FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

___________________________________________________________________
Programme : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220)
Course : Applied Mechanics Lab
Code : MEC 424
Lecturer : Mr. Wan Sulaiman
Group : EMD4M1B2 (Group 2)
___________________________________________________________________

MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE: Forced Vibration Experiment – Resonance of Spring Dashpot System With
Spring

NO NAME STUDENT ID
1. MUHAMAD HAZIQ FARHAN BIN MAZLAN 2020986249
2. MUHAMMAD FADZLEE BIN FARIS JASLAN 2020975097
3. MOHD HALMI HAKIM BIN WAHID 2020986003
4. MUHAMMAD ALI HASHEMI BIN AHMAD NIZAR 2019702365
5. MOHD FARHAN HAQIMI BIN ABDUL HALIM 2020970471

REPORT SUBMISSION: 22th NOVEMBER 2020

(DATE)

*By signing above you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work you have contributed to this
submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will result in an investigation of academic
misconduct and may result in a “0” on the work, an “F” in the course, or possibly more severe penalties.

Marking Scheme
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
 ABSTRACT

To determine the resonance of Spring- Dashpot System in different damping conditions, the
forced vibration experiment was carried out. This experiment is carried out by using
Universal Vibration System Apparatus TM155. The information that has been collected is the
value of amplitude according to the frequency that has been specified. The damped system
that has been run is set up into two which are closed and open. There are 4 data that has been
tabulated into table which are with no damper, with open damper (150mm- 5Ns/m), with
open damper (150mm- 15Ns/m) and close damper (550mm- 15Ns/mm). The frequency used
in this experiment is from 5Hz – 14Hz. The damper is also located into 4 distances which are
different. These damper distance will give impact on the shape of amplitude and its value.
The data that has been collected will plotted into the graph of amplitude versus frequency.
The graph that has been plotted can be compared with the theoretical graph. The resonance
frequency and natural frequency also has been calculated to achieve the objective of the
experiment.

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

No. Page
1. Abstract 1

2. List of Table 3

3. List of Figure 3

4. List of Graphs 3
5. Introduction 4

6. Objective 4

7. Theory 5-6

8. Experimental Procedure 7

9. Result 8-18

10. Discussion 19

11. Conclusion 20

12. Team Assessment Form 21

13. References 22

2
 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Data for case 1.......................................................................................................................15
Table 2: Data for case 2.......................................................................................................................16
Table 3: Data for case 3.......................................................................................................................17
Table 4 : Data for case 4......................................................................................................................18

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 : Free body diagram.................................................................................................................6
Figure 2: Universal Vibration System...................................................................................................8

LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph 1 : Amplitude vs. Frequency.....................................................................................................14
Graph 2 : Amplitude vs. frequency......................................................................................................15
Graph 3 : Amplitude vs. Frequency.....................................................................................................16
Graph 4 : Amplitude vs. Frequency.....................................................................................................17

3
 INTRODUCTION
The experiment that was carried out is Forced Vibration Experiment- Resonance of
Spring Dashpot System with spring. The objective of this experiment is to determine the
resonance of spring dashpot system in different damping conditions. Vibration is a
mechanical phenomenon that occur at equilibrium point.
Vibration that takes place under excitation of external forces is called forced
vibration. The system will vibrate at the excitation frequency when the excitation is
oscillatory. Resonance will occur if the frequency of excitation coincides with one of the
natural frequencies of the system and dangerously large oscillation may result. The failure of
major structures such as bridges and buildings. Therefore, study of this field is very crucial
and important to be apply in design and manufacturing. We can take any precaution step if
we have deep knowledge within this study field.

OBJECTIVE
After completing this experiment, we are able to:

1) Determine the resonance of Spring- Dashpot System in different damping conditions

4
 THEORY
Forced Vibration Vibration is concerned with the oscillatory motion of bodies and the forces
associated with them. All bodies possessing mass and electricity are capable of vibrations. There
are two classes of vibration

 Free vibration
 Forced vibration.

In this experiment, resonance is a state where when the periodically frequency is nearly
approaching the natural frequency of the system. The system will vibrate or oscillate at a higher
amplitude. For example, if some frequency has been applied to a glass which the glass has it own
frequency. So, the glass will start vibrate and at some points the glass will break.

