ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

CLD 20102
Topic 5:

By

ABDUL HAKIM HJ ABU BAKAR

 Objecti
ve student should be able to :
After this lesson,
Understand the concept of peak, rms,
and average value

Understand the concept of shape factor

and peak factor
Peak value

VPP  2VP
I PP  2 I P
 V peak

V peak to  peak

Root-mean-square (r.m.s) value

Vrms  0.707VP
I rms  0.7071I P
• Average heating effect over half – cycle :

  / 2  P R( watt  radian)  1 I 2 R(watt )

I 2

P
 (rad ) 2

• If I is the value of dc voltage through the same

resistance to produce the same heating effect :

1 2
I rms 2
R  I PR
2
therefore
IP
I rms   0.7071I P
2
 Average value

Vavg  0.637VP
I avg  0.637 I P
The total area under the half-cycle curve divided
by the distance in radian of the curve along the
horizontal axis

Average value of current

over a half-cycle :

2 I P (amp  rad )
I ave 
 (rad )

I ave  0.637 I P amp

Sinusoidal current
 The voltage across the resistor is directly
proportional to the current

It follows that the relationship derived for current

also apply to voltage

So, in general, average value of sinusoidal current

or voltage is
0.637 x maximum value

I ave  0.637 I P
Shape
factor
r.m.s value
Average value

0.707 x maximum value

0.637 x maximum value

k f  1.11
 Peak factor
Peak or maximum value
r.m.s value

maximum value
0.707 x maximum value

k p  1.414
 Conclusio
n
Shape factor k f  1.11

Peak factor k p  1.414

 What is power factor?

• Is the ratio of true power to

apparent power in an AC circuit.

• PF = PT/ PA
 Another way...
• PF = EI Cos / EI

• PF = Cos 

• Power factor is the cosine of the angle.

Also…another way
V Voltage against current

Cos 

I
 Conclusion

Purely resistive Purely reactive Equal

PF = 1 PF = 0 PF = 0.7071
100% consumed No power consumed 70% consumed
Objectives
• Understand the use of resistance,
inductance and capacitance in circuit

• Understand the concept of R-L-C circuit

in series and parallel

• Determine the total impedance, Z and

current, I in a circuit
Introduction

Consume energy

Resistance

Reduces current
Stores energy in a magnetic field

Inductance

WL = ½ LI2
Store energy in electric circuit

Capacitance

Wc = ½ CV2
 Types

Inductive AC circuit Capacitance AC circuit

 AC circuit

Resistance Capacitance
Inductance

XL

R
XC
 Total Impedance

Z  R  (X L  XC )
2 2

X L  2fL Xc 
1
2fC
Total Circuit Current

I = E/Z
Given: Voltage = 150 V, 60 hertz.

R L C

Find I, if R = 1100Ώ
L = 8 mH
C = 2µF
What is RLC Circuit ?
 What we want to know?
• To know the value of each components
• To calculate Xc and XL
• To find current of each components
• To calculate total current
• To calculate the impedance
 Properties
• Voltage is constant
• Different current flow in each branch
 Step by step
1. Value of each components

Resistance Ohm
Inductance Henry, H
Capacitance Farad, F
2. To find Xc and XL

1
Xc 
2fc
X L  2fL
If Xc = XL, it will be a resonance,
IC and IL will have a same amplitude but,
differs 180 in phase.
3. To find current

E
IR 
R
E
IL 
XL
E
IC 
XC
4. Total current

IT  I  ( I C  I L )
2
R
2

5. Impedance

ET
ZT 
IT
 OBJECTIVES
After this lesson, you should be able to:

 Define true power

 Define apparent power
 POWER

Electrical power is the rate at which

electrical energy is converted to another
form, such as motion, heat, or an
electromagnetic field

Power, P (Watt)
 APPARENT POWER
A measure of alternating current power that
is computed by multiplying the root-mean-
square current by the root-mean-square
voltage.

P  EI

Measured in Volt-amps(VA)
 TRUE POWER
In a resistive circuit, power consumed
by the resistor is dissipated into heat
and not returned to the source.

P  EI cos
Measured in Watts,W
 RESISTIVE CIRCUIT
Reactive Power (VAR)

Apparent Power(VA)

True Power(W)
 REACTIVE CIRCUITS

Reactive Power (VAR)


Apparent Power(VA)
True Power(W)
 APPLICATION

Electric Utility Company

- supply both true and apparent power

- apparent power is larger than true power thus
current supplied will be larger
- cost will arise
- Utility company will raise its raise for customers
operating at low power factors
Single-Phase Circuit Connection
Three-Phase to Single-Phase
Connection
3-Wire Edison Scheme
 Summary
 If a circuit is purely resistive, the current is in
phase with the voltage. If it is purely inductive, the
current lags the voltage by 90°. If the circuit is
purely capacitive, the current leads the voltage by
90°.
 If a circuit contains both resistance and
inductance, the current lags the voltage by an
angle less than 90o but the angle is greater than 0°.
 If a circuit contains resistance and capacitance, the
currents leads the voltage by an angle less than
90°, but the angle is greater than 0°
 REFERENCES
• Edward Huges, “Electrical
Technology,” 8th Edition, Prentice Hall
• Theodore Wildi, “Electrical Machines,
Drives and Power Systems” 5th Edition,
Prentice Hall
• Marizan Sulaiman, “Analisis Rangkaian
Sistem Kuasa Elektrik Moden” Utusan
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