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T01M1000Slides PDF
T01M1000Slides PDF
y drug registration
y formulary decision‐making
y therapeutic guideline determination
y individual patient decisions
Kozma CM, Reeder CE, Schulz RM: Economic, clinical and humanistic outcome: A planning model for
pharmacoeconomic research. Clin Ther 15:1121-1132, 1993.
17
Direct and Indirect Cost
y Direct medical and nonmedical costs
Medical: Related to providing medical services, e.g., hospital care,
physician fees, drug costs, costs of adverse events
Nonmedical: Expenses, such as transportation costs, that are direct
result of illness
Most frequently included in CEA
y Indirect cost associated with changes of individual productivity
Example: lost time from work (absenteeism) and unpaid assistance
from a family member
y Intangible costs (pain and suffering)
1
Weinstein MC, Stason WB (1985). Cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent or treat
coronary heart disease. Annu Rev Public Health, 6, 41-63.
y Structural