second floor 1x1 222.8 0.3 0.45 30.07 m3
In third floor 1x1 222.8 0.3 0.45 30.07 m3
In fourth floor 1x1 222.8 0.3 0.45 30.07 m3
In fifth floor 1x1 222.8 0.3 0.45 30.07 m3
Plinth beam 1x1 222.8 0.3 0.5 33.42 m3
Total RCC work in Beams 213.88 m3
Reinforced Cement Concrete work for Roof
In ground floor 1x1 25.7 16.8 0.15 64.76 m3
In first floor 1x1 25.7 16.8 0.15 64.76 m3
In second floor 1x1 25.7 16.8 0.15 64.76 m3
In third floor 1x1 25.7 16.8 0.15 64.76 m3
In fourth floor 1x1 25.7 16.8 0.15 64.76 m3
In fifth floor 1x1 25.7 16.8 0.15 64.76 m3

2
 Total
Sl. No Description of work No’s Length(m) Width(m) Depth(m) Quantity Remarks
Quantity
Total RCC work in Roof 388.58 m3
Reinforced Cement Concrete work in Stair case 1x1 1.2 0.3 15.0 5.4 m3
Total RCC work 823.86 m3
4 Wall Plastering of 12mm thick on both sides 1x1 222.8 18.0 1.0 4010.4 m2 4010.4 m2
5 White Washing 1x1 222.8 18.0 1.0 4010.4 m2 4010.4 m2
6 Painting 1x1 222.8 18.0 1.0 4010.4 m2 4010.4 m2

3
 Table no 6.4: Abstract Estimation by manual calculations

ABSTRACT ESTIMATE
Item Rate Amount
Description of work Unit Quantity Per
No (Rs-Ps) (Rs-Ps)
1 Damp proof course of 2.5cm thick m2 66.84 125.00 m2 8355.00
2 1st class brick work in super structure with 1:6 CM

For ground floor m3 200.25 1850.00 m3 370462.50

For first floor m3 200.25 1850.00 m3 370462.50

3 3
For second floor m 200.25 1850.00 m 370462.50

For third floor m3 200.25 1850.00 m3 370462.50

For fourth floor m3 200.25 1850.00 m3 370462.50

For fifth floor m3 200.25 1850.00 m3 370462.50

Brick work in Stair case

For ground floor m3 5.4 1850.00 m3 9990.00

For first floor m3 5.4 1850.00 m3 9990.00

3 3
For second floor m 5.4 1850.00 m 9990.00

For third floor m3 5.4 1850.00 m3 9990.00

For fourth floor m3 5.4 1850.00 m3 9990.00

For fifth floor m3 5.4 1850.00 m3 9990.00

1
Item Rate Amount
Description of work Unit Quantity Per
No (Rs-NP) (Rs-NP)
3 Reinforced Cement Concrete works in Columns

In ground floor m3 36.0 17032.00 m3 613152.00

3 3
In first floor m 36.0 17032.00 m 613152.00

In second floor m3 36.0 17032.00 m3 613152.00

In third floor m3 36.0 17032.00 m3 613152.00

In fourth floor m3 36.0 17032.00 m3 613152.00

In fifth floor m3 36.0 17032.00 m3 613152.00

Reinforced Cement Concrete works in Beams

In ground floor m3 30.07 12197.00 m3 366861.36

In first floor m3 30.07 12197.00 m3 366861.36

3 3
In second floor m 30.07 12197.00 m 366861.36

In third floor m3 30.07 12197.00 m3 366861.36

In fourth floor m3 30.07 12197.00 m3 366861.36

In fifth floor m3 30.07 12197.00 m3 366861.36

For Plinth beam m3 33.42 5676.00 m3 189691.92

Reinforced Cement Concrete works in Roof

In ground floor m3 64.76 12197.00 m3 789877.72

In first floor m3 64.76 12197.00 m3 789877.72

3 3
In second floor m 64.76 12197.00 m 789877.72

2
Item Rate Amount
Description of work Unit Quantity Per
No (Rs-NP) (Rs-NP)

In third floor m3 64.76 12197.00 m3 789877.72

In fourth floor m3 64.76 12197.00 m3 789877.72

3 3
For Roof in Fifth Floor m 64.76 12197.00 m 789877.72
RCC work in Stair case m3 5.40 12197.00 m3 65863.80
4 Making of Doors & Windows
Doors m2 75.6 3000.00 m2 226800.00
Windows m2 38.88 3000.00 m2 116640.00
5 Plastering m2 4010.4 169.00 m2 677757.60
6 White Washing m2 4010.4 30.00 m2 120312.00
7 Painting m2 4010.4 33.00 m2 132343.20

