Journal of Excellence – Issue No.

10 Grand’Maison 86

What Mental Skills Ironman Triathletes Need and Want

Karine Grand’Maison, Canada

Karine Grand'Maison, LL.B, LL.L, is currently finishing her master's degree in Human Kinetics
at the University of Ottawa under the supervision of Terry Orlick. For her thesis, she examines
the psychological skills and mental preparation strategies used by top Ironman triathletes. Karine
is a competitive triathlete, is training for her second Ironman triathlon, and has an interest in
working with elite athletes and provides mental training tips to triathletes and other endurance
athletes at http://www.imahead.com

Abstract
Ultra endurance triathlon is a very demanding sport that is increasingly popular among amateur
athletes. With the help of an online tool, the author surveyed several triathletes in the Ottawa
region, known for its large community of multi-sport athletes. This article presents the sport of
Ironman triathlon and discusses what triathletes' motivations to train and to compete are, as well
as the challenges, fears and needs they are facing. Although two thirds of the respondents
reported that their knowledge of sport psychology was limited or inexistent, 97% of triathletes
said they believed strongly or very strongly that mental skills were key to success. Moreover, the
survey revealed two deep-rooted myths with respect to the use of sport psychology. Ironman
triathletes' issues clearly reflect what a lot of performers want and what sport psychology
consultants should be providing—practical and effective guidelines that work in the real world of
performance.

Triathlon is an exciting and relatively new
sport that came to life 25 years ago in Ha-
waii. The legend alleges that in the midst of
an argument concerning who was in better
shape, swimmers, runners or cyclists, John
Collins had the somewhat novel idea of
solving the matter by putting together the
Waikiki Rough Water Swim, the Round the
Island Bike race and the Honolulu Mara-
thon, all in one single race. It was at that
moment that the Ironman© triathlon (or ultra
endurance triathlon), an ultimate test of hu-
man physical and mental capabilities, was
born (IronmanLive, 2004).
Do you have a friend who is a triathlete? If
so, chances are she is an open and sociable
person, who enjoys the camaraderie experi-
enced with fellow triathletes. She likely
thrives on being able to try new things, but
needs discipline and structure to maximize
her chances of success. Chances also are that
your friend is single-minded in her approach
to challenges and in her pursuit of success,
and that she sets high goals for herself. It
seems that "triathlon appeals to people who
are passionate, obsessed, focused, compul-
sive and ambitious […] and who understand
that [they] can achieve anything [they] put
[their] mind to with consistent determina-
tion" (LA TriClub, 2001).
Triathlon is the perfect venue to allow ath-
letes to push their limits, physically and
mentally. The Ironman triathlon, the longest
form of triathlon, is a three-discipline event

