Lab Report - Exp 3 - G6

Laboratory Report Submission Form
TO: Code: CLB 21303 (PIC)

From: (Student Name/Section) ID Number
1) Muhahammad Haziq Bin Mohd Hisham 1) 55218220024
2) Muhammad Ilyas Bin Samuri 2) 55216220045
3) Muhammad Ayub Kasyfi Bin Khairul Mizam 3) 55213220035
4) Norshakira Binti Abd Rahman 4) 55213220013
5) 5)
6) 6)
Title of experiment: Level Measurement Date of experiment: 13 April 2021
Received by: Dr. Ahmad Azahari Hamzah Date Due: 21 May 2021
Note: If late with good reason or medical note must be submitted to the lecturer, otherwise the mark will be reduced by 5%
of the total (depend on lecturer)
VERY POOR POOR GOOD VERY GOOD EXCELLENT
CRITERIA
1 2 3 4 5
1.0 OBJECTIVES State the objectives of the experiment or report (in point form). 1 2 3 4 5
(TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 5%)
2.0 SUMMARY (1 PAGE ONLY) (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 10%) 2 4 6 8 10

Brief review on the objectives of the experiment, main experimental results and
discussions deemed significant and conclusions obtained from the work.
3.0 INTRODUCTION & THEORY (1-2 PAGES ONLY) (TOTAL 3 6 9 12 15

PERCENTAGE,15%)
1. State the background to the experiment conducted.
2. Summary of theories including formulations related to the experimental work.
4.0 DATA AND RESULTS (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 10%) 2 4 6 8 10

1. Data are presented as deemed suitable with complete label and units
5.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 40%) 8 16 24 32 40

1. Explanations of the referred table and figure are presented after the table
and figure
2. Discuss on the findings and relations to the theory and objective of
experiment
6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 10%) 2 4 6 8 10
1. Summary of the results to relate the findings or results with the theory
applicable to the experimental
2. Suggest improvements in apparatus or measurement procedure, or
experimental procedures for future
1 2 3 4 5
6.0 REFERENCES (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 5%)
TOTAL PERCENTAGE (100%)

1.0 Objective
 To operate level measurement instrumentation.

 To determine the effect of the temperature to level measured in an open tank
and close tank.
 To investigate level measurement using a variable pressure or level transmitter
and sight glass with a millimetre scale.
2.0 Summary
This experiment aimed to investigate level measurement using a variable pressure

or level transmitter and sight glass with a millimetre scale. In addition, to determine the
effect of temperature to level measured in an open tank and closed tank. The experiments
start from 700mm, 600mm, 500mm, 400mm and 300mm. The first run in an open tank
with the heater was off is followed by the second run in a close tank with the heater was
off, the third run in an open tank with the heater was on and the fourth run in a closed tank
with the heater was on. The results show the closed tank with heater off has lower
deviation compare to open and close tank with heater on and also open tank with heater
off. It can be inferred that the best conditions for obtaining reliable readings were when the
tank was closed and the heater was turned off since high temperatures can change the
density of water and open tanks can allow water vapour from the atmosphere to reach the
tank. The reading of the actual level (LI) differs significantly from the reading of the
suggested level (LG) due to parallax error when setting the level on the suggested level
due to the elevated location of the sight glass with millimetre scale. The reading on the
sight glass and the level metre vary slightly. This is since the sight glass reading was
obtained manually by human eye touch, while the level reader was obtained through a
sensor indicator. As a result, the level sensor is more precise than the sight glass. Because
of human mistakes when interpreting the readings, the sight glass is less reliable.
3.0 Introduction and Theory
One of the most important processes for maintaining instrument accuracy is

