Applied Mechanics Lab - MEC424/Rev.

04-2020

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA CAWANGAN PULAU PINANG
KAMPUS PERMATANG PAUH

LABORATORY ASSESSMENT FORM

MEC 424 (APPLIED MECHANICS LAB)
EXPERIMENT :
Forced Undamped and Damped Vibration of a Single Degree of Freedom System.

VENUE : Dynamics and Vibrations Laboratory.

NAME GROUP STUDENT ID

1. MUHAMMAD LUQMAN HAKIM BIN ABDUL HALIM PEM2414B2 2019637222

2. SHAHRIL ADZHA BIN SHAHARONI PEM2414B2

2019451604

3. MOHAMMAD ANAS BIN SAMAT 2019451854

PEM2414B2

4. MUHAMMAD NASHRIQ BIN AWANG 2019884178

PEM2414B2

DATE PERFORMED :

DATE SUBMITTED :

LECTURER’S NAME : Pn Ana Syahidah binti Mohd Rodzi

LAB. TECHNICIAN NAME : Pn Wan Zubaidah binti Wan Karma

ASSESSMENT Marks Score Marks

CRITERIA STD. STD. STD. STD.
NO 1 NO 2 NO 3 NO 4
1. Abstract (CO4:PO9) 5
2. Introduction (CO1:PO1) 5
3 Theory (CO3:PO5) 8
4. Experimental procedures (CO2:PO7) 5
5. Results (CO3:PO5) 8
6. Discussion (CO4:PO9) 5
7. Conclusions (CO4:PO9) 5
 Applied Mechanics Lab - MEC424/Rev.04-2020

8. Overall impression of report (CO4:PO9) 5

9. Team works (CO4:PO9) 5
TOTAL 51

TABLE OF CONTENT

NO CONTENT PAGES

1 Abstract 1

2 Introduction 2

3 Theory 3-4

4 Apparatus 5

5 Procedure 6

6. Result And Calculation 7-9

7 Discussion And Conclusion 10-16

8 References 17
Applied Mechanics Lab - MEC424/Rev.04-2020
 Applied Mechanics Lab - MEC424/Rev.04-2020

ABSTRACT

The vibration experiment is done to determine the type of vibration produced for

undamped and damped forced vibration system at different frequency ratios and different

damping ratios during the damping are present. The GUNTT TM 105 Universal Vibration

System have been given to conduct this experiment. A frequency is set as a manipulative

variable; Hz to Hz of frequency is used. The damper is not connected for an undamped system

while for damped system a set of four damping constant are tested for each frequency. From the

chart plotter, the data was collected. The data collected is measured and calculated using the

formula to identify the frequency ratio, and magnification factor and compared to the theoretical

values.

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 Applied Mechanics Lab - MEC424/Rev.04-2020

INTRODUCTION

Vibration is part of our study of dynamics. A mechanical vibration is the motion of particle
or a body which oscillates about a position of equilibrium. Vibrations are undesirable because of
the increased of stress and loss of energy of a mechanical machines or structures. So the analysis
of vibration is important in order to create a better mechanical design. The scope of vibration
analysis is very intensive.

There are two (2) types of vibrations. When the motion is maintained by restoring forces
only the vibration is known as free vibration and when a periodic force is applied to the system,
the resulting motion is known as forced vibration. In our experiment, we have to analyse the
vibration without damping. It occurs when the effect of friction can be neglected. The vibration
is said to be undamped.

The simplest vibratory system can be described by a single mass connected to a spring. The
mass is allowed to travel only along the spring elongation direction. Such systems are called
Single Degree of Freedom system.

Vibration usually can be seen in mechanical component such as spring. The characteristic of
vibration and oscillation are influenced by spring constant and natural frequency. Hooke’s Law
stated that elasticity and vibration of a spring depends on its spring constant. Also from Hooke’s
Law, we know that with a spring constant (k) the force generated by spring is proportional with
the displacement (x) of the spring.

Mechanical machine or structure, for example car absorber, clocks and others is considered
related to vibrations. Our vibration experiment is about Undamped Oscillations of Single Degree
of Freedom System.

The objective of this experiment is to identify the modes of vibration for undamped forced
vibration systems at different frequency ratios and estimates the damping ratio using Frequency
Response Function. This experiment also identifies the behavior of mechanical system at
resonance.