 2004 Zone of Excellence - http://www.zoneofexcellence.com

Journal of Excellence – Issue No. 10
consisting of a 3.8-km swim, a 180-km cy-
cle, followed by a 42.2-km marathon run.
The race preparation of ultra endurance tri-
athletes is demanding and time consuming.
Their weekly training schedule will typically
include at least 12 km of swimming, 370 km
of cycling and 70 km of running, totalling an
average of over 20 hours of physical training
alone (O’Toole, Douglas & Hiller, 1989).
The race itself is an extremely intense chal-
lenge taking from 8 to 17 hours to complete.
The excessive level of strenuous physical
exertion required of the triathletes during
races can lead to several medical problems
such as dehydration and heat exhaustion,
often complicated by hyponatremia (Hiller
et al., 1987). This gruelling event pushes the
limits of human endurance and consequently
demands considerable mental toughness
simply to complete the distance (Schofield,
Dickson, Mummery, & Street, 2002).
A minimum of level "mental toughness" is
required to complete the event and a high
level of mental toughness is needed to race
in demanding events of such length and du-
ration. The mental aspect of this sport is a
key to success. How can we help Ironman
triathletes reach the goals they are pursuing?
How can we guide them to train their minds
to help their bodies perform to their capac-
ity?
Survey of Ironman triathletes
I designed a practical survey to look at tri-
athletes' motivations to train and compete, to
assess what they liked best about their sport,
and to explore the issues, fears and chal-
lenges they faced while training for and
competing in Ironman triathlons. I also in-
quired about their knowledge of the field of
sport psychology and their use (or not) of
mental training consulting services. The
final question asked them what their view on
the importance of mental training to improve
their performance was, and what they would
 2004 Zone of Excellence - http://www.zoneofexcellence.com
Grand’Maison 87
be interested in learning if they had access to
sport psychology resources.
The survey was launched in June 2004 in the
Ottawa region (for our international readers,
Ottawa is the capital of Canada, where the
cold winters make it is nearly impossible to
run outside for two months of the year, to
bike outside for four months, and to swim
outside for at least half the year; not your
perfect temperatures for triathlon training!).
I posted a link to my web-based triathlon
survey in Tri-Rudy, a regional daily news-
letter which has over 3000 subscribers.
What came out of this survey was very in-
formative. The background information on
the Ironman participants who responded is
the following: forty Ironman triathletes, 55%
male and 45% female, completed the sur-
vey; 42% have been training for triathlons
for three to five years, whereas 28% sea-
soned athletes had done so for more than a
decade; about two thirds (70%) had partici-
pated in one to three Ironman, the other third
having completed four or more of these
harsh competitions. Now, what is it exactly
that brought them to be Ironman triathletes?
Motivations to train and compete
What motivates these individuals to train for
and compete in triathlon in spite of claims
that it is "not a safe leisurely activity to
promote good health, rather it is a test of
human endurance which pushes the mind
and body to dangerous extremes of exhaus-
tion" (Hosch, 1994)? Ironman triathletes
need to be highly motivated in order to train
for 10 to 25 hours each week despite an al-
ready busy schedule. I asked them what their
MAIN motivation to train was; most (27%)
answered it was to push their limits and
continually improve both their physical
and mental conditions. They said they train
"to see what this body of mine can do!", "to
challenge my body always more", "to prove
to myself that I have the determination". A
Journal of Excellence – Issue No. 10
close second reason for training (22%) was
to enjoy an active lifestyle. The lifestyle
they feel they live is one of being "fit",
"healthy", "balanced" and one that can in-
volve training with other members of a
group. Some athletes mentioned that training
for triathlon allowed them to "keep focused
in other aspects of life" (other than just
work). Connected to the idea of lifestyle, the
third main reason for training (16%) of the
Ironman triathletes, was to achieve fitness
and physical and mental well-being. Ad-
ditional noteworthy reasons for training in-
cluded the feeling of satisfaction and ac-
complishment they derive from their train-
ing, the goal of racing well at an Ironman
triathlon, the fun they have to do the train-
ing, and the desire to "delay old age".
Ironman triathletes need to be highly moti-
vated in order to compete in Ironman tri-
athlons and push their bodies to the limit
continuously for several hours. What moti-
vates them to do so? Three main themes
emerged from an analysis of their answers.
Not surprisingly, the number one reason
given by Ironman triathletes is that they
thrive on the challenge the sport offers
them (38%). This challenge existed on dif-
ferent personal levels, ranging from "seeing
if I could finish one" to "seeing how my
body deals with racing and speed". Here are
four answers that represent different facets
of challenge: "To be as good as I can be",
"it's a huge physical and emotional chal-
lenge", "motivation to see how I perform
under pressure", and "a chance to prove that
I can go beyond my limits".
The number two reason triathletes identified
as their main motivation to compete in races
was to achieve goals and witness progress
(30%), shown by quotes such as "self-im-
