CHAPTER 4: CARBON COMPOUNDS

Subtopic 4.1

1. Carbon compounds- compounds that contain carbon

2. Carbon compounds can be classified into 2 groups:

A. Organic carbon compounds B. Inorganic carbon compounds

3. Difference between Organic carbon compounds and Inorganic carbon compounds

Organic carbon compounds Inorganic carbon compounds

a. Comes from animals and plants
b. Dissolve in organic solvents such as
alcohol, petrol, eter
c. Does not dissolve in inorganic solvents
Examples: Fossil fuel, sugar, fat, starch,
alcohol, vinegar, proteins, hormones
a. Does not come from living things
b. Dissolve in inorganic solvents such as
water, acid, alkali
c. Does not dissolve in organic solvents
Example: Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
carbonates

4. Hydrocarbon compounds: organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only

Example: Fossil fuel- Petroleum, Natural gas, Coal

Subtopic 4.2 ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECT ON HEALTH

1. Alcohol – organic compound that contains carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O)
2. Example of alcohol: Ethanol, Methanol, Propanol, Butanol
3. Process of producing alcohol – FERMENTATION
a) Ethanol – Produced by fermentation of glucose with yeast
 b) Carbon dioxide produced turns the limewater chalky
c) Ethanol produced can be purified by distillation process.

DISTILLATION OF ETHANOL AT 78 OC

Physical properties of alcohol

 Colourless solution.
 Easily vaporized at room
temperature.
 Has a low boiling point.
 Dissolves in water and
organic solvent.
 Neutral.

4. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ALCOHOL

A.

B.
Chemical properties of alcohol

 Burns with blue flame produce carbon dioxide and water

 Burns without soot-complete combustion

 Reacts with organic acid to produce ester

 5. a. Formation of ester- ESTERIFICATION PROCESS

Reaction between ethanol(alcohol) and ethanoic acid (organic acid) with concentrated

sulphuric acid as catalyst can produce ester.

b. Properties of Ester

 Sweet smelling organic compound – used to make perfume, food flavouring

 Does not dissolve in water

6. USES OF ALCOHOL
 7. Effects of alcohol on health
a. Cerebrum – kills brain cell
b. Cerebellum – affects body coordination/ movement
c. Liver- damage liver and cause liver cancer
d. Stomach – gastritis and stomach ulcer
e. Nervous system- slows down function of brain and nervous system
f. Blood vessel – expand, heat is lost from the body

Subtopic 4.3: FATS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON HEALTH

1. Fats - organic compound that contains carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O)
2. There are 2 types of fats:
a. Saturated fats b. Unsaturated fats
3. Difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats

Saturated fats Unsaturated fats

a. Have single bond between carbon a. Have double bond between carbon
atoms in the carbon chain atoms in the carbon chain
b. Higher melting point b. Lower melting point
c. Solid at room temperature c. Liquid at room temperature
d. Main source is from animals d. Main source is from plants
e. Cholesterol level higher e. Cholesterol level lower

4. Effects of fats/ fatty food on health

Excessive intake of saturated fats causes
a. Deposition of fats in blood vessels
- leads to arteriosclerosis (lumen of arteries become smaller)

- Heart disease
- High blood pressure
- Stroke

Subtopik 4.4 – PALM OIL AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

 Mesocarp/ Husk High oil content
Endocarp/ Shell No oil
Kernel Little oil but high quality

5. A. Extraction of palm oil- in laboratory

B. Extraction of palm oil in factory

STEPS PURPOSE
a. Sterilisation-sterilised using hot steam  To soften the fruit and make it easy to
remove from the bunch
 To kill bacteria/ fungi
b. Threshing/ Separation  Fruit is separated from bunch
c. Digestion/ Crushing  Fruit is smashed and crushed
d. Extraction  Oil from husk and kernel is extracted
e. Filtration  Oil is filtered to remove husk debris
f. Purification  Steam is passed through to remove
odour
 Oil is passed through activated carbon
to remove its colour
 6. USES OF PALM OIL

