= GU PHAR TIENG A ect =DLOI NOI DAU uén "Ngit phap tiéng Anh" nay dugc bién soan nhim muc dich phuc vu viée hoc tiéng Anh trong cdc trudng Dai hoe va Trung hoc chuyén nghiép déng théi cing nhim déng gop vao viéc hoc tiéng Anh ca hoc sinh cdc trudng phé théng, cae lép tai chtte va cdc ban tu hoc. Né6 cé tinh chat cha mét cuén Ngit phap tiéng Anh ca ban va thue hanh, noi dung cha yéu nham gidi thiéu nhiing quy tac co ban va thong dung, kém theo nhiéu bai tap dé gidp ngudi hoc van dung dude cdc quy tac trong viéc rén luyén ky nang néi, nghe, doc, viét tiéng Anh. Do dé sach nay chua dé cap dén nhiing van dé phic tap, ft gap va it ding, cing khéng di s4u vao ng phap ly thuyét. Mat khac, dé dam bdo “Tinh chat Viét Nam va hién dai", ching téi cing cha y dua vao kinh nghiém thyc té day tiéng Anh cho ngudi Viét két hgp véi nhitng thanh tuu cia ngén ngi hoc va phuong phap gidng day ngoai ngit hién dai dé trinh bay cAc van dé ngit phap mét cach don gian, ngin gon nhung ro rang, dé hiéu, dé nhd, thich hop véi déi tugng ngudi Viét. Vé mat thuat ngi, chting t6i cha truong ding nhiing thuat ngit tiéng Viét va tiéng Anh cia ngit phap truyén théng, cé chon lee va tinh gian trong sO nhiing thuat ngi da quen ding, dé ngudi hoc khdi bd nga. ‘ Vé6i nhitng .dac diém nhu trén, chting téi hy vong cuén sach ~ sé dap ting duige yéu cdu cua déng dao cac ban hoc tiéng Anh. N66 thé ding lam gido trinh day ngit ph4p d trong lép, lam tai liéu 6n tap va tham khdo ngu phap cho hoe sinh va giao vién. Sau day chung téi gidi thiéu bé cuc cuén sach va mét sé goi y huéng d4n cach st dung. 1) Cuén sach gém 8 phan lén: Phan I gém 11 chugng, 31 bai, gidi thiéu cha yéu cach phan loai, hinh thai cdu tao, chtte nang va cach diing cac ti loai trong tiéng Anh, c6 két hop giai quyét mot sé van dé ct php (cach dat cAu) lién quan dén viéc st dung tix loai d6. Phan II gém 5 chuong, 14 bai, gidi thiéu cha yéu c&c van dé cu phap co ban, cé tinh ch&t nang cao va khai quat héa cach dat cau tiéng Anh theo nhiing cau tric, céng thtic, mAu co ban. Phan III 1a dap an cdc bai tap khé, nhdm gitp cdc ban tu hoc c6 thé tu kiém tra, danh gia két qua hoc tap cha minh. 2) Méi bai gdm ph4n trinh bay nhiing quy tac va phan bai tap ting dung, nham gidi thiéu gon va tap trung mét hay nhiéu v&én dé ngit phap co lién quan, theo tiing buée tir d& dén kho. Tuy nhién, cé nhiéu van dé khéng thé gidi quyét gon mét lan la xong duge, vi cé nhiéu diém lién quan dén cae van dé kh4e, thi chung t6i gidi thiéu tig phan, phan sau cé nhac lai, ciing cd, bd sung va nang cao phan truéc. Cac ban hoc nén chi y diém nay: hoc phan sau nén 6n lai va déi chiéu véi phan truéc, nhu vay mdi hiéu duge van dé mot céch ddy di, su va chdc. 3) Phan trinh bay quy tde trong méi bai duce viét theo tinh than tinh gidn, ngan gon, kém theo nhiéu thi dy minh hoa. Chiing t6i st dung réng rai cach trinh bay tom tat duéi dang cc bang téng hop, biéu dé, so dé va céng thie kém theo nhiing 131 ghi, nhiing cht thich can thiét.Cae ban hoe cén cha ¥ doc ky, hiéu chdc va hoc thude cdc thi du trong bai vi chting khéng nhiing cé tac dung minh hoa, gitip ngudi hoc ndém viing duge quy tac thay cho ldi gidi thfch tritu tugng, ma con 1a nhiing cau tiéu biéu cho cach dién dat cha ngudi Anh cé thé duoc sit dung trong nhiéu tinh huéng khac nhau. 4) Cac bai tap trong méi bai khéng tap trung 6 cudi ma dude bé tri rai ra trong titng muc nhé, theo phusng cham “hoc dén dau luyén dén dé", nhim gitip ngudi hoc vita ndm duge quy tc ngi phap via rén luyén dude ky nang stt dung ngén ngi. Cac bai tap duge danh s6 tha ty lién tuc trong tiing bai dé dé déi chiéu véi phan dap an. C&c ban hoe cfn dic biét cht ¥ lam céc bai tap mét cach ddy da, nghiém tic va luyén cho dén mite thudn thuc. Muén vay khéng nén chi nhin bing mat va viét ra gidy ngay, ma cén thong qua khau luyén miéng. Can doc to va nhac lai nhiéu lan nhiing cau tap da lam ding. . 