From the free body diagram, we can derive a general equation,

F(t)

L1
L2

Figure 1 : Free body diagram

M eq θ̈+C eq θ̇+ K eq θ=f ( t)

I 0 θ̈+C a θ̇+ Kl=f (t)

Then, to find the value of resonance, the value of force is multiple by distance is included in
equation.

K eq
ω n=
√ M eq

To find the frequency,

ω=2 πf

to find the damper factor,

5
 C eq
ζ=
Cc

2
Cc= m L2 ωn
3

m= mass of beam

L= length of beam

Ceq= Ca

C= spring constant= 3000n/m

a= distance to damper.

From the free body diagrams, unbalance force equation can be derive.

F m=M b e( ω f )2

Mb = mass of beam.

e= radius of gyration.

To calculate the value of amplitude ratio, the value of amplitude, unbalance force and spring
equivalent is needed.

Xₘ
M=
Fₘ/ K eq

6
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

1. Statement of location:
 Dynamic Lab, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Shah Alam

2. Apparatus:

Figure 2: Universal Vibration System

1) Unbalanced exciter
2) Rigid bar as discrete oscillator
3) Damper
4) Control unit of unbalance exciter
5) Drum recorder
6) Suspension and vibration spring

3. Procedure

1) Assembling the drum recorder and damper align in one line

2) Use the distance b from the given table
3) Turn on the controller unit of the unbalance exciter
4) 1 Hz are selected to be an appropriate increment in the range between 4 up to 10
Hz and 0.2 to 0.5 Hz increments when close to resonance.

7
 5) Record each measurement obtained from the experiment.

RESULT
From the experiment that have been done. The information gather is:

1. Mass of beam : 1.68Kg

2. Mass of unbalance exciter : 0.772Kg
3. Length of beam : 0.7 m
4. Distance to spring : 0.65 m
5. Distance to unbalance exciter : 0.35 m
6. Distance to damper : L1=0.15 m

L2=0.55 m

kN
7. Spring constant : 3
m
Ns
8. Damper constant : c = Open (5 )
m
Ns
Closed (15 )
m

From the equation of motion.

M eq θ̈+C eq θ̇+ K eq θ=f ( t)

1 2
 Meq= ml +m d 2
12

m= mass of the beam

l= length of beam

 Keq= K x (distance of spring)2

K= spring constant.

Natural frequency,

8
 K eq
ω n=
√ M eq
ω n=√ (3000) ¿ ¿ ¿

1267.5
ω n=
√ 0.2744

ω n=¿67.96 rad/s

THEORETICAL RESULT

Sample of calculation:

Cases 1 - No Damped

frequency, ω=2 πf
ω=2 π ( 5 )
ω=¿ 31.42
Critical damping ratio
2
Cc= m L2 ωn
3
2
Cc= ( 1.68 ) ( 0.7 )2 ( 67.96 )
3
Cc=37.296 Ns/m
Damper factor
C eq
ζ=
Cc
0
ζ=
37.296
ζ =0
Unbalance force, Fm.

F m=M b e( ω f )2

F m=( 0.772 ) ( 0.01 )( 31.42 )2

F m=7.62 N

9
Amplitude ratio, M

Xₘ
M=
Fₘ/ K eq

0.0002
M=
7.62/1267.5

M =0.0332

Damping natural frequency, ω d

ω d=ωn √ 1−ζ 2

ω d=67.96 √ 1−(0)2
ω d=¿67.96

Cases 2 - Damped open (150mm)

frequency, ω=2 πf
ω=2 π ( 5 )
ω=¿ 31.42
Critical damping ratio
2
Cc= m L2 ωn
3
2
Cc= ( 1.68 ) ( 0.7 )2 ( 67.96 )
3
Cc=37.296 Ns/m
Damper factor
C eq
ζ=
Cc
ζ =( 5 ) ¿ ¿
ζ =0.00302
Unbalance force, Fm.