TOTAL 14439824.80

3
 Table no 6.5: Bar Bending Schedule by manual calculations

BAR BENDING SCHEDULE

Bar Total
Sl. Length Total Cost/ton Total cost
Description of bar Details of bar shape diameter No’s length Weight/m
No (m) weight/ton (Rs-Ps) (Rs-Ps)
(m) (m)
Main bars in
1
Columns
In ground floor 0.02 1320 4.15 4.15 2.46 13.50 38000 513304.00
In first floor 0.02 1320 3.75 3.75 2.46 12.20 38000 463828.00
In second floor 0.02 1320 3.75 3.75 2.46 12.20 38000 463828.00
In third floor 0.02 1320 3.75 3.75 2.46 12.20 38000 463828.00
In fourth floor 0.02 1320 3.75 3.75 2.46 12.20 38000 463828.00
In fifth floor 0.02 1320 3.75 3.75 2.46 12.20 38000 463828.00
2 Ties in Columns
In ground floor 0.008 3080 1.36 1.36 0.394 1.65 40000 66000.00
In first floor 0.008 2860 1.36 1.36 0.394 1.53 40000 61280.00
In second floor 0.008 2860 1.36 1.36 0.394 1.53 40000 61280.00
In third floor 0.008 2860 1.36 1.36 0.394 1.53 40000 61280.00
In fourth floor 0.008 2860 1.36 1.36 0.394 1.53 40000 61280.00
In fifth floor 0.008 2860 1.36 1.36 0.394 1.53 40000 61280.00
Main straight bars in
3
Beams
In ground floor 0.012 5 1267 1267 0.887 5.619 38000 213522.00
In first floor 0.012 5 1267 1267 0.887 5.619 38000 213522.00
In second floor 0.012 5 1267 1267 0.887 5.619 38000 213522.00
In third floor 0.012 5 1267 1267 0.887 5.619 38000 213522.00
In fourth floor 0.012 5 1267 1267 0.887 5.619 38000 213522.00
In fifth floor 0.012 5 1267 1267 0.887 5.619 38000 213522.00

1
 Bar Total
Sl. Length Total Cost/ton Total cost
Description of bar Details of bar shape diameter No’s length Weight/m
No (m) weight/ton (Rs-Ps) (Rs-Ps)
(m) (m)
Cranked bars in
4
Beams
In ground floor 0.016 253 7.356 7.356 1.578 2.936 38000 111568.00
In first floor 0.016 253 7.356 7.356 1.578 2.936 38000 111568.00
In second floor 0.016 253 7.356 7.356 1.578 2.936 38000 111568.00
In third floor 0.016 253 7.356 7.356 1.578 2.936 38000 111568.00
In fourth floor 0.016 253 7.356 7.356 1.578 2.936 38000 111568.00
In fifth floor 0.016 253 7.356 7.356 1.578 2.936 38000 111568.00
5 Stirrups in Beams
In ground floor 0.008 5068 1.72 1.72 0.394 3.434 38000 130492.00
In first floor 0.008 5068 1.72 1.72 0.394 3.434 40000 137360.00
In second floor 0.008 5068 1.72 1.72 0.394 3.434 40000 137360.00
In third floor 0.008 5068 1.72 1.72 0.394 3.434 40000 137360.00
In fourth floor 0.008 5068 1.72 1.72 0.394 3.434 40000 137360.00
In fifth floor 0.008 5068 1.72 1.72 0.394 3.434 40000 137360.00
Main bars in bottom
6
mat of Roof
In ground floor 0.012 328 42.6 42.6 0.887 12.393 38000 470934.00
In first floor 0.012 328 42.6 42.6 0.887 12.393 38000 470934.00
In second floor 0.012 328 42.6 42.6 0.887 12.393 38000 470934.00
In third floor 0.012 328 42.6 42.6 0.887 12.393 38000 470934.00
In fourth floor 0.012 328 42.6 42.6 0.887 12.393 38000 470934.00
In fifth floor 0.012 328 42.6 42.6 0.887 12.393 38000 470934.00
Distribution bars in
7
bottom mat of Roof
In ground floor 0.010 405 52.6 52.6 0.616 13.122 38000 498636.00

