Submitted by: SALVA SHAH

HAFSA KHAN
HASEEB TARIQ
MUHAMMAD MUDDSAR
 This presentation aims to look at educational developments since
1947-2018 in China and Pakistan on comparative basis. The
approach that we will use is historical apporach and method
would be analytical.
 It primarily addresses the causes of illeteracy in China and
Pakistan after independence and tries to overcome the gaps of
earlier works.
 Being on good terms both countries can and should learn from
one another in the field of education and thereby help to improve
the future of their upcoming generations.
 Nicholas Hans classified three groups of factors affecting education
system of a country:
1.Natural factors
2.Religious factors
3.Secular factors
 Pakistan and China have been contributing in numerous projects.
The successful out come for projects would require input of
professionaly qualified talent from both Pakistan and China .For
this purpose both the countries should learn from each other
particularly China success in universalization of primary
education and Pakistan outstanding in higher education are not
only worth learning but also play a crucial role in providing
educational wisdom to other less developed countries.
 The educational system of Pakistan is generally divided into 5
levels
1.PRIMARY grade (1 to 5)
2.MIDDLE grade (6 to 8)
3.HIGHSCHOOL grade (9 and 10) leading to secondary school
certificate
4.HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL CERTIFICATE HSSC
5.UNIVERSITY LEVEL DEGREES( starting from graduation to
doctoral degrees)
 TWO ASPECTS OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION IN CHINA
1.Regular government run and private primary schools recruit
children aged between 6 and 7 and implement universal primary
compulsory education.
2.Special primary schools are open mainly teaching Chinese
language , two sujects of arithematic ,literacy class etc .
 1. REGULAR MIDDLE SCHOOL:It is divided into two stages, junior
high which lasts for 3 years followed by senior high of 2 to 3years.The
total duration for both is 5 to 6 years.
2.AGRICULTURAL MIDDLE SCHOOL:Generally enrol junior high
which lasts for about 3 years .
3.VOCATIONAL SCHOOL OR VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL:These
enrol junior high school graduates.
 4.TECHNICAL SCHOOLS:Generally enrol high school graduates with
a study period of 2 to 3 years.
5.SECONDARY PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS:Enroll students for further
professional studies.
 The interim target for 2010 was set at 80% but that could not be achieved. The
reasons for high dropout rate lie within both the educational system and the
economic conditions of the students’ households.
 Intensive research is needed to bring out the factors that account for such high
dropout rates. Furthermore, surveys on the extent and quality of private school
education need to be carried out.
 At the time of independence both the countries literacy rate was
almost the same.
 At the time of the founding of new china on Oct 1, 1949 the literacy
rate was 20%.Whereas at the time of independence in 1947, 15%
of the Pakistan population was considered literate.
 Acc. The latest available statistics the chinese enrollment of
primary schools in 2015 was 96.36%. Similarly the literacy rate
had also remained stable at 96%.
 The Pakistan enrollment rate, has however remained below 60%.
Similarly, the country’s literacy rate has also remained below 58%.
 Acc. To statistics, China’s total investment in education is as high as
about 4.25 trillion, but due to large population the per capita
education funding is only about 3100 although Chinas investment
in education is increasing every year.
 From 2012-2017, it was maintained at an average annual growth of
about 7.9% which shows Chinas determination to increase
investment in education.
 In Pakistan higher education has received greater attention,
while primary education has been left relatively unattended.
 Due to massive corruption and scarcity of funds the number of
public sector primary schools is far less than the number required
and cant function well.
 Due to all these factors the students dropout rate is very high,
probably in the range of 30-45%.
 Pakistan is a very populous country and is ranked 6th as the most
populous country in the world. The constitution of Pak requires
free and compulsory primary and secondary education to all. In
article 25-A of constitution obligates the government to provide
free and quality education to the students from 5-16 years of age.
However, present state of Pak is very different from what is stated
above.
 Comparatively, since 1985 in China, the government implements 9
year compulsory education.
 In 1992, the communist party of China proposed making the nine
year basic compulsory education universal by the end of 20th
century to eliminated illiteracy among the young and middle aged
people.
 Poverty affects children negatively and severely impedes their
ability to gain knowledge.
 In Pakistan, the private sector enrollment in primary schools is
estimated to be close to 40% of the total enrollment of the primary
schools.
 Due to shortage of public sector primary schools, and their non
functionality the parents are often forced to send their children to
private schools.
 China has a large population of rural poor people and in addition
to universalization of compulsory education. China has placed
alleviation at the center of its national development strategy. The
popularization of compulsory education in rural areas and
eliminated unaffordability of education as a cause of illiteracy.
With that china has embarked on a high quality development path
aimed at improving the quality of education.
 According to the available data, the net enrollment at primary
level in Pakistan till 2011-12 had remained below 60%.
 The target of achieving literacy by 2015 required an increase of
almost 40% in four years compared (2011-2015) to the 22%
achieved in the last 10 years.
 About half the students who enrolled in the primary school did not
complete their education.
 Obstacles identified by various studies include the non-
availability of teachers, non-availability of schools especially for
girls in the rural areas, insecurity, lack of female teachers in rural
areas, lack of secondary level education in the communities, and
early marriages.
 Faced with the same problem as Pakistan, China has advanced the
reform of basic education step by step.
 In 1980, China put forward for the first time the historical task that
elementary education should be universal throughout the country.
 Nine-year compulsory education would be carried out step-wise
and the country would be divided into three regions for the plan’s
implementation.
 STATISTICS PAKISTAN USA CHINA JAPAN