provement" and "achievement of a difficult
goal". The number three reason to race was
feeling a sense of accomplishment (19%),
ranging from "Seeing the benefits of train-
 2004 Zone of Excellence - http://www.zoneofexcellence.com
Grand’Maison 88
ing" to the "satisfaction of completing [an
Ironman]".
To broaden the picture of the reasons to
train and compete, respondents were then
asked what they liked best about training
and racing. Interestingly enough, the an-
swers to this question are fairly different
from the main motivations mentioned above.
On one hand, Ironman triathletes enjoy their
training mostly because it is fun, they get to
meet with like-minded friends, it keeps
them fit, and because they spend time out-
doors. On the other hand, what they like
best about racing is the excitement of the
day and of finishing something big, the
sense of community among the participants,
and the volunteers and family support. Only
three athletes mentioned they enjoyed
pushing their limits in racing; is it possible
that when race day actually comes, the "im-
mensity of the challenge" suddenly loses its
motivational purpose? What, then, does it
transform into? The one thing we know for
sure is that whatever the level of motivation
Ironman triathletes have towards accom-
plishing their objectives, several things can
get in the way of their reaching their goals
on race day.
Issues and challenges
If you had to guess what the single most
important issue triathletes are struggling
with when training for an Ironman, what
would you say it is? It's too tough? Nah…
It's too expensive? Nah! Here's a little hint:
the amount of training that people, who have
other normal life demands, put in to be a
competitive (yet amateur) triathlete is exten-
sive. It has been documented that most
short-course triathletes (who competed in
triathlons whose length is about four times
shorter than the Ironman) trained at least
five days a week for about two hours a
day—not counting commuting to the train-
ing venue, weight training, maintenance of
Journal of Excellence – Issue No. 10
equipment, reading about triathlon, etc.
(Hosch, 1994).
Time management was mentioned by half
the respondents as being their major chal-
lenge. For many, balancing work, family
life, time with friends and training repre-
sents an incredible challenge. They work
full-time, and then have to find a way to
plan their training, schedule baby sitting,
spend time with their spouse and get ade-
quate rest in-between. This often results in
what one triathlete termed the "social cost of
Ironman training", and sometimes makes it
hard to maintain perspective. Here are two
quotes that illustrate the issue of time crunch
faced by Ironman triathletes: the biggest
challenge is "being balanced and prepared –
this means you have to put an effort in your
preparation of all areas – swimming, biking,
running, flexibility, strength, mental prepa-
ration, nutrition – and then still fit in a job
and a family"; the most difficult thing is to
find "time to balance the training with other
commitments especially spending time with
friends and family (and be awake ;)".
Many other factors were repeatedly men-
tioned by triathletes as preventing them from
training at a consistently high level. The
three most commonly cited included, get-
ting injured, having difficulty determin-
ing the adequate amount and intensity of
training, and sustaining the initially high
motivation throughout the several long
training sessions. A final interesting chal-
lenge was to deal with the physical and
mental fatigue: "there were times when it
seemed overwhelming".
All this preparation, hard work, dedication,
and commitment are supposed to pay at
some point later down the road, but there
seems to be additional obstacles one has to
overcome before she can 'have the best race
ever'. The most prevalent concern for Iron-
 2004 Zone of Excellence - http://www.zoneofexcellence.com
Grand’Maison 89
man triathletes on race day is commonly
referred to as "not having a good day"
(30%) and therefore not performing like
they have in training or like they are capable
of doing. Whether it's "not feeling good on
race day", "not being able to finish" or "not
doing well", these worries often surface be-
fore competitions. The second stressful con-
cern for many triathletes is the swimming
leg and its mass start (22%). Indeed, this
moment can be pretty hectic with close to
2000 triathletes hitting the water at the same
time, often in choppy conditions, and trying
to establish their own space to complete the
3.8-km swim. Ironman triathletes were
rather blunt in their description of their
swim-related fears: "drowning…", "surviv-
ing the swim ;" or "too many overzealous
competitors that will knock you silly in the
swim to gain a meter".
The third concern triathletes worry a lot
about is the issue of proper nutrition and
hydration (19%). Obviously, in an ultra-
endurance event lasting of a minimum of ten
hours for the majority of competitors, hav-
ing adequate hydration and taking in enough
calories to sustain the hard and long-lasting
efforts are key but difficult. Indeed, one's
body cannot handle and digest more than a
limited amount of calories in a given time
but not taking enough fuel in will lead to the
dreaded point where one "hits the wall", i.e.
when the glycogen reserves are completely
depleted and the triathlete just cannot sustain
the pace any longer (and usually must walk
the rest of the distance).
Finally, not far behind, the fourth most cited
fear about Ironman racing is having me-
chanical problems on the bike (16%),
which includes "mechanical failures which
could put you out of the race" and "worrying