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 Applied Mechanics Lab - MEC424/Rev.04-2020

THEORY
For undamped force vibration:
Consider the effects of time-varying force applied to a mass, starting from rest. In this
type of vibration, Newton’s second law is applied and gives the equation of motion,
k a2
θ= θ=F (t)
Io
Form the above equation, the solution consists of two part that is particular and
complimentary solution. Static deflection of the mass due to force F is given by:
F
δ st =
k
The magnification factor is the ratio of the amplitude of vibration to the amplitude of zero
frequency deflection. Thus, to identify it, use the equation:
x 1
M= =
δ st ω 2
| ( )|
1−
ωn
ω f 1
Since r = = , M=
ωn f n |1−( r )2|
There are some types of mode in vibrations. This occur when system response at different
frequency ratio range. When the valve of the frequency ratio, r, is equal to one, it is defined as
resonance. It is the condition where the system frequency is equal to the natural frequency and it
produces a large oscillation. Different time response with different frequency ratio range:
Figure 1: Time vs frequency ratio

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 Applied Mechanics Lab - MEC424/Rev.04-2020

For damped force vibration:

For this type of vibration, the equation of motion is described as:
c b2 k a2
Ӫ+ 𝜃̇ + 𝜃 = F(𝑡)
I0 I0
Where I 0=mr 2
The system’s natural frequency can be obtained from,
2 ka2
ω=
Io
And the oscillation frequency is given by,
ω d=ω √ 1−ζ 2
C
Where ζ =
Cc
The ratio of the amplitude of vibration to the amplitude of zero frequency deflection gives the
magnification factor, M.
1
M=
√(1−r ) +(2 rζ )2
2 2

Figure 2: magnification factor and frequency ratio

The above graph shows the relation between the magnification factor and frequency ratio of
different values of damping ratio. From the graph, it can be observed that when damping ratio
equal to 1, the resonance occurs.

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 Applied Mechanics Lab - MEC424/Rev.04-2020

APPARATUS

Figure 3: Universal Vibration System Apparatus (TM155)

Legend:
1.Unbalance exciter
2.Beam
3.Damper
4.Control unit(TM150)
5.Mechanical recorder
6.Spring

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 Applied Mechanics Lab - MEC424/Rev.04-2020

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

i. The apparatus was set up except the damper.

ii. The mechanical recorder was set up at the centre of the graph using adjuster.
iii. The motor was run after the control unit were set 5.0 , 5.5 , 6.0, 6.5, 7.0 Hz.
iv. The vibration wave was plotted on the graph paper.
v. The data was taken from the graph.
vi. The step 3-5 was repeated for damped free vibration for another 4 conditions. (fully
closed, slightly open, medium and maximum open)

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 Applied Mechanics Lab - MEC424/Rev.04-2020

RESULTS AND CALCULATION

Table 1: No Damper
f(Hz ω (rad/s) r = ω/ωn Xp(mm) Damping Magnification
) ratio,ξ factor,M
5.0 31.42 0.66 1.1 0 1.78
5.5 34.56 0.72 2.0 0 2.08
6.0 37.70 0.79 2.4 0 2.66
6.5 40.84 0.85 3.7 0 3.60
7.0 43.98 0.92 7.8 0 6.51

Sample calculation for Undamped forced vibration

1.Calculate neutral frequency, ωn
k a 2
M l 2 ml 2
ωn =
√ Io
2
Io=
3
+
4
(1.68)(0.7)2 (0.686)(0.35)2
= (1.6 k )(0.65)
√ 0.295
= 47.87 rad/s
=
3
=0.295 kg/m 2
+
4

2.Calculate the angular speed,ω

ω = 2πf
=2π(5)
=31.42 rad/s
3.Calculate frequency ratio,r
r=ω/ωn
=31.42/47.97
=0.656
4.Calculate damping ratio, ξ
c
ξ=
Io 2 ωn
0
=
(0.295)(2)(47.87)
=0
5.Calculate the magnification factor,M
1
M=
¿ 1−r 2∨¿ ¿
1
=
¿ 1−(0.656)2 ∨¿ ¿
=1.78
6.Calculate the amplitude ,Xp
δst F
X= 2∨¿ δst=
¿ 1−r ¿ k
0.6125 mω 2 r
= 2∨¿ =
¿ 1−(0.66) ¿ k
0.98
=1.085 mm =
1.6 k
=0.6125mm

