Journal of Cleaner Production 166 (2017) 660e667

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Cleaner Production

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro

Thermodynamics analysis for a new approach to agricultural

practices: Case of potato production
Hasan Yildizhan
Dortyol, Hatay, 31200, Turkey

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Nowadays, studies are focused on the effective use of energy resources in sustainable agricultural ap-
Received 8 April 2017 plications. These studies include the use of less energy resources and less environmental pollution in
Received in revised form agricultural applications. However, in order to optimize the use of energy resources in sustainable
8 August 2017
agriculture and to provide less environmental pollution, a thermodynamic analysis of crop production is
Accepted 10 August 2017
needed as a more comprehensive analysis. In this study, thermodynamics analysis was performed as a
Available online 10 August 2017
new approach model according to the inputs of potato production. Cumulative energy consumption,
cumulative exergy consumption, cumulative carbon monoxide emissions and cumulative degree of
Keywords:
Thermodynamics
perfection occurring in potato production process were determined and interpreted within the scope of
Energy and exergy utilization thermodynamics analysis. The total energy and exergy utilization and total CO2 emission for production
CO2 emission of one ton of potatoes were found as 2206 MJ, 4832.5 MJ and 67.3 kg, respectively. Along with that the
Cumulative degree of perfection cumulative degree of perfection in potato production was found to be 1.09. To increase the cumulative
Potato degree of perfection in potato production, the use of manure must be reduced. Reducing manure use will
increase the cumulative degree of perfection of potato production. In addition, use of manure must be
reduced to reduce cumulative carbon monoxide emissions occurring in potato production.
© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, the top 10 countries

For many years, countries have been implementing various
incentive policies to increase the production of agricultural crops
within the scope of crop supply security. However, nowadays, the
usage of more energy resources in agriculture and the increase of
environmental pollution due to this necessitates the sustainability
of agricultural practices. This is why governments are currently
implementing incentive policies, especially for sustainable agri-
culture. The objective of these policies include the use of less en-
ergy resources and less environmental pollution in agricultural
applications. It is also the aim of government policies to increase
the use of renewable energy sources in agriculture for sustainable
agriculture.
Potatoes are a source of nutrients that can be grown in many
parts of the world because they easily adapt to various climate
regions (Arıog
lu, 2002). The potato grown in 79% of the world
countries, as the amount produced; After wheat, corn and rice, it is
in fourth place (Arıog
lu et al., 2006). According to the United
E-mail address: hasanydhn@hotmail.com.
that produce the most potatoes in the world are given in Table 1
(FAO, 2013). According to Table 1, it is observed that the most po-
tato producing country in the world is china. The production of
potatoes is very high compared to other countries. India and Russia
follow China in potato production respectively.
Regarding the potato production process, previous studies have
involved yield, energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. The
previous studies on potato production are explained in the below.
Ünlü et al. (2006) indicated that potato production yield will in-
crease with proper management of irrigation and nitrogen.
Khoshnevisan et al. (2014) modeled energy use and greenhouse gas
emissions for potato production in Esfahan province in Iran with
artificial neural networks. They found the total input and output
energies were 83.723 and 83.059 MJ ha
1, respectively. They also
detected total greenhouse gas emissions as 2283 kg CO2. ha
1
(Khoshnevisan et al., 2014). Pishgar-Komleh et al. (2012) examined
the energy consumption and CO2 emissions of potato production.
They found total energy consumption and greenhouse gas emis-
sions as 47 GJ ha
1 and 992.88 kg CO2 ha
1 respectively.
Mohammadi et al. (2008) conducted an analyses of the energy and
economy of potato production. They found that the energy

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.082
0959-6526/© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 H. Yildizhan / Journal of Cleaner Production 166 (2017) 660e667 661

