TO: MISS SITI AFIFAH MUDA Code: CPD 20103

From: (Student Name/Section) ID Number

1) NUR KHAIRUNNISA BINTI SOBERI 1) 55102118033
2) MUHAMMAD AL-BAIHAQI BIN RAFIDI 2) 55102118030
3) MOHD KHAIRUL FATHY BIN M. ASRAR 3) 55102118037
4) MUHAMMAD FAIZ BIN MUHAMAD SUBRI 4) 55102118032
5) 5)
6) 6)
Title of experiment: DETERMINATION OF REID VAPOR PRESSURE Date of experiment: 11/03/2020

Received by: Date Due: 02/06/2020

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1.0 OBJECTIVES (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 5%) 1 2 3 4 5
State the objectives of the experiment or report (in point form).
2.0 SUMMARY (1 PAGE ONLY) (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 10%) 2 4 6 8 10
Brief review on the objectives of the experiment, main experimental results and
discussions deemed significant and conclusions obtained from the work.
3.0 INTRODUCTION & THEORY (1-2 PAGES 3 6 9 12 15
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1. State the background to the experiment conducted.
2. Summary of theories including formulations related to the experimental work.
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4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS/TUTORIAL (MAXIMUM 5 PAGES)
(TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 50%)
1. Data are presented as deemed suitable with complete label and units
2. Explanations of the referred table and figure are presented after the table and figure
3. Discuss on the findings and relations to the theory and objective of experiment
3 6 9 12 15
5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (TOTAL PERCENTAGE,
15%)
1. Summary of the results to relate the findings or results with the theory
applicable to the experimental
2. Suggest improvements in apparatus or measurement procedure, or
experimental procedures for future
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TOTAL PERCENTAGE (100%)

Laboratory Report Submission

Form Petrochemicals & Petroleum
Refining Technology (CPD 20103)
Date of Submission:
Group:
Section:
Subject & Code:
Experiment title:

Lecturer's Name:
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1.0 OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the Reid vapor pressure of petroleum products.

 2. To compare the Reid vapor pressure of different petroleum products

2.0 SUMMARY
The objective of this experiment is to determine the vapor pressure of
petroleum products and to compare the Reid Vapor pressure of different petroleum
product. There are three types of oils that used to differentiate the vapor pressure in
this experiment. They are kerosene, petrol and lubricating oil. Meanwhile, the
apparatus that was used to determine the Reid Vapor pressure was ASTM D323. This
machine consists of two chambers which are the vapor chamber (upper section) and
liquid chamber (lower section), water bath and pressure gauge. The oils were poured
into three different liquid chambers. The vapor pressure apparatus will be placed in
the water bath when the temperature in the water bath reached 37.8°C. Then, take the
pressure reading when the reading is stable or 5 minutes after the vapor pressure
apparatus placed. The reading was taken every five minutes which was started with
zero until fifteen minutes to achieve the average pressure. Reid Vapor pressure is the
method to test the measurement and volatility of crude oil and other petroleum
products. RVP is state in kilopascal. Volatility is the property of a liquid fuel which
defines the evaporation characteristics where the volatility must be height enough to
avoid vapor lock, air pollution, vaporization loses and unsafe storage and handling.
The average of RVP for kerosene is 1.975kpa, for diesel is 2.275kpa, 46.7kpa for
petrol. Petrol has the highest RVP among these three petroleum products, which were
followed by diesel and kerosene. High volatile petroleum product can vaporize easily.
That why petrol has the highest vapor pressure. (Pandey et al.2004). But, petrol has a
lower viscosity. The lower the viscosity, the higher RVP reading. As conclusion, the
experiment came out successfully. The theory behind the result can be confirmed
which are actually the volatility of the petroleum product.

3.0 INTRODUCTION & THEORY

 In the science of chemistry and physics volatility refers to the substance's
propensity to vaporize at a given temperature. Volatility is one of the important
characteristics that required a high enough level of assurance for usage. For the
automotive, fuel volatility under normal driving conditions must be acceptable for
engine start-up, warm-up, acceleration and throttle response. The high pressure vapor
material can vaporize more readily than the low pressure vapor substances. And the
more volatile the material with its vaporizing content may lead to higher vapor
pressure in dynamic equilibrium.

A substance's vapor pressure is the pressure at which its gaseous phase equals its
liquid or solid phase. It is a function of the molecules and atoms attempting to escape
from a liquid or solid. The device being used in this experiment is the Reid Vapor
Pressure (RVP) which is a device to measure the vapor pressure of crude oil products
substances. RVP can also be described as the absolute pressure exerted by a mixture,
can be set at 37.8oC and at a liquid vapor ratio of 4. Other than RVP there is another
device that is called True Vapor Pressure (TVP) it is used to measure the common
vitality of petroleum distillate fuels. Comparing both of the device, RVP is more
superior and efficient than TVP and can give the most accurate results. Therefore,
RVP is used in this experiment. The main purposes of this experiment are to
determine the Reid vapour pressure of petroleum products and also compare with
another source. In order to assess the stability of liquid hydrocarbons, the Reid vapor
pressure (RVP) was checked on various forms of oil which is petrol, kerosene, and
diesel.

Vapor pressure is very important in physical property of the volatile liquids.

