The Effects of Right-Wing Extremism 1

The Effects of Right-Wing Extremism:

An Analysis of the Political, Economic, Social, and Cultural Effects of the Far-Right

George Woodruff

Global Connections

Gregory Falls

The Global Studies and World Languages Academy at Tallwood High School
The Effects of Right-Wing Extremism 2

Abstract

In this paper, the political, economic, social, and cultural effects of far-right ideological

groups on a nation are analyzed, as well as the impact that these groups have on international

opinion of those nations struggling with right-wing nationalism. The far-right can be seen not

only in obvious places such as Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy during the Second World War,

but in modern times within groups such the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), Neo-Nazis, and the British

National Party (NBP), and also in some political party platforms such as Marine Le Pen of

France, the Freedom Party of Austria, and the Brexit vote in the United Kingdom (UK). These

groups have vastly negative effects on their host countries, such as the radicalization of all

political parties, economic decline in the tourism sector, as well as long term cultural change

towards an increase in violence and acceptance of these events and groups.

The Effects of Right-Wing Extremism 3

Table of Contents

Abstract...........................................................................................................................................2

Introduction....................................................................................................................................4

Limitations......................................................................................................................................5

Literature
Review.............................................................................................................................................6

Discussion.......................................................................................................................................9

Conclusion....................................................................................................................................18

Resources......................................................................................................................................20
The Effects of Right-Wing Extremism 4

Introduction

The far-right has become more and more commonplace, more and more accepted, and more and

more deadly. With each passing day that the world continues to accept and incorporate it into

society, as proven by the recent electoral success in several places, such as the Alternative für

Deutschland (AFD) party in the Bundestag (the German parliament), it becomes a larger and

more complex issue. As the problem of the far-right continues to grow and evolve, soon, it may

be once again unstoppable.

The last major rise of the far-right was started on November 8, 1923 in Munich,

Germany, when Adolf Hitler attempted to seize power from the German government. Though it

failed, this attempt laid the foundation for one of the most well-known fascist governments of

history; one that even to this day has repercussions around the world. This government not only

oppressed its own people, but also systematically and heartlessly murdered almost 10 million

innocent civilians, simply because the government thought that those people were the source of

all the problems of the nation. The simple fact that parallels can be drawn between modern far-

right movements and Nazi Germany is the entire reason that this issue needs to be addressed.

In Nazi Germany, blame was pointed at the Jews for all of Germany’s problems. In

modern society, some fanatics point the blame for the world’s problems at groups such as

Muslims, Arabs, the LGBT community, and people of color. In Nazi Germany, a strong

nationalistic feeling was bestowed onto the people, who were very willing to accept it. In modern

America, many members of the far-right also have an extremely strong nationalistic feeling, and

speak out against disrespect of the patriotic or nationalistic symbols, such as the American flag.

The aforementioned parallels clearly demonstrate that there is a growing community of the far-

right, as well as a growing of the acceptance of this community, and it is not only effecting the
The Effects of Right-Wing Extremism 5

way the international community views the nations in which it happens, but also the cultural,

social, economic, and political spheres of those countries.

Limitations

Topic Limitations: Merriam Webster defines extremism as “advocacy of extreme measures or

views” (Merriam-Webster). This definition is very broad, but would be interpreted by most to

include some movements such as Neo-Nazism and the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). The “far-right” is a

very subjective and cultural definition, changing from country to country, and household to

household. Some in Europe would consider the current American presidency (Donald J Trump)

as far right, but for the purposes of this paper, are movements and ideologies such as modern

American Conservativism, Libertarianism, or the “Make America Great Again” (MAGA)

movement. These ideologies will be lightly discussed, only in reference to the former, more

extreme movements.

Location Restrictions: While the extreme right-wing is a global phenomenon, the author of this

paper has chosen to exclude much of the world, for the purposes of this research. In this paper,

only “the West” will be focused on, specifically, the United States and Western Europe

(Germany, France, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium, the United Kingdom, Spain, and

Portugal). This does not mean that the far-right groups cannot be found elsewhere, such as North

Korea, but the entire world would be far too great of an area to talk about in this paper. This

narrowed area of study was chosen because generally, it is what one may hear about in the news,

and is what the reader and author of this paper are more likely to be affected by.