7. NUTRITIOUS SUBSTANCE IN PALM OIL

a. Fatty acid – To build cell membrane in the body
b. Vitamin A – Prevent night blindness
c. Vitamin E – Prevent cancer
d. Beta carotene – Prevent cancer
8. Government Agency- research and develop palm oil industry
Example : MPOB, PORIM
9. Potential uses of palm oil as:
a. Palm oil as biodiesel- causes less pollution
b. Waste product from palm used to produce pulp, paper, plywood
c. Empty fruit bunches used as fuel in factories

Subtopik 4.5 – PROCESS OF MAKING SOAP AND CLEANSING ACTION

1. Soap – cleansing agent made from plant fats such as palm oil and olive oil
Preparation of soap – Saponification or Alkaline Hydrolysis

a. Heat palm oil with concentrated alkali such as sodium hydroxide solution/ potassium
hydroxide solution
b. Oil molecule is broken down into fatty acid and glycerol
c. Fatty acid react with sodium hydroxide solution to form sodium salt (soap) and water
d. Common salt is added to solidify the soap
e. The solid soap is separated and filtered
2. Test for soap –Produces bubbles, feels smooth, changes red litmus to blue
3. Cleansing action of soap
 Soap molecule made up of two parts
 (3) (4)

Explanation:
1.Soap reduces surface tention of water

2. The oil soluble tail (hydrophobic tail) dissolves into the grease and
the water soluble head(hydrophilic head) remains in the water

3. The dirt is pulled off from the surface of the cloth

4. When the water is shaken the oil droplets floats in water

Subtopik 4.6 – Natural polymers

1. Polymers – large long chain molecules made up of monomers

2. Polymerisation – process by which monomers are combined to form a long polymer
chain.

3. Depolymerisation – process by which polymer is broken into smaller monomer

molecules.

4. Two types of polymers:

A. Natural polymers– produced by living things

B.Synthetic polymers – made by human through chemical reaction

5. Example

Type of polymer polymers monomers

 A. Natural polymers Natural rubber Isoprene
Starch Glucose
Cellulose Glucose
Pprotein Amino acid
B. Synthetic polymer Polyethene Ethene
Polystyrene Styrene
Polyvinyl chloride Vinyl chloride/
Chloroethene
Perspex Methyl methacrylate

6. Natural Rubber
a. Made up of monomer isoprene

b. Characteristics:

 Elastic
 Soft
 Has low melting point
 Does not conduct electricity
 Does not dissolve in water

c. Latex – contains rubber particles

- Rubber particles contain rubber molecules

7. Action of acids and alkali on latex

Latex + Ethanoic acid Latex coagulates

Latex + Ammonia solution Latex does not coagulate
 -The coagulation of latex still occurs if latex is exposed to the air. This happens because
bacteria in the latex will produce acids which coagulate the latex.
 In rubber estate, formic acid (methanoic acid) is always used to coagulate latex.

8. Vulcanisation of rubber
a. Vulcanisation- process of heating the natural rubber with sulphur to produce
vulcanized rubber.

vulcanisation
Natural rubber + Sulphur Vulcanised rubber

During vulcanization, sulphur atom form cross links between the rubber molecule and
prevent the molecules from sliding over each other.

b. Difference between vulcanized rubber and natural rubber

Vulcanised rubber Natural rubber

Harder Softer
Stronger Less strong
More elastic Less elastic
More resistant to heat Less resistant to heat
BAB 4: SEBATIAN
KARBON
4.1 KEPELBAGAIAN SEBATIAN KARBON

1. Sebatian karbon mengandungi karbon

2. Sebatian karbon dikelasoan kepada 2 kumpulan:

A. Sebatian karbon organik B. Sebatian karbon tak organik

3. Perbezaan antara sebatian karbon organic dan sebatian karbon tak organik

Sebatian karbon organik Sebatian karbon tak organik

Berasal dari haiwan dan tumbuhan
Larut dalam pelarut organic seperti alcohol,
petrol, eter
Tidak larut dalam pelarut bukan organik
Contoh: Bahan api fosil, gula, lemak, kanji,
cuka, protin, hormon
Berasal dari bahan bukan hidup
Larut dalam pelarut bukan organic seperti air,
asid, alkali
Tidak larut dalam pelarut organik
Contoh: Karbon dioksida, karbon monoksida,
garam karbonat