5) Nhtng cau thi du va cau cho trong bai tap duge chon theo tiéu chudn tiéng Anh hién dai, pho thong, c6 néi dung thuc tién va tu tuéng tét, déng théi chi ding mét sé von tit ngit don gian (trudng hgp cé tit ngit khé thi chia nghia tiéng Viét). Cac ban gido vién huéng din cé thé tay theo trinh dé va von tit cha ngudi hgc ma cho thém thi dy hode bai tap thich hgp. Cuén "Ngit phap tiéng Anh" nay duge bién soan ldn dau, chdc chén khéng thé tranh khdi thiéu st. Mong cdc ban gép ¥ kién nhan xét dé ching téi hoan chinh cuén sach nhim pkac vu t6t hon cho viée hoc tiéng Anh cia déng dao ban doc. Cac tac gidPHAN MOTCHUONG MOT TU VA CAU (Words and Sentences) TU LoAI VA CAU TRUC CAU (Word Classes and Sentence Structures) L GIGI THIEU Cac khai niém vé tif loai va cau tric cdu trong tiéng Anh c6 nhiing diém gidng tiéng Viét, nhung do dic diém riéng cua ting ngon ngit, nén tat nhién cing cé nhiéu diém khac. Thi dy nhiing khai niém chung vé danh tit, déng ti, tinh ti, chi ngi, vi ngi... thi giéng, nhung di vao chi tiét cdu tao, chic nang, vi tri v.v... thi hae nhau nhiéu. Co nhiing khai niém chi tiéng Anh co ma tiéng Viét khong cé nhu c4ch sé hitu cia danh ti, thi ca déng tir, dong tinh tw, déng danh tw v.v... Bai dau nay nham gidi thiéu tong quat vé tw loai va céu tric cau tigng Anh dé ngudi hoe cé khai niém chung truéc khi di vao cc chi tiét cy thé. IL TU LOAI (Word Classes, hay cén ggi la Parts of Speech) C6 nhiéu cach phan loai, nhung theo ngit phap truyén thong Anh, ta cé thé chia 1am tam loai nhu sau: 11Tén tit logi Céng dung | Thi du 1. Danh tw (Noun) Chi ngudi, vat, sw iéc hay khai niém Jooy, table, cat, freedom, lhappiness. 2. Dai tw (Pronoun) [Dung thay cho danh ter II, he, them, who, which, Imine, this... 3. Tinh tu (Adjective) ps nghia (néi r6 jthém) cho danh tit. |Gém nhiéu loai, ké cdi lmao tix (article) va sé ttt (numeral) ja good worker, the heroic Vietnamese people, my first lesson, some new books, those two houses are large. 4. Dong tix (Verb) ‘Chi hanh déng hoac 'e are learning tinh ti hode pho tit khac trang thai English. {The enemy was defeated, ‘5. Phé tix (Adverb) |Bé nghia cho déng tit, They work very hard. |He came here esterday. II was too tired. 6. Gidi tir bi trudc danh tw hodell spoke to him. \Preposition) {dai tir dé chi quan hé The desk of the pa chting véi céc tit teacher is near the Ikhae indow. (7. Lién tix INGi cc tit, cum tit. You and I. He is poor (Conjunction) hhoac cau véi nhau, put honest; he will _ me if you ask him. “8. Than ty Dién ta cam xtc ih! Ah! Hello! Alas! (Interjection) 12Ghi cha: Can luw ¥ mét diém quan trong 1a viée phan chia tit loai trong tiéng Anh chi yéu dua vao chic nang cac tir dé trong cau. Do d6, mét tY cd thé khi 1A danh ti, khi 1a déng tw, hoac khi 1a tinh ti, khi la dai tw v.v... Nhiing tit nhu vay tuong déi nhiéu, can chu y hoc cach ding cu thé cua ching. Thi du: T have two hands - (Téi cé hai tay - hands 1a danh tit). He hands me the paper (Anh 4y dua cho t6i ta gidy - hand la dong