about things going wrong such as a flat tire".
Triathletes mentioned mechanical break-
down as a huge concern they have about
Journal of Excellence – Issue No. 10
race day; yet, it seems that only so much can
be done in terms of maintenance to prevent
this kind of problems. In every race, many
things can happen that are out of one's con-
trol and that can prevent one from perform-
ing to her potential. On this topic, it is inter-
esting to note that in addition to being very
committed individuals, triathletes generally
have a high need for control. According to
Hilliard (1988), triathlon can provide this
sense of control because athletes feel that
the outcome of their race is almost entirely
contingent on their own performance.
Ironman triathletes could move a long way
in the direction of feeling more relaxed and
confident about an upcoming race if they
learned to simply put worries of this kind
aside and rather focus on more positive as-
pects of the process. This links nicely with
the comments of one triathlete who dis-
cussed why she was satisfied of the sport
psychology services she had received: Fi-
nally, "I could let go of things I cannot con-
trol". This is a crucial skill for anyone who
wants to go into a challenging event with
confidence and focus.
Knowledge, use, and perceived
importance of sport psychology
Triathletes were asked seven questions
about their level of knowledge and use of
sport psychology skills. Many of these tri-
athletes said that they were not very familiar
with sport psychology (i.e. what it is, what
it's for, who uses it). 26% percent said their
knowledge in this area was poor, 43% said it
was fair and only 29% said it was good.
Only one triathlete said her knowledge of
sport psychology was excellent. Very simi-
lar percentages were obtained when asked
about their knowledge of the various mental
skills one can use in a race. However, when
asked the question "How important do you
believe that mental skills are in Ironman
training and racing?", 97% said they
 2004 Zone of Excellence - http://www.zoneofexcellence.com
Grand’Maison 90
believed strongly or very strongly that they
were key to success! Obviously, these
triathletes believe they would benefit from
receiving more education on this topic.
Thus, the challenge faced by the sport psy-
chology profession is to make applied and
relevant mental training skills easily acces-
sible to amateur athletes.
When triathletes were asked to list the men-
tal skills they were familiar with or knew
about, only 33 athletes out of 40 answered
this question (7 athletes could not list one
mental skill). Out of the 33 who responded,
26 named visualization as the most known
form of mental training. Next was positive
self-talk, with 11 responses, and relaxation
techniques mentioned by 8 respondents.
Four athletes answered that they knew of no
mental skill, or that they had no idea what I
was referring to.
This limited knowledge of the mental skills
contradicts triathletes' strong belief that
mental training is an essential part of
achieving excellence. The positive side of
the story is that those triathletes who did
know about mental skills were applying
them. 26% of these triathletes said they
practiced some form of sport psychology
often for races, and 37% practiced it often
in training. Only 22% said they never or
rarely practice any form of sport psychol-
ogy, and 14% said they used it all the time!
This is at least a very encouraging start.
As for sport psychology consulting services,
it comes as no surprise that 88% of the tri-
athletes surveyed had never used them.
Those who had worked with sport psycholo-
gists or mental skills trainers were generally
satisfied with the services they received.
Ironman triathletes who had never use men-
tal training consulting services cited three
main reasons refraining them to do so. The
most commonly cited reason identified by
37% was that they just didn't have the op-
portunity to do so (for example, they had
Journal of Excellence – Issue No. 10
never thought of it, or they didn't know that
this was a service available to them, or they
were unsure of what it was). 33% cited a
lack of money and time for not engaging in
a mental training program, and the last 30%
held the view that the emphasis should be
put on physical training.
Two long-standing myths, which surfaced
when reviewing answers to the survey, need
to be addressed by the sport psychology
profession: 1) mental training takes time,
which I don't have in surplus; and 2) I don't
really need it because I'm not at a high level.
Hopefully, as more and more athletes be-
come aware of the immense benefits of sport
psychology at a young age, it will become a
normal part of an athlete's training.
Once athletes make the necessary effort to
invest mental energy in deciding how to
channel it wisely and effectively, it will be-
gin to pay dividends. It is like hiring a finan-
cial consultant to advise us on how to spend
wisely; this will save lots of money in the
long term. Triathletes who engage in effec-
tive mental training programs will discover
that practicing mental skills doesn't take
much additional time; on the contrary, it will
help one save time—and eventually perform
better—through a more focused concentra-
tion and the use of distraction control skills.
What Ironman triathletes want
(or need)?
This brings us to perhaps the two most im-
portant questions in the survey: what is it
that Ironman triathletes really want to know
or learn about with respect to sport psychol-
ogy/ their mental preparation? The first
open-ended question was, "Please tell me
which TOPICS you would like to be dis-
cussed in articles for triathletes", and the