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 Applied Mechanics Lab - MEC424/Rev.04-2020

Xp=Xcosωt
=(1.085)cos(31.42)(0.2)
=1.1mm

Table 2: Fully closed system

f(Hz) ω (rad/s) r = ω/ωn Xp(mm) Damping Magnification
ratio,ξ factor,M
5.0 31.42 0.66 0.34 0.53 0.79
5.5 34.56 0.72 0.30 0.53 0.80
6.0 37.70 0.79 0.26 0.53 0.82
6.5 40.84 0.85 0.21 0.53 0.85
7.0 43.98 0.92 0.21 0.53 0.89

Table3: Slightly open system

f(Hz) ω (rad/s) r = ω/ωn Xp(mm) Damping Magnification
ratio,ξ factor,M
5.0 31.42 0.66 0.49 0.35 0.97
5.5 34.56 0.72 0.48 0.35 1.01
6.0 37.70 0.79 0.44 0.35 1.08
6.5 40.84 0.85 0.38 0.35 1.15
7.0 43.98 0.92 0.29 0.35 1.25

Table 4: Medium open system

f(Hz) ω (rad/s) r = ω/ωn Xp(mm) Damping Magnification
ratio,ξ factor,M
5.0 31.42 0.66 0.59 0.27 1.09
5.5 34.56 0.72 0.59 0.27 1.15
6.0 37.70 0.79 0.57 0.27 1.25
6.5 40.84 0.85 0.53 0.27 1.36
7.0 43.98 0.92 0.41 0.27 1.54

Table5: Maximum Open system

f(Hz) ω (rad/s) r = ω/ωn Xp(mm) Damping Magnification
ratio,ξ factor,M
5.0 31.42 0.66 0.73 0.18 1.25
5.5 34.56 0.72 0.77 0.18 1.36
6.0 37.70 0.79 0.80 0.18 1.51
6.5 40.84 0.85 0.80 0.18 1.73
7.0 43.98 0.92 0.66 0.18 2.09

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 Applied Mechanics Lab - MEC424/Rev.04-2020

Sample calculation for damped force vibration

Fully closed system

1.Calculate the damping ratio ,ξ
c c
ξ= ==
Cc Io 2 ωn
15
= b
(0.295)(2)(47.87)
=0.53
2.Calculate the amplitude, Xp
X= δst δst= 0.61mm
¿¿
0.61
=
¿¿
=0.48mm

−1 2 rξ
φ = tan ( ) t =1/f
1−r 2
=51.11o = 1/5
=0.2 s
Xp=X cos(ωt-φ)
= (0.48) cos((31.42)(0.2)-51.11)
=0.34mm

3.Calculate the Magnification Factor,M

1
M= 2
( 1−r ) +(2 rξ)
1
=
1.264
=0.79

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 Applied Mechanics Lab - MEC424/Rev.04-2020

DISCUSSION
MUHAMMAD LUQMAN HAKIM BIN ABDUL HALIM (2019637222)

This is an experiment about ‘forced undamped and damped vibration of a single degree-
of-freedom system’. The experiment has been carried out with no damper, and different setting
of damper which are fully closed, slightly open, medium open and maximum open. The
objective of this experiment ‘identify the behaviour of mechanical system at resonance’ has been
achieved by our group.
The different between this experiment and previous experiment is the force apply at the
beam. This experiment used exciter motor to get motion and it is an automatic motion while the
previous experiment used human force which is not constant. This will help to get constant force
applied. To get different type of result, we use different frequency which are, 5.0Hz, 5.5Hz,
6.0Hz, 6.5Hz and 7.0Hz.
To get the value of experimental data from the graph, we have been calculated the neutral
frequency which is constant, damping ratio, amplitude and magnification factor. From different
frequency we can see that the result for the angular speed and frequency ratio are also different.
From the calculation, the result for the damping ratio was constant for all the experiment
from no damper to different setting of damper. The amplitude and magnification factor for the no
damper experiment was increase due to different frequency. The amplitude for the damper
experiment was decreases and magnification factor was increases with the increasing of
frequency.
However, it has some error. When do an adjustment of apparatus, beam must be parallel
to x axis but sometimes it is not parallel when change the force. It also affects the value. Next,
the pencil had been used and line on the graph was not clear much.