instrument calibration. Calibration is the process of setting up an instrument so that it can
provide accurate results for a given sample. A fundamental element of instrument design
is removing or reducing factors that trigger incorrect measurements. Calibration is
performed simply by using several calibrators to determine the correlation at a particular
point in the operating range of the instrument. While it may be desirable to use a large
number of calibrators to establish a calibration relationship, or “curve”, the time and labour
associated with the preparation and testing of a large number of calibrators may exceed
the level of performance produced. In terms of practicality, a trade-off must be made
between the desired degree of product performance and the effort required to achieve
calibration. When the intermediate points defined in the manufacturer's performance
requirements are used for calibration, this instrument will work best; the specified
procedure basically removes, or "zeroes out," the instrument errors that occur at these
points.
Level measurement is a type of sensor that can be divided into two categories. A
single discrete liquid height was marked using point level measurement sensors. It has a
high warning that will sound just as the tank is about to leak, as well as a low alarm
condition. Then there are continuous level sensors, which are more advanced and can
track the whole system's level. Instead of measuring the fluid level at a single point, this
sensor can measure it over a range and produce an analogue output that is directly
proportional to the level in the vessel.
There were four level measurement settings in this experiment, each of which was
repeated five times at the recommended levels of 700mm, 600mm, 500mm, 400mm, and
300mm. Then there are four different types of sets. The first set began with the tank open
and the heater on, the second set with the tank closed and the heater off, the third set with
the tank open and the heater on, and the fourth set with the tank closed and the heater
on. An open tank is one that is exposed to the elements. The level transmitter's high-
pressure side is attached to the tank's foundation, while the low-pressure side is vented to
the atmosphere. It works in the same way as a basic pressure transmitter. The gas or
vapour exists on top of the liquid in a closed tank, and the gas pressure must be provided.
Depending on the change in gas pressure, the transmitter output will change.
4.0 Results
Table 1: Measurement (Tank T1 as OPEN tank, Heater OFF)
RUN I SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

A Suggested Level (mm) 700 700 700
B Actual Level (LG)(mm) 700 700 700
C Actual Level (LI)(mm) 712.8 710.0 711.4
D Temperature (TG)(°C) 34 34 34
E Deviation |B-C|(mm) 12.8 10.0 11.4
RUN II SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

C Actual Level (LI)(mm) 610.7 603 606.85
E Deviation |B-C|(mm) 10.7 3 6.85
RUN III SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN IV SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN V SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

Table 2: Level Measurement (T1 as CLOSED tank, Heater OFF)

E Deviation |B-C|(mm) 12.3 0.5 6.4




Table 3: Level Measurement (Tank T1 as OPEN tank, Heater ON)


C Actual Level (LI)(mm) 609 601 605
E Deviation |B-C|(mm) 9 1 5

C Actual Level (LI)(mm) 510 504 507
E Deviation |B-C|(mm) 10 4 7


Table 4: Level Measurement (Tank T1 as CLOSED tank, Heater ON)

