Garbage truck

Garbage truck or dustcart refers to a truck specially designed to collect

municipal solid waste and haul the collected waste to a solid waste treatment
facility such as a landfill. Other common names for this type of truck include
trash truck in the United States, and rubbish truck, junk truck, dumpster,
bin wagon, dustbin lorry, bin lorry or bin van elsewhere. Technical names
include waste collection vehicle and refuse collection vehicle. These trucks are
a common sight in most urban areas.

Major U.S. manufacturers of garbage trucks include Mack and Autocar

Trucks.[1] Major manufacturers of garbage truck bodies (not the truck itself)
A Scania front loader
include McNeilus, and Heil.

Contents
History
Types of waste collection vehicle
Front loaders
Rear loaders
Side loaders
Automated side loaders
Semi-automated side loaders

Image gallery
Pneumatic collection
Grapple trucks
Roll-offs
Bin tipper
See also
References
External links

History
Wagons and other means had been used for centuries to haul away solid waste. Among the first self-propelled garbage trucks were
those ordered by Chiswick District Council from the Thornycroft Steam Wagon and Carriage Company in 1897 described as a steam
[2]
motor tip-car, a new design of body specific for "the collection of dust and house refuse".

The 1920s saw the first open-topped trucks being used, but due to foul odors and waste falling from the back, covered vehicles soon
became more common. These covered trucks were first introduced in more densely populated Europe and then in North America, but
were soon used worldwide.

The main difficulty was that the waste collectors needed to lift the waste to shoulder height. The first technique developed in the late
20s to solve this problem was to build round compartments with massive corkscrews that would lift the load and bring it away from
the rear. A more efficient model was the development of the hopper in 1929. It used a cable system that could pull waste into the
truck.
In 1937, George Dempster invented the Dempster-Dumpster system in which
wheeled waste containers were mechanically tipped into the truck. His containers
were known as Dumpsters, which led to the word dumpster entering the language.

In 1938, the Garwood Load Packer revolutionized the industry when the notion of
including a compactor in the truck was implemented. The first primitive compactor
could double a truck's capacity. This was made possible by use of a hydraulic press
which compacted the contents of the truck periodically
.

1955 saw the Dempster Dumpmaster the first front loader introduced, however they
didn't become common until the 1970s. The 1970s also saw the introduction of Thornycroft Steam Dust-Cart of 1897
smaller dumpsters, often known as wheelie bins which were also emptied with tipper body
mechanically. Since that time there has been little dramatic change, although there
have been various improvements to the compaction mechanisms in order to improve
payload. In the mid-1970s Petersen Industries introduced the first grapple truck for
municipal waste collection.

In 1997, Lee Rathbun introduced the Lightning Rear Steer System. This system
includes an elevated, rear-facing cab for both driving the truck and operating the
loader. This configuration allows the operator to follow behind haul trucks and load
continuously.

RS-3 Lightning Rear Steer truck

Types of waste collection vehicle

Front loaders
Front loaders generally service commercial and industrial businesses using large
waste containers with lids known as Dumpsters in the US.[3] The truck is equipped
with powered forks on the front which the driver carefully aligns with sleeves on the
waste container using a joystick or a set of levers. The waste container is then lifted
over the truck. Once it gets to the top the container is then flipped upside down and
the waste or recyclable material is emptied into the vehicle's hopper. Once the waste A standard Waste Management Inc.
is dumped, it is compacted by a hydraulically powered moving wall that oscillates front-loading garbage truck inSan
backwards and forwards to push the waste to the rear of the vehicle.[4] Most of the Jose, California

newer packing trucks have "pack-on-the-go hydraulics" which lets the driver pack
loads while driving, allowing faster route times.[5] When the body is full, the
compaction wall moves all the way to the rear of the body, ejecting it via an open tailgate. There is also a system called the Curotto
Can which is an attachment for a front loader that has an automated arm that functions as an automated side loader that allows the
driver to dump carts.

Rear loaders
Rear loaders have an opening at the rear that a waste collector can throw waste bags or empty the contents of bins into. Often in
many areas they have a lifting mechanism to automatically empty lar [6]
ge carts without the operator having to lift the waste by hand.

Another popular system for the rear loader is a rear load container specially built to fit a groove in the truck. The truck will have a
chain or cable system for upending the container
. The waste will then slide into the hopper of the truck.