Table 1 emission values were calculated for the potato production process.
Top 10 potato producing countries [FAO, 2013]. In addition, the cumulative degree of perfection value of the potato
1 China 95987500 production was also determined by the study.
2 India 45343600
3 Russian Federation 30199100
4 Ukraine 22258600 2. Methodology
5 United States 19843900
6 Germany 9669700
Exergy is called as usability or useful working potential (Çengel
7 Bangladesh 8603000
8 France 6975000 and Boles, 2006). The quality index of energy and materials is
9 Netherlands 6801000 represented by the exergy concept that is based on the first and
10 Poland 6334200 second laws of thermodynamics (Ptasinski, 2016).
The analysis of cumulative exergy consumption (CExC) provides
an insight into the possibilities of improving the technological
productivity of potato production was 0.35 as a result of the anal-
network of production (Demirel, 2007). Cumulative exergy con-
ysis. In addition, they found the cost of potato production at 1 ha at
sumption (CExC) is an appropriate indicator for quantifying the
$ 3267.17 (Mohammadi et al., 2008). Hamedani et al. (2011) were to
depletion of natural resource (Sun et al., 2014). The cumulative
determine energy consumption and the relationship between en-
energy includes the energy requirement for producing fuel and the
ergy input and yield for potato production in Kaboud Rahang region
energy delivered by fuel (Kim and Dale, 2004). The analysis of cu-
of Hamadan state. They found average yield and energy con-
mulative energy consumption (CEnC) has numerous important
sumption as around 28613.7 kg/ha, 92296.3 MJ/ha, respectively.
applications, e.g. evaluation of the industrial energy analysis or
Zangeneh et al. (2010) conducted a comparative study on energy
energy costing (Chapman, 1974; Szargut and Morris, 1987). On the
use and cost of potato production according to different farming
other hand cumulative energy consumption (CEnC) does not
technologies. In their study, the population investigated was
consider the account of the consumption of non-energetic raw
divided into two groups. Group 1 was consisted of 68 farmers
materials and does not permit evaluation of the degree of ther-
(owner of machinery and high level of farming technology) and
modynamic perfection of the production processes (Szargut and
Group 2 of 32 farmers (non-owner of machinery and low level of €
Morris, 1987; Ozilgen and Sorgüven, 2011). The degree of thermo-
farming technology). The results revealed that 153071.40 MJ ha
1
dynamic perfection can be evaluated only by means of exergy
energy consumed by Group 1 and 157151.12 MJ ha
1 energy
analysis (Szargut and Morris, 1987; Leach, 1975; Balandynowicz
consumed by Group 2. Cost analysis showed that total cost of potato
et al., 1979).
production in Groups 1 and 2 were 4784.68 and 4172.64 $ ha
1,
Four balance equation for work and heat interaction processes
respectively (Zangeneh et al., 2010).
(mass, energy, exergy and entropy) in agriculture are needed to
The thermodynamic analysis, developed for the production
determine the cumulative energy consumption (CEnC), Cumulative
analysis of the crops, is in the field of biothermodynamic applica-
exergy consumption (CExC), cumulative carbon dioxide emission
tion. The term biothermodynamic means the application of ther-
(CCO2E) and the cumulative degree of perfection (CDP) (Dincer
modynamic analysis in biological systems. The biothermodynamic
€ et al., 2004; Balkan et al., 2005; Wall, 2003; Sorgüven and
term is synonymous with engineering thermodynamics (Ozilgen, €
Ozilgen, 2012; Esen et al., 2007). The equations below can be
2017). In agricultural practices, finding the causes of differences
written as follows;
in crop yields of plants is among the results of biothermodynamic
€ Mass balance:
research (Ozilgen, 2017). In biothermodynamics applications, new
researches have been put forward in the field of health and agri- X X
min ¼ mout (1)
culture today by researchers. In recent years, in the studies carried
out in the context of biotermodynamic applications in agriculture, Energy balance:
researchers have done some research about the production of some X X
agricultural crops and their fabrication processes. The researchers ðmhÞin
ðmhÞout ¼ W
Q (2)
conducted biotermodynamic analyzes of bread making, vegetable
€
oil and strawberry flavored yogurt (Degerli et al., 2015; Ozilgen and Exergy balance:
€
Sorgüven, 2011; Sorgüven and Ozilgen, 2012). In a different study
X X X To