4. Sebatian hidrokarbon : sebatian organic yang mengandungi karbon dan hidrogen sahaja

Contoh: Bahan api fosil- Petroleum, Gas asli, Arang

4.2 ALKOHOL DANKESANNYA TERHADAP KESIHATAN

1. Alkohol – sebatian organic yang mengandungi karbon (C), hidrogen (H) dan oksigen (O)

2. Contoh alkohol: Etanol, Metanol, Propanol, Butanol

3. Proses penghasilan alkohol – PROSES PENAPAIAN
4. Etanol – dihasilkan melalui penapaian glukos dan yis

Kelalang kon
Larutan glukos
Air kapur
dan yis Bikar
5. Karbon dioksida yang dihasilkan menyebabkan air kapur menjadi keruh
6. Etanol yang dihasilkan ditulenkan oleh proses penyulingan.

Penyulingan etanol pada 78 OC

7. SIFAT –SIFAT UMUM ALKOHOL

A. Sifat fizikal

.  Cecair tak berwarna.

 Meruap pada suhu bilik
 Takat didid rendah
 Larut dalam air dan pelarut
organik.
 Neutral.
 Sifat kimia
B.
 Bakar dengan nyalaan biru menghasilkan karbon dioksida dan air

Kertas turas
Nyalaan
Mangkuk
Etanol
 Tiada jelaga menunjukkan pembakaran lengkap
8. a. Formation of ester- ESTERIFICATION PROCESS
 Alkohol + Oksigen → Karbon dioksida + Air
 Reacts with organic acid to produce ester

Tindak balas antara etanol(alkohol) dan asid etanoik (asid organik) dengan asid sulfurik

pekat sebagai mangkin.

b. Sifat Umum Ester

 Berbau wangi –diguna sebagai pewangi dan bahan perisa dalam makanan
 tak boleh larut dalam air

9. KEGUNAAN ALKOHOL
 10. Kesan alkohol terhadap kesihatan

a. Serebrum – membunuh sel otak

b. Serebelum – menjejaskan kordinasi badan dan pergerakan
c. Hati- merosakkan hati dan menyebabkan kanser hati
d. Perut – gastrik dan ulser perut
e. Sistem saraf- melambatkan fungsi otak dan system saraf
f. Salur darah – mengembang kerana alcohol membebaskan banyak haba

4.3: LEMAK DAN KESAN NYA TERHADAP KESIHATAN

1. Lemak - sebatian organik yang mengandungi karbon (C), hidrogen (H) dan oksigen (O)
2. Ada dua jenis lemak:
a. Lemak tepu b. Lemak Tak tepu

3 Perbezaan antara lemak tepu dan lemak tak tepu.

Lemak tepu Lemak Tak tepu

Ada ikatan tunggal antara atom-atom
karbon dalam rantai karbon
Takat lebur yang tinggi
Pepejal pada suhu bilik
Sumber utama daripada haiwan
Kolesterol dalam darah tinggi
Ada ikatan ganda dua antara atom-
atom karbon dalam rantai karbon
Takat lebur yang rendah
Cecair pada suhu bilik
Sumber utama daripada tumbuhan
Kolesterol dalam darah rendah

4. Kesan lemak terhadap kesihatan

 Jika berlebihan pengambilan lemak tepu
- Pengumpulan lemak dalam salur darah
- mengakibatkan arteriosklerosis (lumen arteri menjadi sempit)

Lumen sempit kerana

pengumpulan lemak
- Penyakit jantung
- Tekanan darah tinggi
- Strok

4.4 – PALM OIL AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Mesokarp/Sabut Kandungan minyak tinggi

Endokarp/Tempurang Tiada minyakNo oil
Kernel/ Isirung Minyak sedikit tetapi gred
tinggi

5. A. Pengekstrakan minyak kelapa sawit di makmal

Hancurkan buah Panaskan untuk Pengekstrakan minyak

mensterilkan

B. Pengekstrakan minyak kelapa sawit dalam kilang

 LANGKAH TUJUAN
Pensterilan-dengan menggunakan stim  Untuk melembutkan buah
 Membunuh bacteria/ fungi
Penanggalan  Buah diasingkan dari tandan
Pencernaan  Buah dihancur
Pengekstrakan  Minyak diekstrakkan dari sabut dan
isirung
Penurasan  Minyak dituras untuk membuang
kotoran
Penulenan  Stim di alirkan melalui minyak untuk
menyingkirkan bau
 Minyak dialirkan melalui karbon
diaktifkan untuk menyingkirkan
warnanya