The modern rear loader usually compacts the waste using a hydraulically powered mechanism that employs a moving plate or shovel
to scoop the waste out from the loading hopper and compress it against a moving wall. In most compactor designs, the plate has a
pointed edge (hence giving it the industry standard name packer blade) which is designed to apply point pressure to the waste to
break down bulky items in the hopper before being drawn into the main body of the
truck.

Compactor designs, however, have been many and varied, however the two most
popular in use today are the "sweep and slide" system (first pioneered on the Leach
2R Packmaster), where the packer blade pivots on a moving carriage which slides
back and forth, and the "swing link" system (such as the Dempster Routechief)
where the blade literally swings on a "pendulum"-style mechanism. The Heil
Colectomatic used a combination of a lifting loading hopper and a pivoting sweeper
blade to clear and compact waste in anticipation of the next load. 14.5 m3 rear load container serviced
in Copenhagen
So-called "continuous" compactors were popular in the 1960s and 1970s. The
German Shark design (later Rotopress) used a huge rotating drum, analogous to a
cement mixer, in conjunction with a serrated auger to grind down and compact the
garbage. SEMAT-Rey of France pioneered the rotating rake system (also used in the
British Shelvoke and DrewryRevopak) to both mutilate waste and break down large
items. Other systems used a large Archimedes' screw to draw in waste and mutilate
it inside the body. A mixture of safety concerns, and higher fuel consumption has
seen a decline in the popularity of continuously compacting garbage trucks. The
Rotopress design remains popular due to its niche in being able to effectively deal Play media
with green waste for composting. Garbagemen loading garbage by
hand in Japan, 2013
The wall will move towards the front of the vehicle as the pressure forces the
hydraulic valves to open, or as the operator moves it with a manual control.

A unique rear-loading system involves a rear loader and a front-loading tractor (usually a Caterpillar front loader with a Tink Claw)
for yard waste collection (and in some cities, garbage and recycling). The front loader picks up yard waste set in the street, and then
loaded into the back of a rear loader. This system is used in several cities, includingSan Jose.

Side loaders
Side loaders are loaded from the side, either manually, or with the assistance of a
joystick-controlled robotic arm with a claw, used to automatically lift and tip
wheeled bins into the truck's hopper.

Automated side loaders

A Lōdal Evo T-28 compacting side
Lift-equipped trucks are referred to as automated side loaders, or ASL's. Similar to a loader.
front-end loader, the waste is compacted by an oscillating packer plate at the front of
the loading hopper which forces the waste through an aperture into the main body
and is therefore compacted towards the rear of the truck.[7] An Automated Side Loader only needs one operator, where a traditional
rear load garbage truck may require two or three people,[8] and has the additional advantage of reducing on the job injuries due to
repetitive heavy lifting. Due to these advantages, ASL's have become more popular than traditional manual collection. Typically an
[9]
Automated Side Loader uses standardized wheeled carts compatible with the truck's automated lift.

Semi-automated side loaders

Semi-automated side loaders use an automated mechanism to lift and dump manually aligned waste containers inside the main body
of the truck. The primary difference of semi-automated side loaders is that they require more than one person, to operate the truck,
[10]
and to manually bring and align containers to the loading hopper on the side of the truck.
As with front loaders, the compaction mechanism comprises a metal pusher plate in the collection hopper which oscillates backwards
and forwards under hydraulic pressure, pushing the refuse through an aperture, thus compacting it against the material already
loaded. On some ASL's there is also a "folding" crusher plate positioned above the opening in the hopper, that folds down to crush
bulky items within reach of the metal pusher plate. Another compactor design is the "paddle packer'' which uses a paddle that rotates
from side to side, forcing refuse into the body of the truck.

Image gallery

An Automated side loader garbage Automated garbage collection in

truck in Canberra, Australia Aardenburg, Netherlands

Play media Play media

Automated side loader in operation on an Autocar Garbage collection by an automatic side loader
truck chassis. during autumn in Kelowna, British Columbia,
Canada

Pneumatic collection
Pneumatic collection trucks have a crane with a tube and a mouthpiece that fits in a
hole, usually hidden under a plate under the street. From here it will suck up waste
from an underground installation. The system usually allows the driver to "pick up"
the waste, even if the access is blocked by cars, snow or other barriers.