GOVT
SPENDING ON 2.17% 5.62% 1.91% 3.78%
EDUCATION
(GDP)
AVERAGE YEARS
OF SCHOOLING 3.9 12 6.4 9.5
OF ADULTS

LITERACY RATE
57 100 100 100
 Based on the 2016 data from an analysis of the situation of the
teaching profession in China, there were more than 510 colleges
and universities offering teacher education.
 In Pakistan it is different that under the existing system, a primary
school teacher requires only 10 years of schooling plus an 11-
month teacher-training certificate to be employed in a public
sector school. There are less than 300 teacher education/training
institutions in Pakistan of which nearly 80% are owned and run by
the government.
 35% of China's schools are privately-run.
 China's private schools totaled 183,500, registering an increase of
5,815 from the previous year, according to a statistical report on
China's education development in 2018 issued by the Ministry of
Education.
 The total enrollment of the country's private schools was 53.78
million in 2018, up 5.03 percent from 2017, the report said.
 Others 65% of China's schools are publicaly-run.
 The education system of Pakistan is comprised of 260,903 institutions
and is currently facilitating 41,018,384 students. The system
includes 180,846 public institutions and 80,057 private institutions.
 Hence 31% of educational institutes are run by private sector while
69% are run by public sector.
 These public and private sector institutes have raised the literacy
rate of Pakistan up to 250% over the recent years but the goal of a
school or an educational institute is not just to raise the literacy rate,
but also to provide the students with skillful knowledge and training.
 The per capita GDP of China is not high.Therefore the resource of
education is very limited. So what the policymakers consider is to use
the limited resource to create the max outcome.
 In 1980–2000s,the demand for ordinary low skilled workers were
most needed.
 In 2000–, the demand for well-skilled workers and engineers are most
needed.
 Therefore around in 2000s,there was a education reform, which
resulted in the universities accepting much more students.
 The problem is not in the quality of the students, nor in the
teachers; it is in the method of teaching that does not stress critical
thinking and a creative approach to problem-solving.
 In china, children are turned out in a :cookie cutter approach
which does not sufficiently allow for “thinking outside of the box”
or allowing a student to learn by failing.
 Six Key Challenges Faced by the Education Sector in Pakistan
 Despite increase in budgets, enrollment in schools remains low,
quality of learning is poor, and there are not enough buildings or
teachers. ...
 There Is Not Enough Infrastructure.
 Substantial Shortage of Trained Teachers.
 Quality of Learning Is Poor.
 Curricula Needs to Change.
 Parents and School Committees are Ineffective.
 Technical Education: Sufficient attention has not been paid to
the technical and vocational education in Pakistan. The number of
technical and vocational training institutes is not sufficient and
many are deprived of infrastructure, teachers and tools for
training. The population of a state is one of the main elements of its
national power. It can become an asset once it is skilled. Unskilled
population means more jobless people in the country, which
affects the national development negatively. Therefore, technical
education needs priority handling by the government.
 Education is an important link for improving the comprehensive
strength of the country and enhancing the national innovation
ability.
 Education plays an important role in promoting economic
development, optimizing industrial structure upgrade and
improvement of a country's international competitiveness and
status. Therefore, in the current reforms of Pakistan and China, the
areas dealing with vigorously developing education, especially
basic education, should be the focus of government work.