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Bioresource Technology: Qiong Shang, Wei Jiang, Houfang Lu, Bin Liang
Bioresource Technology: Qiong Shang, Wei Jiang, Houfang Lu, Bin Liang
Bioresource Technology
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biortech
Short Communication
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Tung oil was used to produce biodiesel by transesterification with methanol catalyzed by potassium
Received 3 June 2009 hydroxide and the influence of the transesterification temperatures on the properties of the Tung oil bio-
Received in revised form 10 August 2009 diesel was investigated. FT-IR, UV, and GC–MS results indicated that the triconjugated double bonds of
Accepted 11 August 2009
Tung oil were stable during the transesterification procedure between 25 and 60 °C. The results of prop-
Available online 6 September 2009
erties showed that Tung oil biodiesel had a low cold filter plugging point (CFPP, 19 °C) and a higher
kinetic viscosity (KV, 7.070 mm2/s). Acid value (AV), KV, and CFPP increased with the increase of storing
Keywords:
time. Blending Tung oil biodiesel with 0# diesel could improve its stability. B20 or lower blends could still
Tung oil
Biodiesel
meet the specification of ASTM D7467 after storage for a month. They were more stable than pure Tung
Transesterification oil biodiesel.
Blends Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Property
0960-8524/$ - see front matter Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.08.047
Q. Shang et al. / Bioresource Technology 101 (2010) 826–828 827
will be useful for the storage and commercial usage of the Tung oil bonds (Pretsch et al., 2000). The results indicated that the transe-
biodiesel. sterification did not influence the structures of the fatty acid
chains. The side reactions such as the polymerization were not ob-
2. Experimental methods served in the conversion process, even at the temperature of 60 °C.
Considering conversion and yield, transesterification of Tung oil
2.1. Materials under 60 °C is more advisable.
Tung oil was prepared by pressing seeds collected from Pingwu, 3.2. Properties of Tung oil biodiesel
Sichuan province, southwest China. Its acid value (AV) was 4.72 mg
KOH/g; moisture content was 0.16 wt.% and its kinetic viscosity AV, density, KV, CFPP, flash point and sulfur content were com-
(KV) was 97.58 mm2/s (40 °C). All chemicals used were of analyti- pared for the biodiesel products prepared by processes II and III.
cal grade, which were purchased from Changzheng Chemical Com- The results are listed in Table 1, compared with the ASTM D6751.
pany, China. The properties of biodiesel made from process II and process III
were very similar. This further verified that temperatures from 25
to 60 °C could not obviously change the content and structure of
2.2. Experimental procedures
Tung oil. Densities of Tung oil biodiesel were much smaller than
that of Tung oil (0.9338 g/cm3). And the KVs were a little higher
In order to completely convert the oil to ester and investigate
than the specification listed in ASTM D6751; this could be attrib-
the structural stability of Tung oil under different temperatures,
uted to the higher KV of its original oil (97.58 mm2/s) compared
a two-step transesterification was carried out at 25 and 40 °C (pro-
with other vegetable oils. Theoretically speaking, the triconjugated
cesses I and II, respectively) and one-step transesterification was
carbon–carbon double bonds in a-elaeostearic acid caused stron-
conducted at 60 °C (process III). The transesterification process
ger intermolecular interactions among the p electrons of the
and handling of the product were similar to those described in ref-
poly-double bonds (Rodrigues et al., 2006), resulting in a higher
erences (Lu et al., 2009; Yan et al., 2008). In the two-step transeste-
KV. On the other hand, Tung oil biodiesel had a much lower CFPP
rification process, a given amount of Tung oil was mixed together
than 0# diesel, a good low-temperature flow property and so could
with corresponding methanol and KOH at different temperatures
be used in cold winter. The lower CFPP of Tung oil esters was a re-
for a fixed time; the product mixture was then centrifuged and
sult of their unsaturated structure.
separated in two phases; taking the upper methyl ester phase
and adding supplementary methanol and KOH facilitated the
transesterification reaction. 3.3. Stability of Tung oil biodiesel
The biodiesel products were also measured with the UV and FT- Property Units Process II Process III ASTM D6751
IR spectrum. The characteristic triconjugated double bonds of the AV mg KOH/g 0.12 0.11 Max. 0.5
Tung oil were detected. The FT-IR spectrum of the Tung oil methyl Density (20 °C) g/cm3 0.9007 0.9010 –
ester obtained in process III showed an absorption of m (C@C bond) KV (40 °C) mm2/s 6.617 7.070 1.9–6.0
in –CH@CH–CH@CH–CH@CH– at 1859 cm 1, 1583 cm 1, and an CFPP °C 15 19 –
Flash point °C 159 167 Min. 130.
absorption of d (C–H bond) in –CH@CH–CH@CH–CH@CH– at
Sulfur content wt.% 0.0078 0.0020 Max. 0.05 (S500)
992 cm 1, also indicating the presence of triconjugated double
828 Q. Shang et al. / Bioresource Technology 101 (2010) 826–828
were more stable than pure Tung oil biodiesel. After storage for a
month, its KV was still well within the maximum limit of 4.1
mm2/s in the ASTM D7467 (1.9–4.1 mm2/s) specification. In this
sense, the blending of Tung oil biodiesel with diesel could improve
its qualities.
4. Conclusions
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