Laboratory Report Submission Form Process Instrumentation (CLD 20202)

TO: Code: CLD 20202

From: (Student Name) Section: Student Number
1)WAN MUHAMMAD
ABDUL QAYYUM BIN 1)5510211906
RUSLI 4
2)CHE AMIRUL
ASHRAF BIN CHE 2)5510211901
MOHD AZMI 6
3)SITI NOR
FARHANA BINTI 3)5510211905
ZAILAN 3
4)MUHAMMAD
TASYRIF BIN 4)5510211904
TAKIYUDDIN 7
5) 5)
6) 6)
Title of experiment:
Thermocouple/Rtd Measurement
& Calibration.
Date of experiment:

Received by: Date Due:

VERY POOR GOOD VERY EXCELLEN

CRITERIA
POOR 1 2 3 GOOD 4 T5
1.0 OBJECTIVES State the objectives of the experiment or report (in point form). 1 2 3 4 5
(TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 5%
2.0 SUMMARY (1 PAGE ONLY) (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 10% 2 4 6 8 10
Brief review on the objectives of the experiment, main experimental results and discussions deemed significant and
conclusions obtained from the work.
3.0 INTRODUCTION & THEORY (1-2 PAGES ONLY) (TOTAL PERCENTAGE,15% 3 6 9 12 15
1. State the background to the experiment conducted.
2. Summary of theories including formulations related to the experimental work.
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS (MAXIMUM 5 PAGES) (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 40% 8 16 24 32 40
1. Data are presented as deemed suitable with complete label and units
2. Explanations of the referred table and figure are presented after the table and figure
3. Discuss on the findings and relations to the theory and objective of experiment
3 6 9 12 15
5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 15%
1. Summary of the results to relate the findings or results with the theory applicable to the experimental
2. Suggest improvements in apparatus or measurement procedure, or experimental procedures for future

2 4 6 8 10
6.0 TUTORIAL (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 10%

1 2 3 4 5
7.0 REFERENCES (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 5%

Date of Submission:
Group:
Section:
Subject & Code:
Experiment title:

Lecture Name: Chop

Received

Student Slip
Subject & Code:
Date of Submission:
Group:
Section:
Experiment title:
TITLE

Thermocouple/Rtd Measurement & Calibration

OBJECTIVE

● To study the principal and operation of level measurement using thermocouple

● To study the principal and operation of level measurement using RTD & calibration

INTRODUCTION

A sensor which measures temperature is a thermocouple. It consists of at least two metals that
are joined to form two junctions. When heat is applied, the joint generates a thermal
electromotive force (emf) when junctions at different temperatures are produced by voltage
(mV). There are 2 junctions in the thermocouple for calculating. It is a hot intersection and a cold
intersection. The end placed in the medium to the measured temperature is the hot junction,
while the cold junction is attached to the measuring unit. The created voltage is temperature-
dependent. The relationship between complete circuit voltage (emf) & emf .

⮚ Circuit emf = Measurement emf – Reference emf

A thermocouple connected directly to the temperature transmitter consists of a temperature

measurement circuit. The hot & cold junction can be located anywhere possible to quantify
changes in temperature.

The RTD theory is that each metal has a specific composition and a different resistance to
electrical current flow. In most metals, electrical resistance changes are directly proportional to
temperature changes. The temperature coefficient of electrical resistance is named (TCR). RTD
is called a wire wound resistor with high accuracy. By measuring resistance, it is also possible to
calculate temperature. RTD can detect minor variations in the shape of the Wheatstone bridge in
the resistance temperature transmitter. The circuit compared three known & highly accurate
resistors to the RTD value. The Wheatstone bridge consists of three resistors, a voltmeter and a
voltage source. The voltage also increases as the temperature increases..

SUMMARY

. The purpose of this experiment was to research the theory and operation of thermocouple level
measurement. And the principal and operation of level measurement using RTD & calibration
are also to be studied. A sensor which measures temperature is a thermocouple. It consists of at
least two metals that are joined to form two junctions. When heat is applied, the joint produces a
thermal electromotive force (emf) when junctions at different temperatures are produced by
voltage (mV). The idea for RTD is that each metal has a distinctive composition and has a
different resistance to electrical current flow. In most metals, electrical resistance changes are
directly proportional to temperature changes. The temperature coefficient of electrical resistance
is named (TCR). The thermocouple is more reliable compared to the RTD, based on the
experiment. If the variance difference is smaller, the more detailed reading is already shown in
each table. When temperatures vary, the RTD resistance varies according to temperature.

DISCUSSION

The purpose of the experiment was to research the principal and operation of level measurement
using thermocouples and also to use RTD & calibration to study the principal and operation of
level measurement. As for RUN 1 300C, RUN 2 400C, RUN 3 500C and RUN 4 600C, this
experiment was run four times at various temperatures.

The thermocouple is more reliable compared to the RTD, depending on the experiment. If the
variance difference is greater, the more detailed reading is already seen in each table. The
resistance of RTD varies according to temperature, and the resistance also increases as
temperature increases. In addition, using a voltage principle, the difference between the two
voltages is equal to the temperature difference and can be calculated on a voltmeter,
thermocouple form K and J.

Basically, the principle notes that RTD is the most stable and most precise at moderate
temperature for all temperature measurement instruments. They are less sensitive to electrical
noise, and they run on a higher frequency of electrical signals. Their performance is greater than
that of a thermocouple. In comparison, they are more sensitive and linear (output vs temperature)
than a thermocouple, use copper extension wire (not special extension wire), do not need a
reference junction, and are easy to exchange. Radioactive radiation also has a limited influence
on RTD since the RTD parameter is not voltage resistance (thermocouple). In comparison, Type
K and J thermocouples have poor sensitivity and small precision. Thermocouples are also slower
than RTD in reaction.

In addition, the precision and durability of RTD, thermocouple Type J and K can be
influenced by varying ambient temperatures. The resistance of components in the RTD and the
resistance of the reference junction for type J and K thermocouples can be specifically influenced
by changes in atmospheric temperature.

It can be concluded that certain mistakes took place during the experiment. There are
several power supply errors that allow RTD to be read erroneously. Any slight adjustments, such
as friction, tightness or corrosion, may cause RTD reading errors. RTD should also be more
sensitive and reliable than J and K type thermocouples. By the way, type J and K thermocouples
can calculate a larger temperature spectrum than RTD and have a rapid response and calculation
at a particular stage.

CONCLUSION

The aim of this experiment was to research the theory and operation of thermocouple level
calculation. And the theory and process of level measurement using RTD & calibration should
also be studied. From this experiment, it concludes that the resistance to RTD varies according to
temperature, the resistance also increases as temperature rises. Besides, type K and J
thermocouples use a voltage term that is proportional to the difference in temperature between
the two voltages and can be calculated on a voltmeter using a voltage concept.

APPENDICES

 TABLES
  CALCULATION

Calculation Sample
Interpolation
y 3 − y 1 x3 −x 1
=
y− y 1 x−x 1
30−29 1203−1162
=
29 .6−29 x−1162
1 41
=
0 .6 x−1162
1. 667 x−1936 . 667=41
x=1186. 360 C
Average
 29+29
=290 C
2
Temperature Deviation
0
60 .74−60 . 70=0 . 04 C

REFERENCES

1. http://www.surecontrols.com/rtd-vs-thermocouple/

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_thermometer

3. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermocouples-d_496.html

4. https://www.scribd.com/document/356182351/CLB21103-Process-Instrumentation-
Experiment-5-Thermocouple-RTD-measurement