ti). Around table (Cai ban tron - round la tinh ti). A round of beer. (Mét chau bia - round 1a danh tit). The earth moves round the sun (Trai dat quay xung quanh mat trdi - round 1a gidi tt). The police rounded them up (Canh sat quay ho lai - round 1a dong tw). This is his hat (Day 1a cai mit cua anh y - This la dai tu, his la tinh tiv sd hitu). This hat is his (CAi mi nay 1A cha anh 4y - This 1a tinh tu, his 1a dai tit sé hitu). Bai tap 1. Doc to nhiing cdu sau, tim hiéu ¥ nghia va ni ré tit logi cua nhitng tit in nghiéng. . 1. It is hard work, but I know you can work hard. 2. He éame by a very fast train. He can run very fast, but he is running slowly. 133. I like to drink tea. Let us have another drink. 4. These oranges are bigger than those. 5. This is my book. It is not yours. 6. The room is quite dark. He is not sitting in the dark, 7. This lamp gives a poor light. Light the other lamp, please. 8. Cotton is not heavy, it is light. 9. Nam is sitting at the back of the class. He has come back through the back door. 10. Let's go for a walk. We shall walk down the street. 11. CAU TRUC CAU (Sentence Structures) Mét cau tiéng Anh don gidn c6 thé chia lam hai phan chinh 1a cha ngit (Subject) va vi ngit (Predicate). Phan vi ngit trong cau tiéng Anh luén gém mét dong tit da chia vA néu cdn thi co thém tan ngit (Odject) hodc bé ngit (Complement). Ngoai ra, cau con cé nhiing thanh phan thit yéu 1a trang ngit (Adverbial Modifier) va tinh ngit (Adjective Modifier). Nhiing van dé nay sé hoc ky trong phan II ca sach nay, 6 day chi gidi thiéu so b6 dé cé khai niém chung khi hoe cc tit loai. C6 thé tom tat cau tric cu co ban nhat trong tigng Anh bing hai biéu dé nhu sau: A - Truéng hop cau chi cé nhiing thanh phan cha yéu (goi la cau hat nhan hay cau téi thiéu) 14. Predicate Subject Verb Object or Complement 1. The door is opened. 2. He is running. 3. The boy opened the door. 4, We speak English. 5. That man is my brother. 6. They will become __| workers. Ja cdu mé réng) B - Trudng hgp cau c6 thém nhiing thanh phan thi yéu (goi Subject Predicate Subject + Adjective Verb Object or Adverbial Modifiers | Complement Modifier 1. The green door is opened lat once. Chiéc ctta xanh mo Ingay lap tric. 2. A little boy jis running lin the street. Mét cau bé \dang chay Itrén dudng pho. 3. The boy in the blue jopened the back dour |this morning. hat ICau bé déi mai xanh = |md Ictia sau hic sang nay 4. We all in this class |speak English irather well. IPat c& chting ta trong |ndi tiéng Anh kha tot. lép nay 5. That man there lis Imy big brother. INgudi dan éng d6 ila lanh trai tdi. . _ |6. These young men _|willbecome factory workers |next vear. INhiing thanh nién nay |sé tré thanh|céng nhan lvao sang nam. nha may 15Ghi cha: Cau luu ¥ nhiing diém sau cé phan nao khac véi ng phap tiéng Viét hoac khac véi cach ding thuat nga 6 mét vai tai liéu ngit phap khac. a) Tan ngif chi déi tugng cha hanh dong (cé tai liéu goi la bd ngit déi tugng) tra 1éi cau héi: Gi? Cai gi? Ai? Tan ngit bé ng cho ngoai dong ti. Trudng hop ndi déng ti thi khéng cé tan ngit. Thi du 1 trong bang trén "The door opened", opened 14 ndi dong tix kh6ng cé tan ngit, nhung trong thi du 3, néu cau diing lai sau opened thi chua du nghia, vi opened day 1a ngoai dng tit ddi hdi phai cé tan ngi. b) Bo ngw (complement, cdn goi 1a predicative) 1A mét bd phan khéng thé thiéu duge cha vi nga, nhung khong chi déi tong nhv tan ngi. Bé ngit thudng 1a