CONCLUSION

Based on the results, we can conclude that our experiment has achieved and fulfilled
objectives of the experiment. Obtaining resonance is important to avoid any problems. This
experiment also provides us some knowledge about the subject matter of beam behaviour and
response when subjected to no damper and damper force vibration motion. Damping is very
useful as it helps to minimize fatigue and failure

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 Applied Mechanics Lab - MEC424/Rev.04-2020

Shahril Adzha Bin Shaharoni

2019451604
Discussion
This experiment is same concept with the first experiment but there is different in the
force applied. This experiment is about the free undamped vibration which it consist of human
force on the beam and the force damped vibration which it consist of exciter rotor which using
to gain the vibration excitation. The experiment is tested in 5 condition which fully closed,
slightly open , medium open ,maximum open and no damper with difference frequency to get
better result.
Based on the result , we can see that the frequency ratio will effect the value of
magnification factor. The magnification factor will increase when the value of frequency ratio is
increasing and the frequency ratio are increase when the frequency is increasing. From the result
, it had been proven that the present of damper will make the vibration decrease. Finally , to
minimize the existence of resonance a suitable frequency of the system is needed.
Basically the result is not absolutely accurate and precise because there is some error
while doing this experiment. It is because of instrument error which occur at the plotter chart.
To get the accurate date, the plotter chart should plot the data smoothly. The result will be
problem when the plotter is not smooth. To reduce this error, my suggestion is using the digital
plotter which can come out with more accurate result.

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 Applied Mechanics Lab - MEC424/Rev.04-2020

Shahril Adzha bin Shaharoni

2019451604
Conclusion
To conclude this experiment, the theory that was learned had been tested and proven to
be true. All the objective for this lab were achieved successfully and the parameters required
such as the modes of vibration for undamped forced vibration system , the mode of vibration for
damped forced vibration and behavior of mechanical system at resonance had been determined.
However, during the experiment there are such a few errors that will always happen that will
make the result is not accurate. However, it could be improved for the future to ensure that the
result more accurate and precise.

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 Applied Mechanics Lab - MEC424/Rev.04-2020

DISCUSSION
MOHAMMAD ANAS BIN SAMAT (2019451854)
This experiment is about free undamped vibration and free damped vibration of a Single Degree-
Of-Freedom System. The experiment objectives are to determine the oscillation recorded on the
chart. The exciter set is use to control the value of frequency needed. The experiment is run with
the frequency of 5Hz, 5.5Hz, 6Hz, 6.5Hz and 7Hz. For free damped vibration, the damper
condition is controlled from fully damp, slightly open, medium open and maximum open. With
the change in the frequency and damper condition, the result will be different.
From the graph chart, the theoretical and experimental data can be calculated. The
amplitude from the chart is measured and then the period (T), natural frequency, ωn, damping
ratio, mass moment of inertia and magnification factor is calculated. From the table, the values of
damping ratio are mostly below than 1.0. As stated in the table, when applied no damper the
damping ratio is zero.
The value of the experimental can be accepted because it is only slightly different from
the theoretical value. However, there is some error in the experiment. The main error is the
equipment and apparatus is too old because the pencil not tightly ties. . From the experimental
result, it shows that the beam did not move or vibrate slowly when the damp attach the beam.
The graph chart was plot straight line. This was happen maybe because the exciter was not
rotating properly. The rotating of the exciter is sometimes slow, and sometimes the exciter
rotation does not move the beam to create a pattern in the graph paper. Beside that the pencil had
been used and line on the graph was not clear much. The observation could not be done
accurately.

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 Applied Mechanics Lab - MEC424/Rev.04-2020

CONCLUSION
MOHAMMAD ANAS BIN SAMAT (2019451854)
This experiment was done to determine the modes of vibration for undamped and damped force
vibration system at different damping ratios. This experiment also is able to identify the
behaviour of mechanical system at resonance. Although the experiment value was not same with
the experimental value and give the percentage error, students are able to calculate the data from
the graph to study the objective of the experiment. This is because the value of percentage error
was acceptable. For force undamped and damped vibration system, it gives its own value of
resonance at the certain frequency. Moreover, Students are able to study more about resonance
and give more understanding about single degree of freedom vibrating system such as every
resonance has its own behaviour. As conclusion, all of the objectives were achieved.