C Actual Level (LI)(mm) 712 707 709.5
E Deviation |B-C|(mm) 12 7 9.5




5.0 Discussion
Level measurement is use to detect, indicate or control liquid or solid level. Level
measurement devices can be divided into two which are direct which is mechanical and
electronic measurement. The device can be used for continuous monitoring of fluid level.
The experiment was conducted two different condition which were open and closed
tank with heater on and open and closed tank with heated off. The level measurement has
been done by recording actual level from the sight glass and the level indicator obtained from
the front panel. The difference between the two devices were calculated and labelled as
deviation. The temperature of the water obtained from the temperature gauge were recorded.
9.7
9.6
9.5
9.4
Deviation Avg (mm)
9.3
9.2
9.1
8.9
8.8
Heater On Heater Off
Figure 1: Comparison for heater on and heater off
From figure 1, it shows that tank with heater on shows higher deviation compared to
tank with heater off. Generally, when temperature inside the tank changed, the density of the
water also changed. According to the theory, the density will decrease as the temperature
increase. This is because, as temperature increase, the molecules in liquid move more
vigorously, which makes them collide with each one another more often. This cause the
molecules to spread apart, which means that there are fewer molecules are in each volume
and the substances density decrease. Thus these can affect the level measurement at the
sight glass and increase the deviation. It can be said that tank with heater off shows accurate
reading compared to heater on as the results obtained proved the theory.
10
9.9
9.8
9.7
Deviation Avg (mm)
9.6
9.5
9.4
9.3
9.2
9.1
Open Tank Close Tank
Figure 2: Comparison between open and closed tank.
In open tank, the high pressure side of the level transmitter will be connected to the
base of the tank while low pressure side will be vented to atmosphere. Then, for the closed
tank, the gas or vapour existed on the top of the liquid will exerted pressure to the liquid and
cause high hydrostatic pressure. Thus, the liquid level will become insignificant. Based on
Figure 2, it shows that standard derivatives for close tank was higher than open tank.
Theoretically, the water is equally compressible and process pressure will not affect the level
of the water. Unless, there is presence of water vapour. Open tank is expose to open air and
allowed vapour from air to enter the tank. So, it can be said that reading at closed tank has
high accuracy than open tank. From the result obtained, it show might be water vapour
presence in the close tank and cause the reading from level indicator slightly different from
the reading at sight glass.
12
10
Deviation Avg (mm)
0
Heater On Heater Off
Open Tank Close Tank
Figure 3: Comparison between type of tank and heater.
From figure 3, it shows that close tank with heater off obtained the highest deviation
and close tank with heater off the lowest deviation. From this experiment, it can be concluded
that the most suitable condition to get accurate reading was when the tank close tank with
heater off since high temperature can affects the density of water and open tank can cause
the water vapour from atmosphere entered the tank. It can be said that the high deviations
indicate the data was inaccurate and low deviations indicate that the data was reliable and
accurate.
6.0 Conclusion and Recommendation
To conclude this experiment, the objective of this experiment is to operate the level
measurement instrument and to determine the effect of temperature to level measure in
an open tank or a close tank. The water level in tank 1 was measured using two different
methods. The initial way was to utilize a direct level measurement as an indicator to
determine the liquid level in the tank. The second method was indirect level measurement,
which entails converting one quantity to another, such as level to pressure. The result
shows that close tank with heater off obtained the heater off obtained the highest deviation
and close lowest deviation. This can be tell that close tank with heater off is the best way
to obtained the most accurate reading. This is because high temperature will affects the
density of water and Open tank will cause water vapor from the atmosphere enter the tank.
Base on the result, it can be say that the objective of this experiment is achieve.
Some of the parallax error can be eliminated by putting the eye vertically above the
marking on the scale to be read, according to many guidelines. Furthermore, we must
place a metre-rule on its bounds beside the thing to be measured in order to ensure that
the scales are touching it, and a thin rule must be employed to ensure that the scales are
touching the object and that it can be measured. Human error occurred in this experiment,
with mistakes occurring when the temperature remained constant at 50 °C, which can be
avoided by repeating the experiment two or three times to obtain a more exact result.
Lastly, to avoid a large disparity between the sight glass and the level indicator on the front
panel, the sight glass level indicator should be calibrated on a regular basis. The air
pressure regulator must be checked on a regular basis to ensure that the pressure does
not change and alter the measurement.
7.0 References
1. Gibson, A., Reddy, S. B., & Kapoor, N. (2018, August 13). Effect of Temperature &
Pressure on Level Measurement. Inst Tools.
https://instrumentationtools.com/effect-temperature-pressure-level-
measurement/.
2. What Is Calibration? Advanced instruments. (2020, August 12).
https://www.aicompanies.com/education-training/calibration/what-is-
calibration/#:~:text=Instrument%20calibration%20is%20one%20of,sample%20wit
hin%20an%20acceptable%20range.
3. Schlosser, M. (2002). Level Measurement. Retrieved February 19, 2018, from
http://encyclopedia.che.engin.umich.edu/Pages/ProcessParameters/LevelMeasur
ement /LevelMeasurement.html
4. Erik, O., Franklin, J., Holbrook, H., Henry, R. & Cristopher, M. (2016). Glass Gauge
Type Level Detectors Review. Machinery’s Handbook 29th Edition. Page 213.

Lab Report - Exp 3 - G6

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Lab Report - Exp 3 - G6

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Laboratory Report Submission Form

TO: Code: CLB 21303 (PIC)

2.0 SUMMARY (1 PAGE ONLY) (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 10%) 2 4 6 8 10

3.0 INTRODUCTION & THEORY (1-2 PAGES ONLY) (TOTAL 3 6 9 12 15

4.0 DATA AND RESULTS (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 10%) 2 4 6 8 10

5.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 40%) 8 16 24 32 40

TOTAL PERCENTAGE (100%)

 To operate level measurement instrumentation.

This experiment aimed to investigate level measurement using a variable pressure

One of the most important processes for maintaining instrument accuracy is

Table 1: Measurement (Tank T1 as OPEN tank, Heater OFF)

RUN I SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN II SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN III SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN IV SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN V SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN I SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN II SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN III SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN IV SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN V SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN I SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN II SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN III SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN IV SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN V SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN I SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN II SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN III SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN IV SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

RUN V SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE

Figure 1: Comparison for heater on and heater off

Figure 2: Comparison between open and closed tank.

Open Tank Close Tank

Figure 3: Comparison between type of tank and heater.

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