danh tw (nhu thf du 5 va 6 trong cc bang trén), nhung cing cé thé 1a tinh tit hay phé tu, nhu: Lam hungry. - Toi déi. They are here. - Ho 6 day. He looks different. ~ Anh ta tréng khac. G day ta thay ché khdc nhau gitia tiéng Anh va tiéng Viét. Téi déi (d6i 14 vi ngit) lam hungry (hungry khéng ding m6t minh 1Am vi ngit dugc) Vi ngii la: am (dong tw) + hungry (bé ngii). Chung téi dang thuat ngit bd ng vdi nghia hep nhu vay, khéng phai theo nghia rong 1a bat ctf tiv nao bé nghia cho déng tix nhu m6t vai tai liéu khac. . c) Trang ngw (adverbial modifier) thudng 1a phé tu hay cum ti tuong duong véi pho ti lam nhiém vy bé nghia cho déng tif hay cho ca cau dé néi 16 thém vé cach thiéc, thdi gian, noi chon vv... cia hanh déng hay su viéc. Nhiing thi du trong bang B cho ta 16thay trang ngi la thanh phan phy, thém vao thi ré y hon, nhung khdng c6 né céu van di nghia. d) Tinh ti (adjective modifier) cin goi la dink ngit (attributive) 1A mét ty hay cum tit bé nghia cho danh ti. N6 1a thanh phan phu di kém véi danh ti, dd danh tir dé la cha ngi, tan ngii, bé ngit hay nim trong trang ngit cla cau cing thé. Bai tap 2. Ding nhitng tit trong cét 2 dién vao nhitng cdu trong cét 1 lam tan ngit cho dé nghia. Méi tit cé thé dién vao nhiéu céu néu nghia thich hop. 1 2 1. They are looking at... him, the house 2.1 don't know... >| your name, English 3. The student is doing... his work, that 4. She can see... the new factory, that river 5. My friend likes... this exercise, those books 3. Ding nhitng tit trong cot 2 dién vao nhitng céu trong cét 1 lam trang ngit. Céch lam nhu trén. 1 2 1, My brother is... an engineer, happy 2. The boys were... students, there 3. He seems to be... a good teacher, quite well 4. These girls will become... factory workers 5. They look... strong, tired 174. Ding nhitng tit trong cét 2 dién vao nhitng cau trong cét 1 lam trang ngi?. Céch lam nhut trén. 1 2 1. He is running... fast, now 2. They walked... to the station, yesterday 3. My father is working... today, in the garden 4, 1 saw many children... in the street, last week 5. You cannot play football... here, everyday 18 Cha ¥: Co thé thém mét hay nhiéu trang ngit vao cau. Thi du: He is running fast. He is running to the station. N6 dang chay nhanh. N6é dang chay tdi ga. He is running fast to the station. Nb dang chay nhanh tdi ga.CHUONG HAIL DANH TU (Nouns) DANH TU: DANG VA CHUC NANG (Nouns: Forms and Functions) 1. CAC LOAI DANH TU A- C6 nam loai danh tix 1. Danh tw chung (common noun): dog, table, man... 2. Danh tw riéng (proper noun): London, England, Fred... 8. Danh ti chi chat liéu (material noun): water, rice, ink... 4. Danh tt triu tugng (abstract noun): beauty, happiness, courage... 5. Danh tw tap hgp (collective noun): team, crowd, flock... Ghi nhé: Trong thuc tién, vé mat ng phap cdn phan biét trong tiéng Anh: 1. Nhing danh ti dém duge (countable noun): boy, chair, hou 1. Nhing danh tit khéng dém duoe (uncountable noun): - water, milk, ink, beauty, happiness, courage... B- Quy tc cau tao danh tw Nhiing quy tac chinh 1920 1) Danh tu dém duge Verb + er: to teach — teacher Verb + or: to direct + director to govern -> governor Verb + ing: to build -> building to write > writing 2) Danh tw tritu tugng a) adjective + ness kind — kindness happy — happiness lazy — laziness (Chu ¥: Khi chuyén sang danh tw: y > i) b) noun + ship friend — friendship workman -> workmanship c) noun adj + dom king > kingdom wise > wisdom free — freedom @) adjective + th wide > width true > truth (Cha y: Khi chuyén thanh danh tit: bd e thém th). 