Acknowledging Bias: This paper will have some bias in it, but it will be mitigated as best as

possible by the author. The author of this paper is a left-leaning, Democratic liberal, and will be

writing about extremely right-leaning, generally conservative, and generally Republican people.
The Effects of Right-Wing Extremism 6

Due to this disparity in political and ideological views, bias is inherent, no matter what measures

are taken to prevent it. In order to mitigate this bias, the author will get sources from both sides

of the American political spectrum (both left and right, conservative and liberal, and Democrat

and Republican), as well as talk to several people who do not live in America, thus getting an

outside opinion.

Literature Review

Throughout the research of this topic, it became abundantly clear that almost all sources agree

right wing-extremism is not only a growing problem, but one that has been here for a period of

time. What many sources do not agree on, however, is the kind of impact that this has beyond

simply the violence against and murder of innocent people. Many sources put the impact into one

of several categories, with the most prevalent and obvious being that of political impact, and

others including an economic effect, social fallout, a cultural reaction, or simply a reflection of

past events in the history of the far-right. Some sources only reflect on the events of right-wing

extremism, or what the effect is, but others also delve much deeper and attempt to uncover the

reason this is happening in today’s world.

Many sources, especially those from news sources or other sources of the like, discussed

simply the political effect on a nation or group of people, as this effect is the most prominent and

the most obvious to a casual reader about the events of the world. A prime example of this

political display of the far-right is the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), a well-respected

source of international and domestic news for million around the world, which claims that the

election of Donald J. Trump to the United States’ Presidency was a factor in the rejuvenation and

reactivation of many right-wing conservative groups within the nation. The German international

news outlet Deutsche Welle (DW), which also covers a wide variety of news, claims that the
The Effects of Right-Wing Extremism 7

Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) party, an extreme right-wing group in Germany, has become

a populist force which has gained recognition in every German state parliament as well as the

national one. These reports alone show the infiltration of the far-right into modern politics, not

only on a domestic level, but on an international scale as well.

Another topic of discussion among many resources gathered for this paper is the simple

history of the right-wing, as one cannot learn the modern impact of something without first

knowing its history. Such sources that analyze the history of the extreme right and its associate

organizations include the Washington Post and the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC). These

sources that go into the history of the far-right do not generally make presumptions about the

modern-day influences and effects, as this paper will, but these sources are vital to understanding

any influence that it would have today, on any area of research or interest. The SPLC focuses

mainly on the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), a white supremacist group which was very influential

before full integration of African Americans into society (such as the Jim Crow era and

segregation) and represents a prime example of the extreme right, with almost all members being

very hard conservatives in America. The SPLC resource discusses how the KKK came to be and

what its actions and influence was in history, and also briefly touches on the modern KKK and

its power. The Washington Post article discusses a battle in Ancient Greece that many right-wing

extremists value today as a prime example of what they stand for. While this may not be the

history of the far-right, it is a key insight to understanding the logic of some of the members and

why they hold the values that they do.

Economic influence on a nation is a connection that is undeniable, yet rather surprising of

a connection. The Economist cites research done by Markus Brückner and Hans Peter Grüner

that concludes that there is a connection between a country’s GDP growth or decline and the
The Effects of Right-Wing Extremism 8

support for far-right movements such as populist movements or the AfD. The paper cited was

published in 2010, so while it is slightly out of date, with such a credible journal citing it such as

the Economist, the study should be given some credit and the results should be taken seriously.

Consumer News and Business Channel (CNBC) in 2016 wrote about how the far-right was

effecting the German economy, specifically economy of Eastern Germany. According to this

article, the economy relies heavily on tourism, and thus the negativity of the far right has been

pushing tourists away from the area, showing a direct link between the far-right and the economy

of a nation.

Social influences are slightly harder to see, as many times it involves how people act, and

there is no way to know if people would have done the same thing with or without the right-wing

influencing their thoughts. This being said, an argument can be made that there is a social

influence, which is precisely the argument made by the New York Times in an article looking at

the online habits of people living in the United Kingdom in relation to far-right Facebook pages.

This found that many people on these pages supported violence, a trend that likely would not

have been the case in the past. While some of this is speculation on what would have been, the

data still supports a frightening trend appearing more common in today’s world.