Grapple trucks
Grapple trucks enable the collection of bulk waste. A large percentage of items in
the solid waste stream are too large or too heavy to be safely lifted by hand into
Volvo pneumatic collector used for
traditional garbage trucks. These items (furniture, large appliances, branches, logs) "waste suction"
are called bulky waste or "oversized." The preferred method for collecting these
items is with a grapple truck. Grapple trucks have hydraulic knucklebooms, tipped
with a clamshell bucket, and usually include a dump body or trailer.
Roll-offs
Roll-offs are characterized by a rectangular footprint, utilizing wheels to facilitate
rolling the dumpster in place. The container is designed to be transported by special
roll-off trucks. They are relatively efficient for bulk loads of waste.[11]

Bin tipper Grapple truck

A bin tipper, is a machine which mechanically lifts and inverts bins for the purpose
of emptying them. They are often components of larger machines such as garbage trucks, or can be 'standalone' or mobile units.[12]
Bin tippers typically have a steel frame, guarding and cradle, with a motor or crank-handle driving a lifting mechanism, which may
be hydraulic or chain operated. Bins are placed into the machine, then lifted and inverted over the destination receptacle, allowing the
contents to be emptied bygravity.

A side-load bin tipper was fitted to a garbage truck as early as 1929, by the Heil company in America. In the 1950s the Dempster
Dumpmaster popularized the front-end loader variant, with bins being tipped over the cab of the truck. Both types of integrated bin
tipper are now common on municipal refuse collection trucks. Standalone bin tippers developed later, with the release of a machine
called the Simpro Ezi-Dump in 1990.

The use of bin tippers and other lifting aids has been stimulated in recent years by research linking heavy manual lifting with
musculoskeletal disorders;[13][14] some government organisations,[15] schools[16] and companies now prohibit emptying bins by
hand. Health and safety concerns have also driven the adoption of bin tippers in the manufacturing, food-processing and construction
industries.[17]

See also
Beach cleaner
Garbage scow

References
1. http://www.autocartruck.com/refuse-truck
2. "Motor-Cars for Dust Collection", The Automotor and Horseless Carriage Journal, February 1897, p192
3. Geroux, Zachary; Voytko, Eric. "The Ever Expanding History of the Front Load Refuse rTuck" (http://www.classicrefu
setrucks.com/albums/FL/FL01.html). Retrieved 10 September 2014.
4. http://www.classicrefusetrucks.com/albums/FL/FL01.html
5. "Heil Expands Operate-At-Idle Offering" (http://fleetowner.com/news/heil_idle_system_020405). 4 February 2005.
Retrieved 10 September 2014.
6. "Heil Formula 5000 Rear Loader using lifter"(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Jfef8f8Y08).
7. http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Garbage-Truck.html
8. Sean, Murphy (3 April 2014)."Automated Garbage Collection"(http://eagledumpsterrental.com/automated-garbage-
collection.html). Retrieved 10 September 2014.
9. Marc J. Rogoff. "Solid waste collection automation in the United States"(http://www.scsengineers.com/Papers/Rogof
f_Solid_Waste_Collection_Automation_in_the_United_States.pdf) (PDF).
10. The Evolution of 21st Century Garbage Trucks (http://big-ben.co/blog/the-evolution-of-21st-century-garbage-trucks.h
tml)
11. "Waste Truck Collection Systems"(http://www.truckworld.com.au/Blogs/Waste-Truck-Collection-Systems).
TruckWorld.com.au. 11 February 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
12. https://solusgrp.com/blog/bin-tippers-from-solus-group-on-display-at-wasteexpo-trade-show
.html
13. https://osha.europa.eu/en/tools-and-publications/publications/reports/TERO09009ENC
14. Velasco Garrido, M; Bittner, C; Harth, V; Preisser, AM. "Health status and health-related quality of life of municipal
waste collection workers - a cross-sectional survey"(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4493964). J
Occup Med Toxicol. 10: 22. doi:10.1186/s12995-015-0065-6(https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12995-015-0065-6) .
PMC 4493964 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4493964) . PMID 26155300 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.ni
h.gov/pubmed/26155300).
15. http://education.qld.gov.au/health/pdfs/healthsafety/waste-management-factsheet.pdf
16. http://www.gaps.qld.edu.au/Discover%20Us/Documents/Manual-Handling-of-Wheelie-Bins.pdf
17. https://ccsbestpractice.org.uk/entries/dumpmaster-used-to-reduce-manual-handling/

External links
Autocar Refuse Trucks
History of refuse collection- Historical information and many pictures
Classicrefusetrucks.com- History of mechanical refuse collection equipment
Heil
Mack Trucks

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