6. KEGUNAAN MINYAK KELAPA SAWIT

7. BAHAN BERKHASIAT DALAM MINYAK KELAPA SAWIT

Asid lemak – Asid lemak membina membrane sel dalam badan

Vitamin A – Mencegah rabun malam

Vitamin E – Mencegah kanser

Beta karotene – Mencegah kanser

8. Agensi kerajaan- membuat penyelidikan yang mengembangkan industri

Contoh : MPOB, PORIM
9. Potensi penggunaan minyak kelapa sawit
  Minyak kelapa sawit sebagai biodiesel – boleh mengurangkan pencemaran
 Sisa buangan dari kilang kelapa sawit dibuat pulpa, kertas, papan lapis
 Tandan buah yang kosong dijadikan bahan api di kilang

4.5 – PROSES MEMBUAT SABUN DAN TINDAKAN PENCUCIANNYA
1. Sabun- agen pencucian yang dibuat daripada lemak tumbuhan seperti minyak sawit
dan minyak zaiton
2. Penhasilan sabun – Saponifikasi or Hydrolysis beralkali

 Memanaskan minyak dengan alkali pekat seperti larutan natrium hidroksida/

kalium hidroksida
 Molekul minyak dipecahkan kepada asid lemak dan glycerol
 Asid lemak bertindakbalas dengan larutan natrium hidroksida untuk membentuk
garam asid lemak (sabun) dan air.
 Garam biasa ditambah untuk memejalkan sabun
 Sabun ditapis dan diasingkan

10. Ujian untuk sabun –Menghasilkan buih, rasa licin, menukarkan kertas litmus merah
kepada biru
11. Tindakan pencucian sabun
 Molekul sabun di bahagi kepada dua bahagian
 (1)
(2)

(3) (4)

Penerangan:
1.Sabun mengurangkan ketegangan permukaan air

2. Ekor larut dalam minyak dan kepala larut dalam air

3.Molekul sabun mengelilingi gris dan kotoran di tarik dari permukaan kain

4. Bila air dikocak, dan titisan minyak tertanggal dari permukaan kain
4.6 –POLIMER SEMULAJADI

1. Polimer – molekul berantai panjang yang terdiri daripada monomer

2. Pempolimeran- proses monomer digabungkan menjadi polimer berantai panjang.

3. Penyahpolimeran – proses di mana polimer diurai menjadi molekul monomer yang kecil.

4. Dua jenis polimer:

A. Polimer asli – dihasilkan oleh benda hidup

B.Polimer sintetik – buatan manusia melalui tindak balas kimia

5. Contoh

Jenis polimer polimer monomer

Polimer asli Getah asli Isoprene
Kanji Glucos
Selulosa Glucos
Protein Asid amino
Polimer sintetik Polyethene Ethene
Polystyrene Styrene
Polyvinyl KloridA PVC Vinyl klorida/ kloroeten
Perspex Methyl methacrylate
6. Getah Asli
b. Terdiri daripada monomer isoprene

b. Ciri-ciri:

 Elastik
 Lembut
 Takat lebur rendah
 Tidak mengkonduksikan elektrik
 Tidak larut dalam air

c. Lateks – terdiri daripada zarah getah

- Zarah getah mengandungi molekul getah

7. Tindakan asid dan alkali ke atas lateks

Lateks + Asid Etanoik Lateks menggumpal

Lateks + Larutan Ammonia Lateks tidak menggumpal
 -Penggumpalan lateks berlaku apabila lateks didedahkan kepada udara disebabkan
tindakan bacteria. Bakteria menghasilkan asid yang akan menggumpal lateks.
 Di ladang getah, asid formik digunakan untuk menggumpal lateks.

8. Pemvulkanan getah
Pemvulkanan- proses di managetah asli dipanaskan dengan sulfur untuk menghasilkan
getah tervulkan.

pemvulkanan
Getah asli + Sulfur Getah tervulkan

Semasa pemvulkanan, atom sulfur membentuk rangkai silang antara molekul getah.
Rangkai silang ini menghalang molekul getah menggelonggsor atas satu sama lain.

d. Perbezaan antara getah tervulkan dan getah asli.