Cultural impact is another that is hard to see, as it is looking at long term trends in the

culture of a nation or group of people. A study on the cultural influences of extremism was done

by the psychology department of the San José State University in 2016, concluding that

generally an existence of a “hierarchical cultural dimension” (Oyamot, Feist, Laraway, 2016, p.

5) played a role on resistance to change and the support or endorsement of inequality. These two

factors are cultural factors, generally determined by a society as a whole and accepted by almost
The Effects of Right-Wing Extremism 9

all members, thus a change on these would show an influence on culture by extremist views,

including the far-right.

A consequence one may not think of at the first mention of this topic is the viewpoint of

other nations and what foreign citizens consider as acceptable within a nation. Generally, when a

nation experiences extreme nationalism or general extremist views within its people or

government, other nations will negatively react and will negatively view this. This can easily be

shown historically, with most of the western world having negative opinions on the extreme-

leftist views of the Soviet Union during the 20th century, much of the world disagreeing with the

far-right views of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea today, and much of the world

arguing against even the moderate right-wing views of United States President Donald Trump. In

order to obtain this international bias against all forms of right-wing extremism, I interviewed

several ordinary people from other countries, specifically Switzerland and Germany, about the

nationalism and the far-right in other countries, such as America, Germany, and the Netherlands.

These sources are not good for accurate, citable information; however, they are good for the

opinions needed to see the bias of nations towards those countries in which right-wing extremism

is occurring.

Discussion

Charlottesville, Virginia, August 12, 2017, three dead. Colorado Springs, Colorado,

November 27, 2015, three dead. Charleston, South Carolina, June 17, 2015, nine dead. All of

these times and places all have one thing in common: a deadly shooting by someone who

associated with far-right ideologies, or extremely strong nationalistic feelings, to the point of

feeling above other countries and peoples. These shootings are a tiny sampling of all the violence

that has occurred because of the far-right, dating back to post-Civil War, or the Reconstruction
The Effects of Right-Wing Extremism 10

era. While this paper will mostly reflect on modern impacts of right-wing extremism, it is also

very important to know the history of the subject in order to understand how significant the

effects are today. The earliest records of the far right in the United States appear during the

reconstruction era of the South, just after the American Civil War. Much of this terrorism was by

whites against the black community, likely in an attempt to keep them oppressed as they were

during slavery. In 1866, the start of the reconstruction period, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) formed

in the south, and had extended into virtually every Southern state (what was formerly the

Confederate States of America) by the end of the decade. For several decades, this remained the

only prevalent far-right group in the United States, until Nazism began to gain popularity in the

early 20th century. Nazism was popular for quite a while within the United States, up until the

atrocities committed by Nazi Germany in the Holocaust were revealed, after which Nazism

became widely criticized in America. Despite all of this happening, it has recently made a

comeback of support, shown clearly at the Charlottesville, Virginia Unite the Right rally in

August of 2017, where people were carrying Nazi flags and chanting Nazi propaganda on the

University of Virginia main campus.

The extreme right does not only have history in the United States, however. There is a

very clear history in Europe as well, before even just the Nazism of Germany during the 1930’s

and 1940’s. In Greece, for example, many supporters of the far-right group Golden Dawn treat

the Battle of Thermopylae, the battle between about 7,000 Spartans and the Persian army which

the movie 300 is based off of, much like Texans and patriots in America treat the Alamo. Groups

based in far-right ideologies adore this story for several reasons, such as the fact that the battle

“is cast as a primordial act of sacrifice for the liberty of a people” (Tharoor, 2016) by far-right

organizations. This kind of “liberty of a people” is what the far-right stands for, and believes that
The Effects of Right-Wing Extremism 11

they are achieving with every victory. In France, the most recent election came between

Emmanuel Macron, a moderately left candidate, and Marine Le Pen, an extreme candidate on the

right. While Macron won with about 66% of the vote, the very candidacy, and even more so the

success, of Le Pen shows that there are some far-right ideologies rooted in France. These roots

come from the 1930’s, when Nazism was growing and becoming very powerful in Germany,

there was also a Nazi movement in France. The Conservative French government of the 1930’s

did many things that are associated with the far-right today, also mirrored in Le Pen’s platform

for the 2017 election, including prohibitions on abortions and birth control, and benefits for

families who obeyed the “traditional family rolls” such as stay-at-home moms. This return of the

far-right to France was very unexpected by many, and while Le Pen did not win the election, it

should say something about the rise of the far-right that about 33% of the population agreed with

agenda items such as “returning to the Vichey-era slogan” (Koos, 2017) and outlawing abortion

completely. This history of the far-right is the basis for the effects to be later discussed in this

paper, thusly, without first knowing the history, one cannot understand why the effects today are

as prominent as they are.