2
 Bar Total
Sl. Length Total Cost/ton Total cost
Description of bar Details of bar shape diameter No’s length Weight/m
No (m) weight/ton (Rs-Ps) (Rs-Ps)
(m) (m)
In first floor 0.010 405 52.6 52.6 0.616 13.122 38000 498636.00
In second floor 0.010 405 52.6 52.6 0.616 13.122 38000 498636.00
In third floor 0.010 405 52.6 52.6 0.616 13.122 38000 498636.00
In fourth floor 0.010 405 52.6 52.6 0.616 13.122 38000 498636.00
In fifth floor 0.010 405 52.6 52.6 0.616 13.122 38000 498636.00
Main bars in top mat
8
of Roof
In ground floor 0.012 284 42.6 42.6 0.887 10.731 38000 407778.00
In first floor 0.012 284 42.6 42.6 0.887 10.731 38000 407778.00
In second floor 0.012 284 42.6 42.6 0.887 10.731 38000 407778.00
In third floor 0.012 284 42.6 42.6 0.887 10.731 38000 407778.00
In fourth floor 0.012 284 42.6 42.6 0.887 10.731 38000 407778.00
In fifth floor 0.012 284 42.6 42.6 0.887 10.731 38000 407778.00
Distribution bars in
9
top mat of Roof
In ground floor 0.010 351 52.6 52.6 0.616 11.372 38000 432136.00
In first floor 0.010 351 52.6 52.6 0.616 11.372 38000 432136.00
In second floor 0.010 351 52.6 52.6 0.616 11.372 38000 432136.00
In third floor 0.010 351 52.6 52.6 0.616 11.372 38000 432136.00
In fourth floor 0.010 351 52.6 52.6 0.616 11.372 38000 432136.00
In fifth floor 0.010 351 52.6 52.6 0.616 11.372 38000 432136.00
TOTAL 441.49 16829580.0

3
 7. COMPARISION OF RESULTS
From the above manual calculations and the software calculations, we are comparing
the results for the percentage variation of both calculations to get the similar results. And we
compare the results as shown in table no 7.1.

Table no 7.1: Comparison of results of both manual and software

Manual Revit Software Percentage

Sl. no Components
Calculations Calculations Variation
1. Walls 784.59m3 761.45 m3 3.04%
2. Columns 216 m3 209.4 m3 3.05%
3. Roofs 377.16 m3 365.77 m3 3.02%
4. Doors& Windows 48.6 m2 47.13 m2 3.02%

4
 8. CONCLUSION
Modeling was done for the residential building of G+5 floors using the Revit software
and various components of the structure were observed by walkthrough which is an option of
Revit software. The Revit software provides realistic environment of residential building
which will be beneficial to the user.

Estimation of quantities of different building components done by both manual and

software calculations. It was observed that in no case the difference between both calculations
was not more than 4%.

Based on the above point it has found that the software will be very useful for the
purpose of modeling of buildings along with estimation.

5
 9. REFERENCES
 Autodesk. (2005). "Building Information Modeling for Sustainable Design”.
Autodesk White paper.
 Krgiel.E (Author), & Nies(Author), Wiley (Author), B. (2008). "Green BIM:
Sustainable Design with Building information modeling".
 T Dzambazova (Author), GDemchak, (Author), E Krygiel"Masteringrevit
architecture (2010)”.
 Ryan Duell (Author), Tobias Hathorn (Author), Tessa ReistHathorn (Author)
“Autodesk Revit Architecture (2015) Essentials”.
 www.autodesk.com visited on 21/12/2016.
 https://www.lynda.com/Revit-Architecture-training-tutorials/416-0.htmlvisited on
28/01/2017.