F m=M b e( ω f )2

10
 F m=( 0.772 ) ( 0.01 )( 31.42 )2

F m=7.62 N

Amplitude ratio, M

Xₘ
M=
Fₘ/ K eq

0.001
M=
7.62/1267.5

M =0.16633

Damping natural frequency, ω d

ω d=ωn √ 1−ζ 2

ω d=67.96 √ 1−(0.00302)2
ω d=¿67.96

Cases 3 - Damped Closed (150mm)

frequency, ω=2 πf
ω=2 π ( 5 )
ω=¿ 31.42
Critical damping ratio
2
Cc= m L2 ωn
3
2
Cc= ( 1.68 ) ( 0.7 )2 ( 67.96 )
3
Cc=37.296 Ns/m
Damper factor
C eq
ζ=
Cc
ζ =( 15 ) ¿ ¿
ζ =0.00904

11
Unbalance force, Fm.

F m=M b e( ω f )2

F m=( 0.772 ) ( 0.01 )( 31.42 )2

F m=7.62 N

Amplitude ratio, M

Xₘ
M=
Fₘ/ K eq

0.00065
M=
7.62/1267.5

M =0.10812

Damping natural frequency, ω d

ω d=ωn √ 1−ζ 2

ω d=67.96 √ 1−(0.00904)2
ω d=¿67.96

Case 4 - damped closed (550mm)

frequency, ω=2 πf
ω=2 π ( 5 )
ω=¿ 31.42
Critical damping ratio
2
Cc= m L2 ωn
3
2
Cc= ( 1.68 ) ( 0.7 )2 ( 67.96 )
3
Cc=37.296 Ns/m
Damper factor

12
 C eq
ζ=
Cc
ζ =( 15 ) ¿ ¿
ζ =0.122
Unbalance force, Fm.

F m=M b e( ω f )2

F m=( 0.772 ) ( 0.01 )( 31.42 )2

F m=7.62 N

Amplitude ratio, M

Xₘ
M=
Fₘ/ K eq

0.00025
M=
7.62/1267.5

M =0.04158

Damping natural frequency, ω d

ω d=ωn √ 1−ζ 2

ω d=67.96 √ 1−(0.122)2
ω d=¿67.45

13
EXPERIMENTAL RESULT
Cases 1: No damped – (650mm)
Frequency, Amplitudes, Frequency Unbalance
f (Hz) Xm (mm) ω, ω n, force, Fm Amplitude
ω
(rad / s) (rad / s) ratio, ratio, M
ωn
5 0.2 31.42 0.462 7.62 0.0332
6 0.5 37.70 0.555 10.97 0.0577
7 1 43.98 0.647 14.93 0.0849
8 2 50.27 0.740 19.51 0.1299
8.1 2.5 50.90 0.749 20.00 0.1584
8.2 3 51.53 0.758 20.49 0.1855
8.3 4 52.16 0.768 21.00 0.2414
8.4 4.5 52.79 0.777 21.51 0.2652
8.5 8 53.41 0.786 22.02 0.4605
8.6 8 54.04 67.96 0.795 22.54 0.4499
8.7 17 54.67 0.804 23.07 0.9340
8.8 14 55.29 0.814 23.60 0.7519
8.9 8.5 55.93 0.823 24.14 0.4463
9 7 56.56 0.832 24.67 0.3596
10 2 62.84 0.925 30.48 0.0831
11 1.2 69.12 1.017 36.88 0.0412
12 1 75.41 1.109 43.89 0.0288

14
 13 0.8 81.69 1.202 51.50 0.0196
14 0.5 87.98 1.295 59.73 0.0106

Table 1: Data for case 1

Amplitude vs Frequency
Experimental frequency

ω=20.02
πf
0.02
¿ 2 0.01
π × 8.7
Amplitude, x (m)

0.01
¿ 54.66
0.01 rad /s
0.01
0.01
Graph 1 : Amplitude vs.
0
0 Frequency
0
5 6 7 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 9 10 11 12 13 14 Cases 2: Damped Open –
Frequency,f (Hz)
(150mm)