on agriculture within the scope of biothermodynamic applications, ðmbÞin
ðmbÞout þ 1
Qk
W ¼ I (3)
Silva et al. (2015) calculated the total exergy efficiency of photo- Tk
synthesis as 3.9%. This study will contribute to the literature on Entropy balance:
biothermodynamic studies applied in sustainable agriculture.
In previous studies, the analysis of potato production was made X X X XQ
k
Sgeneration ¼ ðmsÞout
ðmsÞin
(4)
according to the first law of thermodynamics. However, in order to Tk
understand the real energy potential of the systems, an exergy
analysis based on the second law of thermodynamics is required. where Qk is the heat amount transferred across the border, W is the
Also in previous studies, the energy use of potato production and the work, b is the flow availability of a stream (Szargut et al., 1988;
amount of carbon dioxide emissions were made by area size. In this €
Ozilgen and Sorgüven, 2011). However, flow availability is the
study, unlike the previous studies, the analysis of the potato pro- sum of thermomechanical and chemical availabilities:
duction process was calculated according to the mass of the potato.
The amount of energy and exergy and the amount of carbon dioxide b ¼ bth þ bch (5)
emission used to form a unit of potato mass can be calculated within
the scope of biothermodynamic applications with thermodynamic where:
analysis. However, the yield analysis of the potato production pro- X
cess can be made according to the chemical thermodynamic prop- bch ¼ exch0i (6)
erties of the potato. In this context, cumulative energy consumption,
cumulative exergy consumption and cumulative carbon dioxide and
662 H. Yildizhan / Journal of Cleaner Production 166 (2017) 660e667
bth ¼ h
T0 s
In the process that occurs spontaneously, production and con-
sumption do not ocur. Reversible work is equal to exergy annihi-
lation (Çengel and Boles, 2006). Thus, physical exergy equation for
1 mol of a mixture:
X tion of 1 kg water. Fadere et al. (2010) stated that a total of 0.35 MJ/
bth ¼
T0 s ¼ Ru T0 yi lnðyi Þ
i
The 0, specified in the upper and lower indices, specifies the
reference state (dead state) conditions. Exergy is assessed relative
to reference state conditions. The reference state is stable at steady
state. The reference state is defined by its specific properties such as
temperature (T0), and chemical potential (exch0). Chemical exergy
calculations are given for the flow availability (b) of potato in the
Appendix.
The exergy efficiency of the whole production chain (sum of the
exergies of all the raw materials and fuel) can be expressed by the
cumulative degree of perfection (CDP), which is described by
Szargut et al. (1988) as the ratio of the chemical exergy of the final
product under consideration, mb, to the cumulative exergy con-
sumption of natural resources in the whole production chain
(Ptasinski, 2016; Szargut et al., 1988):
ðmbÞ
CDP ¼ P P (9)
ðmCExCÞraw materials þ ðmCExCÞfuels
The preferred system for the analysis of potato production in
study is given in Fig. 1. Cumulative energy consumption (CEnC),
cumulative exergy consumption CEXC and cumulative carbon di-
oxide emission (CCO2E) values realized in potato production are
calculated according to the inputs of a well located potato pro-
duction. For the aforementioned inputs, it is utilized from the in-
formation in the literature. In the study, thermodynamic analysis of
one ton potato production process was made. So the system
boundaries covers a ton of potato production process (Fig. 1).
3. Results and discussion
In this study, cumulative energy consumption, cumulative