Getah Tervulkan Getah Asli

Keras Lembut
Lebih kuat Kurang kuat
Lebih elastik Kurang elastik
Lebih tahan haba Kurang tahan haba

KEGUNAAN GETAH
TERVULKAN
SUBTOPIC/ SUBTOPIK 4.2

1. The information shows the uses of substance Z.

Maklumat di bawah menunjukkan kegunaan bahan Z

 Fuel/bahan api
 Solvent /pelarut
 Antiseptic/ antiseptic)
What is Z? /Apakah Z?

A. Petrol/ Petrol
B. Ethanol/Etanol
 C. Palm oil /MInyak kelapa sawit
D. Kerosene/Kerosin

2. Study the following word equation.

Kaji persamaan perkataan berikut

Yeast/ Yis
Glucose Ethanol + Carbon dioxide
Glukos Etanol + Karbon dioksida

It shows the reaction of

Ia menunjukkan suatu tindak balas

A. Hydrolysis /hidrolisis
B. Dehydration/dehidrasi
C. Esterification/pengesteran
D. Fermentation/ penapaian

3. Yeast is added to pineapple juice in a conical flask. The mixture is left for five days. The
process that occurs is

Yis ditambahkan kepada jus nanas di dalam kelalang kun. Campuran itu dibiarkan selama
lima hari. Proses

yang berlaku ialah

A fermentation/Penapaian B esterification/pengesteran

C distillation/penyulingan D oxidation/pengoksidaan

4. A pupil found the whiteboard in his classroom had been written on with permanent ink.
What substance is suitable to be use to wipe off the ink?
Seorang pelajar mendapati papan putih di dalam bilik darjahnya tertulis dengan pen
berdakwat kekal. Apakah bahan yang sesuai digunakan untuk menanggalkan dakwat itu

A. Water/ Air B. Acid /Asid

C. Alkaline/(Alkali D. Alcohol/alcohol

5. Which of the following is a characteristic of ethanol?

Antara berikut yang manakah merupakan ciri alcohol?

A. Coloured /Berwarna
B. Easily evaporated/Mudah meruap
C. Non-flammable /Tidak mudah terbakar
D. Immiscible in water/Tidak larut campur dalam air
6. The following word equation shows a chemical reaction.

Persamaan perkataan berikut menunjukkan suatu tindak balas kimia.

Concentrated sulphuric acid

Asid sulfuric pekat

Alcohol + Organic acid X + Water

What is X?/Apakah bahan X?

A. Salt /garam B. Soap/sabun

C. Ester/ester D. Polymer/polimer

SUBTOPIC/ SUBTOPIK 4.3

1. The elements contained in fat other than carbon are

Unsur-unsur yang terkandung di dalam lemak selain daripada karbon ialah

A. sulphur and oxygen / sulfur dan oksigen

B. nitrogen and oxygen/ nitrogen dan oksigen
C. hydrogen and oxygen/ hidrogen dan oksigen
D. hydrogen and nitrogen/ hydrogen dan nitrogen

2. The excessive intake of saturated fats can harm our health because they
Pengambilan lemak tepu yang berlebihan boleh menjejaskan kesihatan kerana ianya

A. do not dissolve in water /tidak larut dalam air

B. are solids at room temperature/adalah pepejal pada suhu bilik
C. cause high cholesterol levels/menyebabkan aras kolesterol tinggi
D. act as solvents for certain vitamins/bertindak sebagai pelarut vitamin tertentu

3. Which of the following oils is rich in saturated fat?

Antara minyak berikut, yang manakah kaya dengan lemak tepu?

A. Ghee/MInyak sapi
 B. Palm oil/ Minyak kelapa sawit
C. Olive oil/ minyak zaitun
D. Corn oil/ Minyak jagung

SUBTOPIC/ SUBTOPIK 4.4

1. The following information shows the steps in the extraction of palm oil.
Maklumat berikut menunjukkan langkah-langkah dalam pengekstrakan minyak kelapa
sawit.