Frequency, Amplitudes, Frequency Unbalance

f (Hz) Xm (mm) ω ωn force, Fm Amplitude
ω
(rad / s) (rad / s) ratio ratio, M
ωn
5 1 31.42 0.462 7.62 0.16633
6 3 37.70 0.555 10.97 0.34663
7 3.1 43.98 0.647 14.93 0.26318
8 1.5 50.27 0.740 19.51 0.09745
8.1 1.5 50.90 0.749 20.00 0.09506
8.2 1.5 51.53 0.758 20.49 0.09279
8.3 1.4 52.16 0.768 21.00 0.08450
8.4 1.4 52.79 0.777 21.51 0.08249
8.5 1.25 53.41 0.786 22.02 0.07195
8.6 1.1 54.04 67.96 0.795 22.54 0.06186
8.7 1.1 54.67 0.804 23.07 0.06043
8.8 1 55.29 0.814 23.60 0.05371
8.9 1 55.93 0.823 24.14 0.05251
9 1 56.56 0.832 24.67 0.05138
10 0.95
Amplitude vs62.84
Frequency 0.925 30.48 0.03950
11 0.75 69.12 1.017 36.88 0.02578
0
12 0.75 75.41 1.109 43.89 0.02166
13
0 0.75 81.69 1.202 51.50 0.01846
14
0 0.75 87.98 1.295 59.73 0.01592
Amplitude, x (m)

0 Table 2: Data for case 2

0
Experimental frequency
0
ω=2 πf
0
15
¿ 2 π0 ×7
5 6 7 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 9 10 11 12 13 14
¿ 43.98 rad /s Frequency,f (Hz)
 Graph 2 : Amplitude vs. frequency
Cases 3: Damped Closed - (150mm)

Frequency, Amplitudes, Frequency Unbalance

f (Hz) Xm (mm) ω ωn force, Fm Amplitude
ω
(rad / s) (rad / s) ratio ratio, M
ωn
5 0.65 31.42 0.462 7.62 0.10812
6 4 37.70 0.555 10.97 0.46217
7 3 43.98 0.647 14.93 0.25469
8 1.5 50.27 0.740 19.51 0.09745
8.1 1.5 50.90 0.749 20.00 0.09506
8.2 1.5 51.53 0.758 20.49 0.09279
8.3 1.25 52.16 0.768 21.00 0.07545
8.4 1.25 52.79 0.777 21.51 0.07366
8.5 1.25 53.41 0.786 22.02 0.07195
8.6 1.25 54.04 67.96 0.795 22.54 0.07029
8.7 1 54.67 0.804 23.07 0.05494
8.8 1 55.29 0.814 23.60 0.05371
8.9 1 55.93 0.823 24.14 0.05251
9 1 56.56 0.832 24.67 0.05138
10 1 62.84 0.925 30.48 0.04158
11 0.75 69.12 1.017 36.88 0.02578
12 Amplitude
0.75 vs Frequency
75.41 1.109 43.89 0.02166
13
0 0.75 81.69 1.202 51.50 0.01846
14
0 0.65 87.98 1.295 59.73 0.01379
0 Table 3: Data for case 3
Amplitude, x (m)

0
0
Experimental frequency
0
ω=2 πf0
0
¿2π ×6
0 16
¿ 37.70
0
5 rad
6 7/s 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 9 10 11 12 13 14
Frequency,f (Hz)
 Graph 3 : Amplitude vs. Frequency
Case 4: Damped Closed - (550mm)

Frequency, Amplitudes, Frequency Unbalance

f (Hz) Xm (mm) ω ωn force, Fm Amplitude
ω
(rad / s) (rad / s) ratio ratio
ωn
5 0.25 31.42 0.462 7.62 0.04158
6 0.4 37.70 0.555 10.97 0.04622
7 1 43.98 0.647 14.93 0.08490
8 4 50.27 0.740 19.51 0.25987
8.1 4.1 50.90 0.749 20.00 0.25984
8.2 4.1 51.53 0.758 20.49 0.25362
8.3 4.1 52.16 0.768 21.00 0.24746
8.4 4 52.79 0.777 21.51 0.23570
8.5 3.5 53.41 0.786 22.02 0.20146
8.6 3.25 54.04 67.96 0.795 22.54 0.18276
8.7 2.5 54.67 0.804 23.07 0.13735
8.8 2.4 55.29 0.814 23.60 0.12890
8.9 2.25 55.93 0.823 24.14 0.11814
9 2 56.56 0.832 24.67 0.10276
10 1 62.84 0.925 30.48 0.04158
11 0.75 69.12 1.017 36.88 0.02578
12 0.5 75.41 1.109 43.89 0.01444
13 Amplitude vs81.69
0.4 Frequency 1.202 51.50 0.00984
14
0
0.25 87.98 1.295 59.73 0.00531
0 Table 4 : Data for case 4
0
Experimental frequency
Amplitude, x (m)