While not necessarily the easiest to study, the impact of the far-right on the international

viewpoint of the nations in which it occurs is still consequential enough to discuss, especially in

this case, as the results were unexpected. In order to attain the international viewpoint on this

subject, an interview was conducted by the author of this paper, an American, on a French-Swiss

high school student named Raphaël Vallette d’Osia. Using the results of this interview and

personal viewpoints of the author, the impact of the far-right on the international viewpoint of

other nations will be analyzed.

The Effects of Right-Wing Extremism 12

The first question asked during this interview was ‘How do you define right-wing

extremism?’, and his response was not very surprising, as it is similar to that of many other

people. Vallette d’Osia said right-wing extremism is “Being close-minded, traditionalist, and

trying to keep your country the way it is without evolving” (G. Woodruff, personal

communication, November 24, 2017), showing that generally the viewpoints around the world

are the same on the people who follow those ideologies, especially in left-leaning Europe. These

descriptions are similar to those that have been used to describe some groups such as the KKK

and Neo-Nazis.

When asked about examples, both in his own country and others, the first thing that

Vallette d’Osia listed was President Trump of the United States of America, which as previously

stated is not considered right-wing extremism for the purposes of this paper. This mentioning,

however, does bring up the point of how subjective this is, as many in America, even those who

disagree with President Trump’s policies, would not consider him as an extremist. Vallette

d’Osia, however, listed this firstly, and without any hesitation, thus showing how many people in

Europe view this. Other examples listed for the question about extremism abroad include others

mentioned and discusses in this paper, including Marine Le Pen of France, Brexit, and the Unite

the Right rally of Charlottesville. As for the far-right in Switzerland, Vallette d’Osia said that

generally, it is not very prevalent or discussed, as their form of government generally keeps

groups such as those out of the government so these extreme groups have little to no say in

governmental procedure. This alone is also very different than in the United States, because in

the United States, generally, the far-right and the far-left are discussed quite frequently.

The most surprising part of the interview was his reaction to the next question, when

asked if seeing these extreme views in other countries impacted his view of these countries, and
The Effects of Right-Wing Extremism 13

Vallette d’Osia said “Not really, I think that every country has people from every political view,

and he doesn’t think it is connected to the country, but rather what’s happening in the world” (G.

Woodruff, personal communication, November 24, 2017). This was a very surprising answer, as

it would generally be expected for a response to be somewhat negative towards the countries

which have these groups in them, not so understanding of the whole world and a large group of

people. He also said that if it were to occur in Switzerland, he would simply be disappointed in

his country, then pointed out that right-wing extremism is not a condition itself, but is rather

simply a reaction to something bigger in the world. Vallette d’Osia also said that “The rise of the

right-wing party in general is not because the people always think that way, but the people are

reacting to something and are trying to find a solution, even if it isn’t a good solution” (G.

Woodruff, personal communication, November 24, 2017), again showing an understanding of a

group that often does not.

The results of this interview were unexpected, as it was expected for the presence of a

right-wing group or prominent politician in a country to negatively affect the view of other

nations, but based off of this one interview, such was not the case. This is only one person, so it

could be an exception, but based off of this, if a right-wing group exists in a country, other

countries may not judge it as harshly as might be assumed.

Easily the most visible effect of the far-right is the political impact and successes that its

followers achieve. This success can be seen not only in officials from far-right parties in office,

but the mere fact that an extreme candidate can get on a ballot and have success in a campaign.

There are some parties, however, that have achieved great electoral success in recent years, most

prominently the Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) taking about 13% of the Bundestag, the

German national parliament. This group has been described as “Germany’s most successful
The Effects of Right-Wing Extremism 14

hard-right nationalist political party since the Second World War” (Knight, 2016). This

description also includes another important word that describes the effect of the far-right:

nationalist. Nationalism is what truly sets apart the far-right from just the right or the left.