3) Danh ti ghép a) adjective + noun black + board — blackboard grand + parent > grandparent6) noun + noun bed + room — bedroom shop + keeper — shopkeeper c) gerund + noun looking + glass -» looking-glass writing + paper — writing-paper Chu y: Trong nhiing danh tw ghép trén, tit diing trudc cé gia tri mét dinh ngit lam ré nghia tit ding sau. d) Dang khdac Mother-in-law, passer-by, commander-in-chief Bai tap 1. Phan loai nhiing danh tit dui day: dog, cat, man, woman, country, crowd, team, happiness, beauty, health, patience, army, flock, desk, door. Paris, window, kindness, courage, house, building, poverty. France, pleasure, wood, paper, air, steam, family, sand, bread, ink, truth. Henry, chair, table, rice, salt. George, tree, flower, water, honey, grass, fame. 2. Tim trong sé danh tit d bai tap trén nhitng danh tit dém duge va nhitng danh tit khéng dém duoc. 3. Cau tao danh tit tudng ing cho nhitng tit dudi day: scholar, friend, boy, man, woman, long, wide, strong, warm, deep, true, to wash, to manage, to sing, neat, good, tender, dark, soft, sweet, neighbour, young. 4. Tao nhitng danh tit ghép dé dién ta: A knife for cutting paper. A glass for holding wine. A box for holding matches. A desk for writing at. 21A needle used to darn socks with. A driver of taxi. A floor made of stone. A machine for washing clothes. A wall made of brick. A room where you have meals. A room in which you sleep. A brush with which we brush our teeth. Il. GIONG : Danh ti tiéng Anh rat dé xac dinh gidng cin cu theo y nghia cha ti. Gidng duc Nhiing danh ti chi| boy, man, father, (masculine gender) | vat giéng duc ram Gidng cai (feminine.| Nhiing danh tit chi| girl, woman, gender) vat ging cdi mother, ewe... Gidng trung Nhiing danh_ ti| child, person, (common gender) | chung cho ca duc, | parent, sheep... cai Trung tinh (neutral | Nhiing danh tir vé| table, chair, house... gender) tinh Ghi nhée: 1. Cé.rat nhiéu danh ti chung thudc trung tinh desk, lamp, stool, door, window... 2. Nhiing danh tw tritu tudng, chi chat liéu, tap hop bao gid cing thuéc loai trung tinh patience, kindness, water, rice, crowd, team... 3. C6 3 cach chinh dé phan biét mot danh ti thude gidng dye hay gidéng cai. a) Khéec han vé hinh thie: boy, girl, man, woman...b) Céng thém mét danh tix hay dai tiv (thude gidng duc hay giéng cai) vao mét danh ti gidng trung: boy-cousin, girl-cousin, he-wolf, she-wolf c) Thém vao mét danh tiv gidng duc (dé chuyén thanh danh tix gidéng cAi): poet - poetess host - hostess actor - actress Bai tap 5. Phan biét giéng ctia cdc danh tit dudi day: husband, wife, artist, cook, lady, gentleman, neighbour, doctor, writer, visitor, musician, school-boy, school-girl, school, uncle, aunt, cousin, bird, father, mother, parent, friend, enemy, pen, pencil, book, son, daughter, courage, poverty, health, friendship, kindness, love, truth. 6. Tim nhitng danh tit ging cdi cua nhiéng danh tit dudi day: boy, husband, brother, bull, father, gentleman, uncle-son, nephew, king, cock-sparrow, he-goat, man, school, master, prince, lion, tiger, cock, waiter. UL. SO NHIEU CUA DANH TU Quy tac chung 1. Muén chuyén mét danh tiv sé it sang sé nhiéu thi thém s va ding sau: book - books dog - dogs 2. Chi nhiing danh tiv dém duc (countable noun) mdi cé dang sé nhiéu "thém s". Nhiing danh tiv khéng dém duge (non- 23