This is because the vapor pressure of petroleum products and crude oils at an initial
boiling point above 0℃ is determined at 37.8℃. Under ambient pressure, the liquid
adjusts it’s when the liquid has exceeded its boiling level. State in its bulk from liquid
to gas where it is considered natural boiling level. The greater variability and higher
vapor pressure would be low molecule propensity to leave its process. Small
distillates (LPG, coal, naphtha), medium distillates (kerosene, diesel), and eventually
heavy distillates (heavy fuel oil, lubricating oils, wax, asphalt) are typically classified
into three groups. The petroleum component type defines the comprising oil. Strong
distillate has a large carbon element, relative to the others. The lower the number of
carbons, which have lower boiling points at the top of the fractionating column,
meaning the higher the. Vapor pressure and decreased fuel instability by raising the
temperature, indicating that a more volatile fuel vaporizes at a higher pace than a
lower volatility fuel. Strong volatile oil at the peak of the distillate, which is
petroleum product, continues to flame and even bursts quickly than the fractions at the
bottom.
4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSON/TUTORIAL

Result

Pressure (kPa/psi)
Type of
petroleum
0 min 5 min 10 min 15 min
products

Petrol 46.8 46.7 46.7 46.6

Kerosene 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3

Diesel 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0

Table 1: The Reid Vapor Pressure of three different petroleum products

DISCUSSION

Based on this experiment, determination of Reid vapor pressure the main

objectives are to determine the Reid vapor pressure of petroleum products and to
compare the Reid vapor pressure of different petroleum products. From introduction
we know that, Reid vapor pressure test measures the pressure of a vapor and liquid
mixture in a closed chamber consisting of two vapor chambers and a liquid chamber
at a temperature of 37.8℃ without first removing the air in which it is the common
measure of gasoline volatility and defined as the absolute vapor pressure exerted by a
liquid at 37.8℃. It applies to volatile crude oil and volatile non-viscous petroleum
fuels, except for petroleum gases that are capable of vaporizing or changing the phase
from liquid to vapor when exposed to heat or air at temperatures above the petroleum
products boiling point. Volatility is the property of a liquid fuel which determines its
evaporation properties where the volatility must be sufficiently high to prevent vapor
locking, loss of vaporization, air pollution and unsafe storage and handling.
 From the result obtained, the readings at 0 min, 5 min, 10 min and 15 min of
Reid vapor pressure for different petroleum products was taken. Based on table 1, the
Reid vapor pressure for petrol is 46.8 kPa, 46.7 kPa, 46.7 kPa and 46.6 kPa while for
diesel, 2.2 kPa, 2.3 kPa, 2.3 kPa and 2.3 kPa. Last for kerosene is 1.9 kPa, 2.0 kPa,
2.0 kPa and 2.0 kPa. It shows that the highest Reid vapor pressure from these three
types of petroleum products is petrol, followed by diesel and kerosene. This is due to
the higher the vapor pressure, the higher the petroleum product volatility by
increasing the temperature. A highly volatile petroleum product can vaporize at a
faster rate than a fuel of lower volatility at a given temperature where a highly volatile
fuel is more likely to form a flammable or explosive mixture of air than a low volatile
fuel[ CITATION SCP04 \l 1033 ].

Next, petrol is more volatile than diesel and kerosene due to the base
constituents and the additives it contains[ CITATION Ayh17 \l 1033 ]. Thirdly, petrol 's
viscosity is lower than diesel and kerosene. This is because the lower the viscosity,
the higher the Reid vapor pressure[ CITATION Zla14 \l 1033 ] . By comparison, both diesel
and kerosene have high viscosity where it can quickly vaporize and result in low Reid
vapor pressure.
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATIONS

CONCLUSION

The objectives of this experiment were to determine and compare the RVP
(Reid vapor pressure) of three different petroleum products which are diesel, kerosene
and also petrol. Next is to study about the volatility of liquid hydrocarbons. Above all,
the experiment was conducted inside the water bath at temperature of 37.8ºC. From
the result of the experiment, it was affirmed that petrol has the highest average RVP
value which are 32.7 kPa followed by diesel which are 3.0 kPa and lastly, kerosene
which are 2.3 kPa. The theory behind the result can be confirmed which are actually
the volatility of the petroleum product. The level of volatility affects the vapor
pressure. The higher the vapor pressure, the higher the volatility of the petroleum
product when increasing the temperature. The RVP value is inversely proportional to
the viscosity. So, the higher the viscosity, the lower the RVP value will be.

RECOMMENDATION

Firstly, in order to improve the accuracy of the result, make sure the chamber
closed properly in order to avoid any leakage that could occur. The bubble that were
presence around the surface shown that the leakage happens. Plus, to ensure that the
experiment run smoothly, students should read and study the manual in order to
operate the machine. This step can reduce the time taken to set up the machine and
more effective.
 REFERENCES

Bamufleh, A. D. (2017, March 24). Taylor & Francis Online. Retrieved from
tandfonline:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10916466.2016.1261162?
scroll=top&needAccess=true
. Muzikova, Z. (2014, January 27). Density, Viscosity and Water Phase
Stability of 1-Butanol- Gasoline Blends. Retrieved from Hindawi:
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jfu/2014/459287/
S C Pandey, D. K. (2004, March). Journal of Scietific & Industrial Research.
Retrieved from Microsoft Word:
http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/5436/1/JSIR%2063(3)%20276-
282.pdf