second question was, "If you had the chance
to ask any question to a sport psychology
consultant, what would you REALLY want
 2004 Zone of Excellence - http://www.zoneofexcellence.com
Grand’Maison 91
to know?". Answers on these two questions
recouped in many respects, so they will be
discussed together in the following section.
What Ironman triathletes wanted to know
can be categorized in three main themes: 1)
improve race performance and consistency;
2) improve training; and 3) sustain a high
level of motivation. Firstly, athletes want to
learn or improve methods/techniques that
will help them improve their racing per-
formance and consistency (including race
visualization, pre-race routines, pre-race
anxiety control, and learning how to 'dig
deep' in the later stages of the triathlon when
the body starts to fall apart. The main thing
they were interested in was how to improve
their racing skills.
Focus was repeatedly mentioned under vari-
ous forms: "how to stay focused during a
long event… I day dream a lot” ; "how to
push while running when the body says 'No'
and the mind says 'Just a little bit further'";
"What to do when things aren't going well";
"Mentally, what to do during the race when
your head is saying 'STOP this foolish-
ness!'". Very typical of committed perform-
ers, triathletes want success now: "I want to
know tips I can implement rapidly to im-
prove my performance without having to
practice them for five years before they're
effective." This last quote reflects what a lot
of performers want and what sport
psychology consultants should be
providing—practical, effective guidelines
that work in the real world of performance
(Orlick, 2000).
The second main theme which triathletes
want to learn more about is improving their
training (including "how to stay focused
during the long training grind up to race
day" or "what makes someone passionate
one day, and apathetic the next, and how do
you regulate this?"). It seems that two sepa-
Journal of Excellence – Issue No. 10
rate areas would be particularly helpful for
triathletes in regards of the training they
have to do. The first refers to sustaining
motivation to train for such a high vol-
ume over extended periods of time.
Triathletes want to know how to "keep your-
self motivated during the off-season",
"things to use in training on hard days to
keep motivation", or simply put, "How do I
stay focused in my training when all I really
want to do is sit on the couch and relax?"
Another important training-related area is
coping with and overcoming injuries:
“How do I re-adjust plans when injuries
strike?" or "How do you handle the 'blues'
when you get injured?" Overuse injuries are
common among Ironman triathletes
(O’Toole, Douglas & Hiller, 1989), and
getting sick or injured is sometimes more of
a challenge for the mind than it is for the
body.
The third main theme triathletes want to
learn more about is staying positive for
both training and races. References were
made to top Ironman triathletes who empha-
sized the importance of having a positive
outlook on the training and during race day,
and this message seems to have reached
many triathletes. Being positive is a crucial
ingredient for successful training and per-
formance, and athletes are keen to learn
more on this topic: "positive self-talk",
"staying positive", "problem solving", as
well as "a few good jokes for a good laugh".
Other topics raised by the respondents in-
cluded issues of confidence ("I have a lot of
self doubts"), goal-setting ("setting goals
and sticking to them—Ironman preparation
is long"), and constructive evaluations
("how to narrow down race problems when
reflecting on a performance"). Many triath-
letes also want to "see a synopsis of the
techniques used by Top Elite level Ironman
 2004 Zone of Excellence - http://www.zoneofexcellence.com
Grand’Maison 92
competitors". In summary, what triathletes
want know is 1) how to keep motivated and
focused during their long training sessions;
2) how to focus better during races to im-
prove the level and consistency of their per-
formances; and 3) how to become more
positive and confident in their sport pursuit.
Interestingly, while almost all triathletes
mentioned that the number one challenge in
training for Ironman triathlon was balanc-
ing sport with life, only one quick mention
of this issue was found in over 150 answers.
Perhaps this was an oversight, perhaps not.
As the saying goes, you can lead a horse to
water, but you can't make it drink…
Providing the right resources
Even though few Ironman triathletes had
sufficient knowledge about sport psychol-
ogy, most were thirsty for more information.
When asked if they would visit a website
giving information on Mental Training for
triathlon, 86% said were clearly interested.
Triathletes are generally competitive people,
and "they're willing to go to extremes to
gain an edge in the competition", spending
an average of $3,200 (U.S.) per year on
multi-sport purchases (LA TriClub, 2001;
The Sacramento Bee, 2004). But after buy-
ing the most expensive swimming and bik-
ing equipment, and training as much as their
schedule, or body, will handle, where will
they get that extra edge? An obvious answer
is mental training. It seems that mental
training is becoming the new place to turn to
for further improvement of one's perform-
ances.
Athletes need relevant and applied re-
sources. With spare time and money being
two of the most sacred assets of Ironman
triathletes, sport psychology resources need
to be very easy to access and tailored to their
specific needs in order to reach large num-
bers of athletes. To help Ironman triathletes
Journal of Excellence – Issue No. 10 Grand’Maison 93