0
0
ω=2 πf
0
¿ 2 π0 × 8.2
0
¿ 51.52
0 rad /s 17
0
5 6 7 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 9 10 11 12 13 14
Frequency,f (Hz)
 Graph 4 : Amplitude vs. Frequency
Percentage Error (%)

 No Damped (650mm)

ωtheoretical−ωexperimental
Percentage error= ¿ x 100 %∨¿
ωtheoretical

67.96−54.66
=¿ x 100 %∨¿
67.96

= 19.57%

 Damped- Open (150mm)

ωtheoretical−ωexperimental
Percentage error= ¿ x 100 %∨¿
ωtheoretical

67.96−43.98
=¿ x 100 %∨¿
67.96

= 35.29%

 Damped- Closed (150mm)

ωtheoretical−ωexperimental
Percentage error= ¿ x 100 %∨¿
ωtheoretical

67.96−37.70
=¿ x 100 %∨¿
67.96

= 44.53%

 Damped- Closed (550mm)

18
 ωtheoretical−ωexperimental
Percentage error= ¿ x 100 %∨¿
ωtheoretical

67.45−51.52
=¿ x 100 %∨¿
67.45

= 23.62%

19
 Discussion

MUHAMMAD ALI HASHEMI BIN AHMAD NIZAR 2019702365

In the experiment, from what we have learn damper have two condition which is open and close
damper. in this experiment we have do the open damper for 150mm and for the close damped is
150mm and 550mm. From the data give we can find the amplitude ratio, unbalance force and
damping natural frequency. In the experiment, there have some error this maybe because of
human error or systematic error. In human error maybe we have missed a step or do it in the
wrong way.

As we can see that damper have been use in the industry of automotive. For example, the making
of suspension. Where the suspension consists of spring and damper to make the car run smooth
on the road.

20
 Conclusion

MUHAMMAD ALI HASHEMI BIN AHMAD NIZAR 2019702365

As conclusion, we manage to achieve the objective of this experiment which is to

determine the resonance of spring in damping condition. In order for resonance to happen, the
value of natural and applied frequency must be the same. We have learned how to derive the
equation of motion. We also learn how to use all the equivalent equation for example M eq, Ceq
and Keq. in this experiment also I have learned about how to calculate the resonance and the
damping natural frequency in order to prevent the real catastrophic disaster.

21
 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Teamwork Assessment Form

Name : MUHAMMAD ALI HASHEMI BIN AHMAD NIZAR

Member’s Name 1 : MUHAMAD HAZIQ FARHAN BIN MAZLAN

2 : MUHAMMAD FADZLEE BIN FARIS JASLAN
3 : MOHD HALMI HAKIM BIN WAHID
4 : MOHD FARHAN HAQIMI BIN ABDUL HALIM

1 2 3 4 5
Scale
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria
Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50

Comment

Self: DO THE BEST

Member 1: EXCELLENT

Member 2: FANTASTIC

Member 3: INCREDIBLE

Member 4: AWESOME

22
 References

1. William Harris. (2005). How Car Suspensions Work. Retrieved from

https://auto.howstuffworks.com/car-suspension.htm

2. P. Edwards, Bournemouth University. (2001). Mass-Spring-Damper Systems: The

Theory. Retrieved from

https://faculty.washington.edu/seattle/physics227/reading/reading-3b.pdf

3. LibreText. (2020, May 26). 8.3: Damping and Resonance. Retrieved from
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/UCD
%3A_Physics_9HA__Classical_Mechanics/8%3A_Small_Oscillations/8.3%3A_Da
mping_and_Resonance

4. Ralph E. Blake. (2002). BASIC VIBRATION THEORY. Retrieved from

https://engfac.cooper.edu/pages/tzavelis/uploads/Vibration%20Theory.pdf

5. Stoker, Mark R. "Principles of pressure transducers, resonance, damping and

frequency response." Anaesthesia & intensive care medicine 5.11 (2004): 371-375.

23