exergy consumption and cumulative carbon dioxide emission
associated with the agricultural production practices for potato are
estimated and presented as weighted average values. In addition,
the cumulative degree of perfection value of the potato production
was also determined by the study.
The inputs and outputs of the potato production per hectare
Fig. 1. System boundaries of potato production process.
have been prepared by taking advantage of the study of Hamedani
(7) et al. (2011). Amounts of inputs and output in potato production are
given in Table 2.
€
Electricity is consumed for water irrigation (Ozilgen and
Sorgüven, 2016). In study, the energy consumed for the water for
irrigation was considered as electricity. Hamedani et al. (2011)
states that 0.00063 MJ of electricity is consumed for the irriga-
(8)
kg of energy was consumed during pelletized manure production.
The values of CEnC and CExC and CCO2E during manure production
€
are given in Table 3 (Fadere et al., 2010; Ozilgen and Sorgüven,
2016). Calculations related to electricity generation were made
according to fossil fuels. Szargut et al. (1988) calculated the CExC to
generate 1 MJ of electricity from fossil fuel as 4.17 MJ/MJ. The values
used are listed in Table 3 for the cumulative energy consumption
(CEnC), the cumulative exergy consumption (CExC) and the cu-
mulative carbon dioxide emissions (CCO2E) calculations. In addi-
tion, the calculation of chemical exergy for cumulative degree of
perfection (CDP) of potato is explained in Appendix.
The cumulative energy consumption during potato production
is given in Fig. 2. The total cumulative energy consumption in po-
tato production realized as 2205.85 MJ/ton of potato. Referring to
Fig. 2, the highest cumulative energy consumption in potato pro-
duction is in fertilizers (chemical fertilizers and manure) use. The
cumulative energy consumption of total fertilizer (chemical fertil-
izers and manure) for a ton of potato production is 1427.87 MJ/kg.
The cumulative energy consumption of total fertilizer (chemical
fertilizer and farmyard manure) use is very large compared to other
inputs. In potato production, the cumulative energy consumption
of chemical fertilizer is higher than cumulative energy consump-
tion of manure. The cumulative energy consumption values of
chemical fertilizers and manure for a ton of potato production are
1232.87 MJ/kg and 195 MJ/kg, respectively. However, the cumula-
tive energy consumption of chemical fertilizers in potato produc-
tion is very high. Therefore, reducing the use of chemical fertilizers
in potato production will seriously reduce total cumulative energy
consumption. Cumulative energy consumption of fertilizer is fol-
lowed by diesel (558.57 MJ/kg), water for irrigation (199.26 MJ/kg)
and chemicals (20.15 MJ/kg) respectively. The cumulative energy
consumption of chemicals in potato production is very low
compared to the cumulative energy consumtion of other inputs.
In this study, the total cumulative energy consumption value of
a ton of potato production was calculated as 2206 MJ. In this study,
energy use in the potato production process was determined by the
cumulative approach, unlike other studies. For this reason, the
energy equivalents of potato production inputs used in this study
are different from those of other studies. However, in this study, the
inputs and quantities used in the potato production process were
taken from the study of Hamadi et al. According to the studies of
Table 2
Amounts of inputs and output in potato production [Hamedani et al., 2011].
Inputs & output Unit Quantity per unit area (ha)