push their limits even further, we have to Training I recently developed is therefore
provide them with access to quality mental my own challenge. You are welcome to visit
training adapted to their individual aspira- the website and offer your comments.
tions, needs, and challenges. http://www.imahead.com

The Ironman Triathletes' Website on Mental

 2004 Zone of Excellence - http://www.zoneofexcellence.com

Journal of Excellence – Issue No. 10 Grand’Maison 94

References
Hiller, W. D. B., O'Toole, M. L., Fortress, E. E., Laird, R. H., Imbert, P. C., & Sisk, T. D.
(1987). Medical and physiological considerations in triathlons. American Journal of
Sports Medicine, 15(2), 164-167.

Hosch, B. J. (1994). Committed to tri: An empirical investigation of triathletes and commitment.

Unpublished master's thesis, University of Texas, Dallas.

IronmanLive. (2004). Ironman triathlon world championship. Retrieved March 30, 2004, from
http://vnews.ironmanlive.com/vnews/history

LATriClub. (2001). Birds of a feather flock together. Retrieved June 18, 2004, from
http://www.latriclub.com/library/article.cfm?aid=62

Orlick,T.(2000). In pursuit of excellence. Champaign, Il: Human Kinetics Publishers.

http://www.zoneofexcellence.com

O'Toole, M. L., Douglas, P. S., & Hiller, W. D. B. (1989). Applied physiology of a triathlon.
Sports Medicine, 8(4), 201-225.

Schofield, G., Dickson, G., Mummery, K., & Street, H. (2002). Dysphoria, linking, and pre-
competitive anxiety in triathletes. Retrieved January 16, 2004, from
http://www.athleticinsight.com/Vol4Iss2/TriathleteAnxiety.htm

The Sacramento Bee. (May 2004). Pushing their limits – Triathletes bring their elite sport to
Sacramento area. Retrieved June 18, 2004, from
http://www.sacbee.com/content/news/v-print/story/9370718p-10295179c.html

 2004 Zone of Excellence - http://www.zoneofexcellence.com