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 Applied Mechanics Lab - MEC424/Rev.04-2020

(Muhammad Nashriq Bin Awang) (2019884178)

Discussion

This experiment was held to analyse the resonance of a single degree-of-freedom system for
forced undamped and damped vibration. Damped condition consists of needle valve fully closed,
slightly open, medium and maximum open. Each damped condition was applied using five
different speed controller frequency. In this experiment, the exciter motor was used to acts as the
resonance of the beam where it is fixed in a constant distance attached on the beam. It is to
obtain the value of natural frequency based on the different condition of damping system through
some calculation of the equation.

The results obtained from the magnification factor and frequency ratio at different value of
damping ratio are through theoretical calculation. Based on magnification and frequency ratio
graph show the value of undamped condition is higher compare than other condition. This is
because when the driving frequency is equal to the system natural frequency and it is marked by
large response amplitudes. When damping ratio is higher, the effect of resonance on the beam
become lower.

By the end of this experiment, we know that if the vibration frequency is increasing then the
amplitude, Xp . is increasing. But when the beam attached with the damper, the result of
magnification factor decreases. The results was obtained from the calculation through on the
equation given. The higher resonance had shown in the no damper system while the lower
resonance was at fully closed damping system.

However, the data might be slightly different from theoretical result due to several errors during
the experiment. The error such as the pen used to plot the graph was not fully tightened, thus
obtaining inaccuracy results and values.

(Muhammad Nashriq Bn Awang) (2019884178)

Conclusion

In conclusion, the objective of this experiment was achieved excellently about the forced
undamped and damped vibration of a single degree of freedom system. The theory of force
vibrational motion with and without applying the damper was studied and appropriate
mathematical model has been used to calculate the result such as the angular frequency, the
particular solution, and also the magnification factor. From the experiment, the chart shows that
the vibration of a single degree of freedom system is depended on the damper. The greater the
damper, the lower the amplitude. It shows that damping is very useful to vibration and shock as
it helps to minimize failure. The right damper will give less vibration that can reduce noise and
increase the stability.

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 Applied Mechanics Lab - MEC424/Rev.04-2020

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 Applied Mechanics Lab - MEC424/Rev.04-2020

REFERENCES

1. https://nptel.ac.in/content/storage2/courses/112103022/module1/lec1/1.html

2.https://www.accessscience.com/content/mechanical-vibration/412200

3. Books S. Graham Kelly ., “Mechanical Vibrations – heory and Applications,” Harmonic

Excitation of SDOF Systems, 1st ed.,United State America, 2012, pp. 205-219

4. https://www.efunda.com/formulae/vibrations/sdof_free_undamped.cfm

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 Applied Mechanics Lab - MEC424/Rev.04-2020

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name : Muhammad Nashriq Bin Awang

Member’s Name 1 :Muhammad Luqman Hakim bin Abdul Halim

2 :Mohammad anas bin samat

3 :shahril adzha bin shaharoni

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5

I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5

I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5

I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5

I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5

I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5

I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5

I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5

I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5

Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5

Total 50 50 50

18
 Applied Mechanics Lab - MEC424/Rev.04-2020

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name : Shahril Adzha bin Shaharoni

Member’s Name 1 :Muhammad Luqman Hakim bin Abdul Halim

2 :Mohammad anas bin samat

3 : Muhammad Nashriq Bin Awang

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5

I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5

I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5

I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5

I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5

I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5

I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5

I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5

I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5

Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5

Total 50 50 50

19
 Applied Mechanics Lab - MEC424/Rev.04-2020

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name : Muhammad Luqman Hakim bin Abdul Halim

Member’s Name 1 :Shahril Adzha bin Shaharoni

2 :Mohammad Anas bin Samat

3 :Muhammad Nashriq bin awang

4 :Muhammad Luqman Hakim bin Abdul Halim

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50

20
 Applied Mechanics Lab - MEC424/Rev.04-2020

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name : Mohammad anas bin samat

Member’s Name 1 :Shahril Adzha bin Shaharoni

2 : Muhammad Luqman Hakim bin Abdul Halim

3 :Muhammad Nashriq bin awang

4 :Muhammad Luqman Hakim bin Abdul Halim

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50

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