1
Chemical fertilizers kg ha 887
- Nitrogen (N)
461.5
- Phosphorus (P2O5)
322.6
- Potassium (K2O)
102.9

1
Manure kg ha 19500

1
Chemicals kg ha 3.55
- Insecticide
2.2
- Herbicides
0.85
- Fungicides
0.5
Diesel L ha
1 404.6
Water for irrigation m3 ha
1 11070.3
Yield of Potato kg ha
1 35000
 H. Yildizhan / Journal of Cleaner Production 166 (2017) 660e667 663

Table 3
Specific CEnC and CExC and CCO2E values for each input.

Inputs Specific CEnC Specific CExC Specific CCO2E

Chemical fertilizers
- Nitrogen (N)
78.2 MJ/kg (Helsel, 1992)
32.7 MJ/kg (Szargut et al., 1988)
0.09 kg/MJ (Kongshaug, 1998)
- Phosphorus (P2O5)
17.5 MJ/kg (Helsel, 1992)
7.52 MJ/kg (Wittmus et al., 1975)
0.15 kg/MJ (Kongshaug, 1998)
- Potassium (K2O)
13.8 MJ/kg (Helsel, 1992)
4.56 MJ/kg (Pimentel, 1991)
0.51 kg/MJ (Kongshaug, 1998)
Manure
0.35 MJ/kg (Fadere et al., 2010)
5.33 MJ/kg €
(Ozilgen, and Sorgüven, 2016) €

0.0462 kg/kg (Ozilgen, and Sorgüven, 2016)
Chemicals
- Pesticides
198.8 MJ/kg (Banaeian et al., 2011)
7.52 MJ/kg (Brehmer, 2008)
5.1 kg/MJ (Lal, 2004)
- Fungicides
198.8 MJ/kg (Banaeian et al., 2011)
4.56 MJ/kg (Brehmer, 2008)
3.9 kg/MJ (Lal, 2004)
- Herbicides
198.8 MJ/kg (Banaeian et al., 2011)
32.7 MJ/kg (Brehmer, 2008)
6.3 kg/MJ (Lal, 2004)
Diesel
57.5 MJ/kg (Banaeian et al., 2011)
53.2 MJ/kg (Szargut et al., 1988)
0.94 kg/MJ (Lal, 2004)
Electricity
1 MJ/MJ (Szargut et al., 1988)
4.17 MJ/MJ (Szargut et al., 1988)
0.14 kg/MJ (Anonymous, 2008).
Water for irrigation (m3)
0.00102 MJ/kg (Zangeneh et al., 2010)
0.00425 MJ/kg
0.000595 kg/kg (Szargut and Morris, 1987)
(Szargut and Morris, 1987)

Hamadi et al. the total amount of energy used for the production of
one ton of potatoes was determined as 2643.50 MJ. In this study,
the total energy used to produce one ton of potatoes was calculated
as 2206 MJ. There is no big difference in total energy values used for
a ton of potato production. On the other hand, as in the study of
Hamedani et al. in this study, the use of chemical fertilizer and
diesel for energy use in potato production is the front plan.
The analysis of cumulative exergy consumption allows us to
generate ideas about the possibilities of improving the production
technological network (Demirel, 2007). In this context, saving in
cumulative exergy consumption means that both less natural re-
sources should be extracted and less pollution should be sent to the
environment (Hoang and Rao, 2010). Cumulative exergy con-
sumption according to the inputs of potato production is given in
Fig. 3. In this study, the total cumulative exergy consumption dur-
ing potato production is calculated to be 4832.5 MJ/ton of potato. In
potato production, total fertilizer (chemical fertilizers and manure)
has the most cumulative exergy consumption compared to other
inputs. Cumulative exergy consumption of total fertilizer (chemical
fertilizer and manure) use in production of one ton of potato is
detected to be 3483.45 MJ/kg. Thus, total fertilizer (chemical fer-
tilizers and manure) has the highest consumption value in both
cumulative energy and cumulative exeryg compared to other in-
puts. In fertilizers use for potato, the cumulative exergy con-
sumption value of manure is higher than the cumulative exergy
consumption of chemical fertilizers. Also, the cumulative exergy
consumption value of manure is very high. The cumulative exergy
consumption of manure use in the process of producing one ton of
potato is 2969.57 MJ/kg. Cumulative exergy consumption of fertil-
izer is followed by water for irrigation (830.93 MJ/kg), diesel
(516.8 MJ/kg) and chemicals (1.32 MJ/kg) respectively. As in the
case of cumulative energy, consumption of chemicals in the cu-
mulative exergy is very low compared to other inputs.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are essentially cumulative
(Rhys, 2011). In this study, unlike other studies, carbon dioxide
emission in the crop production process was calculated by cumu-
lative approach. The cumulative carbon dioxide emissions accord-
ing to inputs in potato production are given in Fig. 4. The total

Cumula ve Energy Consump on (MJ/ton of potato)

1400

1200

1000 Chemical
fer zers
Chemicals
800

Diesel
600
Water for
irriga on
400
Manure

200

0
Potato

Fig. 2. Cumulative energy consumption according to inputs of potato production.

