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Taylor Walker

Professor Jizi

UWRT 1103-012

2 April 2018

Annotated Bibliography

Alves, F., et al. "The Incidence of Bent Dorsal Fins in Free‐Ranging Cetaceans." Journal

of Anatomy, vol. 232, no. 2, Feb. 2018, pp. 263-269.

This journal discusses the frequency of bent dorsal fins in aquatic mammals. It compares

the statistics of the bent fins of wild mammals to that of those in captivity. It has been discovered

that having a bent dorsal fin is common in captive animals, such as the orca. When in the wild,

less than one percent of a species were found to have a bent dorsal fin. Some of the wild

mammals exhibiting a bent dorsal fin had a physical injury or deformity. Stress can be a factor

leading to the dorsal fin collapses.

This journal is a recent study. It was published on November 17, 2018. It has many

contributing authors. Data was collected and analyzed to draw conclusions about why dorsal fins

are bent in some mammals. This was published in the Journal of Anatomy which is a peer

reviewed journal that has been around since 1867. This is relevant to my inquiry question

because it discusses factors that can lead to dorsal fin collapses. Stress is a cause of some

collapses. Animals in captivity experience an unnatural amount of stress.

Armstrong, Susan, and Richard G. Botzler. The Animal Ethics Reader. Routledge, 2003.
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This book discusses the health of animals in captivity. It uses examples dating back to

1835, when the London Zoo got its first chimpanzee. It died immediately. It also uses more

recent examples. In 2004, a study was conducted that showed between 1988 and 2003,

deficiencies in animal care, pest control, management, and record keeping contributed to 23

deaths. One thing I like about this source is how it shows the broad picture of animal treatment in

zoos over the decades. This isn’t a new issue. It has been going on for years. The book also

discusses how the zoo animal’s irregular behavior and high infant mortality rates are connected

to the animal’s natural home range size. The zoo enclosures are significantly smaller than the

animal’s natural habitat. They are not given the necessary room they need.

This book was published in 2003. It has both recent examples as well as older ones. I

only used page 580 in this book because it was the only relevant part to my inquiry. The author,

Susan J Armstrong, has a BSc and PhD. She is currently a professor at the University of

Birmingham. She teaches both graduate and undergraduate students.

Kapoor, Varsha, et al. “Oral Health Correlates of Captivity.” Research in Veterinary Science, vol.

107, Aug. 2016, pp. 213–219. ScienceDirect.

This journal discusses the oral health of captive animals compared to that of wild animals. It was

found that captive animals have a significantly higher frequency of periodontal disease than wild

animals. There is also a significant relationship between cranial morphology and oral health. This is

especially vital to my inquiry since the journal also states that captive animals have poorer oral health

than wild animals. This journal suggests that lack of the tough or hard meats can lead to bad oral

health.

The Research in Veterinary Science journal is an international journal. Some of the early
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volumes of this journal date back to 1991. The volume I read from was published in 2016, so it is a

recent study. One of the authors, Varsha Kapoor, works at the Medical University of South Carolina

School of Dental Medicine. This would give her the necessary knowledge to write about the oral

health of animals. Another author, Adam Hartstone-Rose, works in the department of cell biology

and anatomy at the University of South Carolina School of Medicine. He also affiliates with the

Animal Collections and Conservation as well as Riverbanks Zoo and Garden. Here, he can study the

oral conditions of animals in captivity.

Lamont, Di. “Beyond the Zoo: How Captivity Affects the Mental Well-Being of All Animals.”

One Green Planet, 13 Nov. 2015, www.onegreenplanet.org/animalsandnature/how-captivity-

effects-the-mental-well-being-of-all-animals/.

This article is relevant to my inquiry because it talks about the irregular behaviors that

animals in captivity can exhibit. Behaviors such as pacing, over-grooming, and sham-chewing

are common amongst captive animals. This source gave me a better understanding of why these

animals have certain behaviors and what causes them. I can personally verify that animals in

captivity perform these behaviors because I have seen it done first hand.

The author of this article is Di Lamont. She has a degree in animal behavior and welfare.

She has affiliated with organizations such as the Farm Sanctuary and Farm Animal Rights

Movement. She is qualified to write on this subject due to her experience with animals and her

degree. This article was published in 2015 so it isn’t out dated.

Paskesen, Nanna, director. Zoochosis - The Living Conditions of Animals in Captivity. Youtube,
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The Documentary Network, 9 June 2014, www.youtube.com/watch?v=EyFOUGppHco.

This video is relevant to my inquiry because it addresses conditions animals in zoos can

have. It goes as far back to the earliest zoos and how the animals were treated then. This source

brought into light how zoos function and how different they have been over time. Long ago, the

wealthy people had animals they held captive. They didn’t take good care of them. Now, I feel

like zoos are just a money maker.

This video has many speakers. Chris Draper is from the Born Free Foundation. The main

goal of this organization is to keep animals in the wild and not hold them captive. Aaron

Whitnall is a zookeeper who speaks in the video. He is qualified because he sees the animals first

hand. Matthew Parker speaks about why these behaviors occur. He concludes they are a result of

the inability to preform natural activities such as hunting prey. Parker is a member of the

Behavioral Genetics Group.