Functions :

Function is the block of code which is used

to perform a particular operation.

There are two type of the functions :

(i) Pre-defined functions

(ii) User -defined functions .

Monolithic Programming : In this case , we

write the entire logic in the single program.

The disadvantages of the monolithic

programming are,

(a) Difficult to understand.

(b) Difficult to modify
(c) Difficult of debug.

[Bug means computer program error and

debugging is the process of locating and
removing the computer program error.]

Modular Programming : In the case of the

modular programming , we divide the entire
complex program into the simple sub-
programs or modules.These modules are
also known as functions.

Advantages of the modular

programming :

(a) Easy to understand

(b) Easy to debug
(c) Easy to modify
(d) Resuability of code.

(i) Pre-defined Functions : These functions

are defined in the header files.

e.g. stdio.h (printf() , scanf( ))

conio.h ( clrscr( ) , getch( ) )

(ii) User-defined functions : These functions
are defined by the user for there own
prupose.

These functions contains the following

components :

(a) Function Prototype.

(b) Function call

(c) Function definition

(a) Function Prototype : The function

prototype is used to specify the layout of the
function.

The function prototype specifies the

following information :

(i) The function name

(ii) The number of arguments the

function requires

(iii) The type of arguments

(iv) The returntype.

The general form is ,

returntype functionname(argument
list);

Example 1 :

int sum(int ,int);

It specifies that there will be a function

with the name
sum( ) and this function will take two
arguments and both are of type integers
and the sum() will also return the integer
type value.
 float average(float,float,float);

It speicifes that there will be a function

with the name average( ) and this function
will take the three arguments and all of
them are of type float and the average( ) will
return the float type value .

void show(char , int );

It speicfies that there will be a function

with the name show( ) and this function will
take the two arguments and the first
argument will be of type char and the
second argument will be of the type int
and the function will not return any value.

(b) Function Call :

Consider the following statement ,

 main( )
{

:: : : : :

clrscr( );

: : : : : :
: : : : : :
}

In the above mentioned code , we are

calling the clrscr() function in the
main( ) .
The clrscr() function will be known
as the Called Function and the main( )
function will be known as the calling
function .

The function call transfers the

control from the calling funtion to
the called function.The function call
results in the execution of the function
 definition.

There are two types of the function

calls,

(i) When the function returns a value

.

The general form is,

variablename=functionname(argument
list);

e.g.

c=sum(a,b);

(ii) When the function doesnot return

a value .

The general form is ,

 functioname(argument list);

e.g.

show(ch,n);

(c) Function definition :

The function definition will define

the actual logic of the function .

The general form of the function

definition is ,

returntype functionname(argument
list)
{
body of the function

Q Write a "C++" function to add two

numbers.
 #include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
/*function prototype*/
int sum(int,int);
void main( )
{
int a,b,c;

clrscr();

cout<<endl<<"Enter the value of a

and b:";
cin>>a>>b;

c=sum(a,b);/*function call*/

cout<<endl<<"Sum = "<<c;

getch();
}
/*function definition */
int sum(int x,int y)
{
int z;

z=x+y;

return z;
}

(b) When the function doesnot return the

value .

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
/*function definition */

void sum(int i,int j)

{
int c;

c=i+j;
 cout<<endl<<"Sum = " <<c;
}

void main( )
{
int a,b;

clrscr();

cout<<endl<<"Enter the value of a

and b:";
cin>>a>>b;

sum(a,b);/*function call*/

getch();
}

Q Write a 'c' function to calculate the

factorial of the number
(i) When the function returns the value

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
/*function prototype*/
int factorial(int);
void main( )
{
int num,fact;

clrscr();

cout<<endl<<"Enter the number :";

cin>>num;

fact=factorial(num); /*function call*/

cout<<endl<<"Factorial ="<<fact;

getch();
}
/*function defintion */
int factorial(int num)
{
int i,fact;

fact=1;

for(i=1;i<=num;i++)
fact=fact*i;

return fact;
}

(ii) When the function doesnot return the

value

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
/*function prototype */

void factorial(int);

void main()
{
 int num;

clrscr( );

cout<<endl<<"Enter the number :";

cin>>num;

factorial(num); /* function call*/

getch();
}

/* function definition */

void factorial(int num)

{
int i,fact;

fact=1;

for(i=1;i<=num;i++)
fact=fact*i;
 cout<<endl<<"Factorial ="<<fact;
}

Q Write a 'c++' program using function to

calculate the value
of c.

c= n!
----------
r!*(n-r)!

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
/*function prototype*/
int factorial(int);
void main( )
{
int n,r,c,factn,factr,factnr;

clrscr();

cout<<endl<<"Enter the value of n and

r:";
cin>>n>>r;

/*calculate the factorial of n */

factn=factorial(n);

/*calculate the factorial of r */

factr=factorial(r);

/* calculate the factorail of n-r*/

factnr=factorial(n-r);

/*calculate the value of c */

c=factn/(factr*factnr);

cout<<endl<<"c="<<c;

getch();
}
/*function definition */
int factorial(int num)
{
int fact=1,i;

for(i=1;i<=num;i++)
fact=fact*i;

return fact;
}

Q Write a 'C' function to calculate the x ^ y.

x=5 y=3 x^ y=5^3=5*5*5=125

(i) When the functin returns the value

(ii) When the function doesnot returns the

value .

Solution :
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
/*function prototype*/
int power(int,int);
void main()
{
int x,y,result;

clrscr();

cout<<endl<<"Enter the value of x and

y :";
cin>>x>>y;

result=power(x,y); /*function call*/

cout<<"Result =" <<result;

getch();
}

/*function defintion*/
int power(int x,int y)
{
int i,result;

result=1;

for(i=1;i<=y;i++)
result=result*x;

return result;
}

Q WAF to convert the lowercase to the

uppcase

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
//function prototype
char convert(char);
void main()
{
char ch;
 clrscr();

//read the character

cout<<endl<<"Enter the character :";

cin>>ch;

char result;

result=convert(ch);//function call

cout<<endl<<"Result = " <<result;

getch();

//function definition

char convert(char ch)

{
if(ch>='a'&&ch<='z')
return 'A'+(ch-'a');
 else
return ch;
}

Q WAF to display the ASCII value of a

character

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void show(char );
void main()
{
char ch;

clrscr();

//read the character

cout<<endl<<"Enter the character :";

cin>>ch;

show(ch); //function call

 getch();
}

//function definition

void show(char ch)

{
cout<<endl<<"ASCII value of "<<ch<<"
is = "<<(int)ch;
}

or

void show(char ch)

{
int val;

val=ch;

cout<<endl<<"ASCII value of "<<ch<<"

is = "<<val;
}