Nationalism is defined as “an extreme form of patriotism marked by a feeling of superiority over

other countries” (Google Dictionary), and is thus a prime example of an effect of the far-right

taking control of a government.

When a political party who has strong nationalistic beliefs takes over a government, the

effects of these beliefs are generally shown very quickly, in forms such as state sponsored

racism, the development of a fascist government, or denial of change of any type. A resistance to

change and sponsored racism can generally go hand in hand, at least in today’s world. Many

members of the far-right, and the party leaders, are opposed to immigration or takin gin refugees

from countries such as Syria. This is shown clearly today in Austria’s Freedom Party, taking a

stance that is very anti-muslim and anti-change. They have taken stances promoting fear in

voters, to attempt to bring voters to their side to win elections. The Freedom Party is speaking

messages such as “migrants taking your jobs, Muslims threatening your culture and security,

political correctness threatening your ability to speak your mind and, above all, entrenched elites

selling you out in the service of the wealthy and well-connected” (Shuster, 2016). These opinions

are mirrored around the world in right-wing extremist ideologies, including those of Marine Le

Pen in France, Neo-Nazis in the United States, and the Brexit vote in 2016. The Brexit vote (the

vote in which the people of the United Kingdom (UK) voted to leave to European Union (EU))

was largely due to far-right parties campaigning the people to shut Britain’s borders to asylum-

seekers fleeing the Middle East, due to the fact that much of Europe was allowing refugees in.

Germany especially, which is currently the leading country in Europe for allowing refugees in.
The Effects of Right-Wing Extremism 15

This is another such example of institutionalized racism and an opposition of change affecting

the political sphere of a country.

While examples of the extreme-right effecting a country’s politics have been provided, it

has yet to be discussed how this happens. Since the Second World War, the far-right has become

steadily more popular, and has become more accepted in society. This acceptance and relative

success of the far-right groups in politics has also forced some moderate parties, especially in

Europe, to begin shifting more to the right. For example, some French Departments (states)

prohibiting the wearing of ‘burkinis’ (a covering Muslim women wear when at the beach) or the

Danish government allowing the confiscation of valuables from incoming refugees to “help

finance their accommodation” (Shuster, 2016). This phenomenon has not been seen as

prominently in the United States, as in the two-party system of the United States, one party is

right-leaning, and the other is left-leaning, both already appeal to opposite voter bases. Even if

the far-right does not win any elections in a country, it can still effect that country’s politics by

forcing all other parties to become centered more to the right, as well as introducing options that

may appeal to a small voter base, then spread to a larger base through populist ideals or through

more media and governmental attention.

The economic effects of the far-right are quite prominent as well. The economic effects

are more difficult to analyze than the political effects are, however, due to the fact that most of

these impacts cannot be directly associated with far-right extremism, and there could be some

confounding effect that is not seen. That being said, there is strong evidence that these effects are

due to the far-right, as this change is generally only seen in areas with strong extremist presence.

The far-right seems to have a direct impact on the tourism industry of a state or city, as

would be expected. This negative association between extremism and tourism was shown in
The Effects of Right-Wing Extremism 16

Dresden, Germany last year, with domestic tourism down by about 3.7%, largely blamed on the

political party Pegida, a far-right, anti-immigration party with its roots in Dresden. A drop of

only 3.7% may not sound like too much, but when it is considered that domestic tourism is about

80% of all tourism in that area of Germany, such a drop can have devastating effects. This could

come to effect Germany’s international tourism as well, not just the domestic tourism. Attacks

such as one that happened in the German town of Bautzen last year, between residents of the

town and asylum-seekers, could persuade possible travelers to go elsewhere, and thus spend their

money elsewhere. While attacks may discourage people from visiting, it is possible that

Caucasian tourists may not be as heavily dissuaded, as attacks by the far-right are generally

against people of color or Muslims; so, a white tourist may feel safe even in an area with strong

right-wing ideological groups.