664 H. Yildizhan / Journal of Cleaner Production 166 (2017) 660e667

Cumula ve Exergy Consump on (MJ/ton of potato)

3000

2500

Chemical
2000 fer zers
Chemicals

1500 Diesel

Water for
1000 irraga on
Manure

500

0
Potato

Fig. 3. Cumulative exergy consumption according to inputs of potato production.

carbon dioxide emission for a ton of potato production was calcu-
lated as 67.3 kg CO2. Banaeian et al. (2011) calculated the 116.3 kg
CO2. ton
1 for potato production that was higher than my research
results. This difference can be due to different CO2 coefficients and
different operations inputs. In this study, the highest cumulative
carbon dioxide emission in potato production was cause with fer-
tilizers (chemical fertilizers and manure) use. In particular, cumu-
lative carbon monoxide emissions from manure (25.74 kg/ton) use
are high. On the other hand, cumulative carbon dioxide emissions
resulting from the water for irrigation (27.89 kg/ton) are also high.
Approximately 80% the total amount of carbon dioxide emitted
during the agriculture of potato originates from manure and water
for irrigation. As a result, manure and water for irrigation use must
be reduced to reduce cumulative carbon dioxide emissions in po-
tato production. Cumulative carbon dioxide emissions of fertilizers
(chemical fertilizers and manure) are followed by water for

Carbon Dioxide Emission (kg/ton of potato)

30

25

Chemical fer lizers

20
Chemicals
Diesel
15 Water for irriga on
Manure
10

0
Potato

Fig. 4. Cumulative carbon dioxide emissions according to inputs of potato production.

 H. Yildizhan / Journal of Cleaner Production 166 (2017) 660e667
Cumula ve Degree of Perfec on for Potato
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Potato
Fig. 5. The cumulative degree of perfection of potato production.
irrigation, diesel (9.13 kg/ton) and chemicals (0.52 kg/ton) respec-
tively. Cumulative carbon dioxide emissions due to the use of
chemicals in potato production are low.
As can be seen from the above study results, the use of intense
fossil-based energy resources in product crop is a matter of ques-
tion. Apart from the use of electricity and diesel in product crop,
there is also the use of fossil-based electricity in energy sources
such as irrigation water use and manure production. Fossil-based
energy sources are not suitable for sustainable agriculture
because they cause both pollution and end up at the same time. For
this reason, the inclusion of renewable energy sources in agricul-
tural applications has become mandatory for sustainable agricul-
ture. In agricultural applications, there are heavy electricity usage
in irrigation and lighting activities. Supply of electricity from
renewable energy sources in agricultural applications will ensure
the sustainability of agricultural practices. On the other hand, this
study has high levels of cumulative exergy consumption and cu-
mulative carbon dioxide consumption due to manure production.
For this reason, in agricultural activities manure should be supplied
from natural routes such as animal feces, which will reduce these
consumptions.
The exergy efficiency of the entire production chain is expressed
by cumulative degree of perfection (CDP) by Szargut et al. (1988).
The cumulative degree of perfection realizing in potato production
was determined by using equation (8). According to equation (8),
the total cumulative exergy consumption of agriculture energy
sources must be low for the cumulative degree of perfection to be
high.
In this context, the cumulative degree of perfection (CDP) in
potato production was calculated using for the inputs in Table 2.
The cumulative degree of perfection of potato production is given
in Fig. 5. Eventing in potato production, cumulative degree of
perfection (CDP) was found to be 1.09. Reduction of fertilizers
(chemical fertilizers and manure) usage is necessary to increase the
cumulative degree of perfection of potato production. Especially
the reduction of manure usage will seriously increase the cumu-
lative degree of perfection of potato production. On the other hand,
665
water for irrigation, diesel and chemicals usage in potato produc-
tion do not yield the high level of cumulative exergy consumptions.
Therefore, the use of water for irrigation, diesel and chemicals are
not in a position to seriously affect the cumulative degree of
perfection value for potato production. In particular, the level of use
of chemicals is not at a level that affects the cumulative degree of
perfection of potato production.
4. Conclusion
This study deal with the efficient usage of energy resources for
potato production by using termodynamics approach. In potato
production with the thermodynamics approach cumulative energy
consumption, cumulative exergy consumptions, cumulative carbon
monoxide emissions and cumulative degree of perfection identified
and interpreted.
The total energy and exergy utilization and total CO2 emission
for production of one ton of potatoes were found as 2206 MJ,
4832.5 MJ and 67.3 kg, respectively. In this study, the cumulative
degree of perfection was calculated according to the inputs of the
potato farming operation. Eventing in potato production, cumula-
tive degree of perfection (CDP) was found to be 1.09. To increase the
cumulative degree of perfection in potato production, renewable
energy sources need to be involved in potato breeding operations.
In addition, to increase the cumulative degree of perfection in po-
tato production, the use of manure should be reduced.
The thermodynamic analysis applied in this study is a
comprehensive analysis method for the optimum utilization of
energy resources and less environmental pollution according to the
thermodynamic properties of the crop within the scope of sus-
tainable agricultural applications. As a result, this study tries to
increase knowledge on the analysis to be made to sustainable
agricultural applications within the scope of thermodynamics. In
subsequent studies it is advisable to include photosynthetic exergy
in the cumulative degree of perfection calculations to be carried out
in researchers' sustainable agricultural practices.
666 H. Yildizhan / Journal of Cleaner Production 166 (2017) 660e667