 P : The palm oil is heated with activated carbon

Minyak kelapa sawit dipanaskan dengan carbon yang diaktifkan

 Q : The oil palm fruit is crushed by mechanical digestion

Buah kelapa sawit dihancurkan secara pencernaan mekanikal

 R : The oil palm fruit is sterilised using steam

Buah kelapa sawit disterilkan menggunakan stim

 S : The oil palm fruit is squeezed using hydraulic pressure

Buah kelapa sawit diperah menggunakan penekan hidraulik

Which is the correct sequence in the process?

Urutan manaka betul dalam prose situ?

A. P, Q, R, S B. Q, R, P, S C. R, S, P, Q D. R, Q, S, P

2. Which of the following substances is contained in palm oil?

A. Ethanol/ Etanol
B. Vitamin C/ Vitamin C
C. Cholestrol/ Cholestrol
D. Beta-carotene/ Beta-karotene

SUBTOPIC/ SUBTOPIK 4.5

1. The statements below show the steps in the preparation of soap.

Pernyataan dibawah menunjukkan langkah-langkah dalam penyediaan sabun.
 Which of the following sequences in the preparation of soap is correct?

Antara urutan berikut yang manakah penyediaan sabun yang betul?

A P Q S R

B P S Q R

C Q P S R

D Q R P S

2. The following word equation shows a chemical reaction. What is X?

Persamaan perkataan berikut menunjukkan suatu tindak balas kimia.

X + alkali Soap + Gliserol

heated
A. Petro/ petrol
B. Ester/Ester
C. Ethano/ etanol
D. Fat/ lemak

SUBTOPIC/ SUBTOPIK 4.6

1. Diagram shows the action of substance X on latex.
Rajah menunjukkan tindakan bahan X ke atas lateks.
 What is substance X?

Apakah bahan X?

A. Ethanoic acid/asid etanoik

B. Distilled water/air suling
C. Sodium chloride/natrium klorida
D. Ammonia solution/larutan ammonia

2. The diagram shows the change in the molecular structure of natural rubber when it
is stretched and released.

Rajah menunjukkan perubahan dalam struktur molecul bagi getah asli bila diregangkan
dan dilepaskan.

What is the characteristic of natural rubber shown in the above figure?

Apakah ciri getah asli yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di atas?

A Elastic /Kenyal B Soft /lembut

C Sticky / melekit D Easily snapped /mudah putu)

3. Isoprene is the monomer of

Isoprene ialah monomer bagi

A. Starch /kanji
B. Polythene/Polietene
C. Polystyrene/Polistirin
D. natural rubber/getah asli

4. The figure shows an experiment on the coagulation of latex

Rajah menunjukkan satu eksperimen bagi pembekuan lateks
SOALAN STRUKTUR
Subtopic 4.4

1. Figure 6(a) shows a cross section of an oil palm fruit.

[Rajah 6(a) menunjukkan keratan rentas buah kelapa sawit]

Rajah 6(a)

(a) Label parts Y and Z in Figure 6(a).

Labelkan bahagian Y dan Z dalam Rajah 6(a).
(1 mark/markah)

(b) Which part of the oil palm fruit produces the most oil?
Bahagian manakah pada buah kelapa sawit yang menghasilkan paling banyak
minyak?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(1 mark/markah)

(c) Name the process to produce palm oil from the fruit.
Namakan proses untuk menghasilkan minyak kelapa sawit daripada buahnya.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(1 mark/markah)

(d) State one advantage of palm oil to health.

Nyatakan satu kebaikan kandungan minyak kelapa sawit kepada kesihatan.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(1 mark/markah)
 (e) Circle the items made from palm oil in Figure 6(b)
Bulatkan bahan yang diperbuat daripada minyak kelapa sawit pada Rajah 6(b).

(1 mark/markah)

Rajah 6(b)

Which substance can replace ethanoic acid in the experiment?

Bahan manakah yang boleh menggantikan asid etanoik dalam eksperimen ini?

A. Lime water/air kapur

B. Lemon juice/jus limau
C. Sugar solution /larutan gula
D. Common salt solution/larutan garam biasa

5. Which of the following solution can coagulate latex?

Antara bahan berikut yang manakah boleh menggumpalkan lateks?

A. Sulphur/Sulfur
B. Ammonia/Ammonia
C. Acetic acid/Asid acetic
D. Sodium chloride/Natrium klorida