Another interesting impact of the far-right on the economy of a nation is that

nation’s GDP per capita growth. According to Hans Peter Grüner and Markus Brückner in a

paper published in 2010 on the OECD’s growth prospects and political extremism,

Higher per capita GDP growth is significantly negatively linked to the support for

extreme political positions. While estimates vary between specifications, we find that

roughly a one percentage point decline in growth translates into a one percentage point

higher vote share of right-wing or nationalist parties (Grüner, Brückner, 2010)

Also in this paper, income inequality is shown to take a role in the rise of the far-right parties;

countries with higher income equality show more support in the far-right parties per point of

GPD decline than countries with lower income equality. While this may seem to be the opposite

of what has been previously discussed, this is not a contradiction of past statements. This decline

in GDP can be caused by the mere existence of a far-right group in an area, which then causes
The Effects of Right-Wing Extremism 17

more support for the group, which leads to more decline in GDP. Past economic downturns, such

as the Great Depression, can sometimes be mildly or strongly linked with rise in political

extremism, which causes the economy to get worse. This second economic impact is much rarer,

however, with the last economic downturn the size of the 2008 recession, the crisis to which

Grüner and Brückner’s paper refers, being the Great Depression of 1929.

While the economic impacts of the far-right may not be quite as conspicuous as those in

the political realm, they are still very prominent effects. These effects, if prominent enough, can

lead to a crisis that is just as severe as inter-war Germany, or the United States in the early

1930’s, and could have lasting impacts for decades, even if the far-right that caused it has since

disappeared.

The final two impacts of right-wing extremism on a nation or state are the cultural and

social impacts. These two effects are very similar, yet slightly different. For the purposes of this

paper, social effects will refer to the behavioral impacts the far-right has on the people, whereas

the cultural impacts will be those behavioral effects over much longer periods of time, to the

point where it becomes a part of that country’s culture. There is not much research done on the

social field of this topic, therefore much of what is said will be observation and inference. There

is also a lack of research in the cultural aspect of this topic, with an exception of one paper

written in 2016. From what has recently happened in the United States, the far-right seems to

have a sweeping social impact on people, getting many to do things that they would not

otherwise do. An example of this is the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, in the August of

2016, when James Fields was arrested following a ramming of a crowd with his car. While this

may have simply been a riot mentality by this man, it is questionable due to the fact that he only

rammed the counter-protestors to the Unite the Right rally, and was identified as a supporter of
The Effects of Right-Wing Extremism 18

the far-right ideologies that the rally was supporting. The far-right appears to have this effect

upon people, as it is unlikely that this same man would simply go onto a random sidewalk and

kill someone. This being said, it is almost impossible to actually know, so much of this is simple

speculation and inference.

The cultural influence is also only slightly studied, but one thesis, written in 2016 by

Cyrus Sarrafpour, detailed this exact phenomenon in great detail. In his research, Sarrafpour put

a connection between ‘Vertical Individualism’ and conservative tendencies, including those of

extremism and authoritarianism. Sarrafpour defines ‘Vertical Individualism’ as “the role of a

hierarchical cultural dimension” (Sarrafpour, 2016), thus is discussing how culture can relate to

extremism, or specifically, resistance to right-wing authoritarianism. In his studies, Sarrafpour

finds that “there was a significant positive correlation between VI and endorsement of inequality;

however, no significant correlation was found between VI and resistance to change” (Sarrafpour,

2016), showing that there is a link between conservatism and cultural impact on a people. While

this may be referring to the moderate right, it is also possible to link the results of this study to

the extreme right, especially since one defining point of the far-right is the endorsement of

inequality. While this one study is not enough to draw solid and definite conclusions, it is enough

to begin to inference what the impact of the far-right is on the culture of a country.

Conclusion

In today’s world, the far-right has been increasingly commonplace and with increasing

acceptance around the world, not only in Europe and the United States. This rise of extremist

views, whether it be on the right or the left cannot be tolerated, as the more one extreme grows,

the other side becomes polarized from it, and moderate talks and proposals become impossible.

Most recently, the rise of the extreme right has been showing an increased level of intolerance
The Effects of Right-Wing Extremism 19

for other cultures, beliefs, and values, and has been damaging to every country in which it has

occurred. These countries not only face international judgement, but also severe political,

economic, social, and cultural effects which may last for decades after the country has become

more moderate. If this rise is not stopped while it is still fairly small, it could become something

almost unstoppable, such as the far-right was in the 1930’s and 1940’s, and possibly come to ruin

society as it is known today.

 The Effects of Right-Wing Extremism 20

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