Table 4
Chemical composition and the chemical exergy of each constituent of the potato.

Chemical composition of potato Estimation method exch yI_RT0ln(yI_)

(MJ/kg)

Carbohydrate 18% Carbohydrates in potatoes was admited to be stored in the form of glucose. 25.95
0.2067
The chemical exergy value used here is taken from the study of Szargut and Morris (1987).
Protein 2.2% Assume all proteins are polymers of alanine, and calculate based on group 25.35
0.0698
additivity method (Brehmer, 2008).
Fat 0.1% In this study, fat in potatoes was admited to be stored in the form of oelic acid. 37.14
0.0026
Ash 1% There is no available data on the chemical exergy of ash in literature. So the contribution 0.0 0.0
of ash was neglected.
Fibre 0.4% There is no available data on the chemical exergy of fibre in literature. So the contribution 0.0 0.0
of fibre was neglected.
Water 78.3% The chemical exergy value used here is taken from the study of Woods (Anonymous, 2008). 0.043
0.0671

Acknowledgement and services. U. K. Dep. Environ. Food Rural Aff. http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.

edu/faculty/hall/publications/PAS2050_Guide.pdf. (Accessed 10 March 2017).
Anonymous, 2017. Starch Chemical Compound. https://global.britannica.com/
€
Due to the additives the author is grateful to Mustafa Ozilgen science/starch. (Accessed 10 March 2017).
and Esra Sorgüven. This research did not receive any specific grant Arıog
lu, H.H., 2002. Starch and Sugar Plants. Cukurova University Faculty of Agri-
from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit culture Textbooks. Publication No: A-57, Adana, 234 pp. [In Turkish].
Arıog
lu, H., Çürük, U., Zaimog
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de. http://
arastirma.tarim.gov.tr [In Turkish].
Appendix
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Sroczynski, W., Hancock, G.H., 1979. Cumulariue Energy Consumption. 2.
In Table 4, chemical composition and the chemical exergy of Boustead, I. Handbook of Industrial Energy Analysis.
each constituent of the potato is given. Chemical compositions of Balkan, F., Çolak, N., Hepbaşlı, A., 2005. Performance evaluation of a triple effect
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