Experiment 2 UV-VIS - Ilyas Fikri B. Mohd Said

UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR
MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL BIOENGINEERING

TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY REPORT SUBMISSION FORM
January Semester 2021
SECTION A – Filled up by Student

Subject & Code ANALYTICAL AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CLB 10803
Title of Experiment Experiment 2 - Analysis of Food Colour – Uv-Vis
Date of Experiment 26th April 2021 Section
Marks Jotter Notes Peer Evaluation Total
Group Members ID No.
(90%) (5%) (5%) (100%)
TM1) Ilyas Fikri b. Mohd Said 55213220037
TM2) Mohd Danish Zikry b. Mohd Hatta 55218119184
TM3) Mohd Adam b. Mohd Sofian 55218220016
TM4) Muhd Azizul Faiz b. Mohd Rozmi 55216220004
TM5)
Name of Lecturer Ms Norhayati Binti Mohd Idrus
SECTION B – Filled up by Lecturer

NOT VERY VERY
CRITERIA POOR GOOD EXCELLENT
Included POOR GOOD
1.0 INTRODUCTION (20%) – State the background or theory of the
0 4 8 12 16 20
experiment.
2.0 RESULTS (25%) – Results are presented a deemed suitable with
0 5 10 15 20 25
complete label & units. (Table/Graph/Figure etc.)
3.0 DISCUSSION (30%) – (i) Explanations of the referred table and
figure are presented after the table and figure.
0 6 12 18 24 30
(ii) Discuss on the findings and the relations to the theory and
objectives of the experiment.
4.0 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS (20%) – The conclusion
should begin with a restatement of the results. The results should
be compared with literature values/theory whenever possible. Any 0 4 8 12 16 20
possible sources of error should be identified. Suggest your
recommendation (s) for the improvement of the experiment.
5.0 REFERENCES (5%) 0 1 2 3 4 5
6.0 JOTTER NOTE (5%) – Prepare a summary on the methodology of
the experiment (flowchart, diagram etc). Submit the jotter note Refer to Individual Jotter Note
along with respective lab report.
7.0 PEER EVALUATION (5%) - Team work, submit the peer
Refer to Peer Evaluation Form
evaluation form along with respective lab report.
TOTAL PERCENTAGE (90%)

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The objective of the experiment to synthesize a sample of hard soap and to identify and
compare FTIR spectrum of fat and soap. The production of soap starts with an understanding of esters.
All fats & oils share a common molecular functional group. Whether it’s an animal fat like lard or
butter, or a vegetable oil like olive oil or coconut oil, all of these substances can be classified as
triglycerides. Triglycerides are composed of three esters linked together through a common backbone
(see figure below). And just as esters can be made by the combination of an alcohol and a carboxylic
acid, the reverse reaction can also occur. In a process known as saponification, triglycerides can be
cleaved along the ester functional groups to produce glycerol (a molecule containing three alcohol
functional groups) and the basic form of fatty acids (long chain carboxylic acids which have been
deprotonated). Lipids that contain fatty acid ester linkages can undergo hydrolysis. This reaction is
catalyzed by a strong acid or base. Saponification is the alkaline hydrolysis of the fatty acid esters.
2.0 RESULTS
1. (i) Instrument Parameters
Starting Wavelength = 700.0 nm

Ending Wavelength = 400.0 nm
Path length = 10.0 mm
(ii) Result for Wavelength Scan
Sample used = Carmoisine stock solution

Concentration of the sample = 100 ppm
λmax obtained = 520.5 nm
2. Absorbance reading for the standard solutions

No. Sample Concentration of Carmoisine Standard Absorbance,
Solutions (ppm), x-axis y-axis
1 Std 1 5 0.206
2 Std 2 15 0.605
3 Std 3 25 0.967
4 Std 4 35 1.278
5 Std 5 45 1.478
6 Blank 0 0.001
Table 1: Result for concentration and absorbance for each sample
3. Absorbances values for the samples Unknown 1 and Unknown 2

Concentration of Unknown 1 = 11.36 ppm
Concentration of Unknown 2 = 22.20 ppm
Standard Calibration Curve (Concentration vs
Absorbance)
1.6 1.478
1.4 1.278
1.2
0.967
Concentration
1
0.8 0.605
0.6
0.4 0.206
0.20.001
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Absorbances
Figure 1: Standard Calibration Curve (Concentration vs Absorbance)

3.0 DISCUSSION
The objective of this experiment was to determine λmax of Colourant (wavelength scan) and
to prepare a serial dilution or as known as standard solutions and generate a standard calibration graph
for sample quantitation (photometric scan).
The theory states that white light (the light we see) includes all wavelengths of light in the
visible area of the EM, based on the experiment. Since it absorbs light at one or more wavelengths in
the visible region and transmits the rest, a material appears colored. The human eye, which is a form of
EM radiation detector, detects light that is emitted rather than absorbed. The colour of the light emitted
is the same as the colour of the light absorbed. For dilute solutions at a given wavelength, there is a
linear relationship between absorbance and concentration. This relationship is known as Beer's Law
with a given equation of: A = εbc.
A wavelength of light that is strongly absorbed is chosen for analytical studies. It is calculated
by locating the highest absorbance in the EM spectrum under consideration.
Since absorbance is proportional to concentration in dilute solutions, a linear plot can be constructed by
plotting absorbance versus concentration. The concentration of an unknown substance can be measured
using the absorbance of the unknown substance and the graph after the plot has been constructed.
The experiment started with the preparation of 5 ppm, 15 ppm, 25 ppm, 35 ppm, and 45 ppm solutions
from a 100 ppm carmoisine stock solution. Then, pour 50 mL of the stock solution into a volumetric
flask. The solution was shaken and labelled after distilled water was applied to the volumetric flask
Perkin-Elmer UV/ Vis Spectrophotometer Lambda EZ210 was used to calculate the maximum Colorant
concentration after all the solutions were prepared.
The starting wavelength using wavelength scan was 700.0 nm, and the finishing wavelength
was 400.0 nm, according to the results. The path length was 10.0 nm long. The rectangular peak
integration method was used. Peak one began at 700.0 nm and finished at 681.5 nm. It began at 681.5
nm and ended at 400.0 nm for the last peak (peak 2). After that, no other peaks have appeared.
Photometry was used as an instrument parameter for sample 2. The sample used was carmoisine
stock solution at a concentration of 100 ppm, with a maximum wave of 529.0 nm. The number of
wavelengths was 1, and wavelength 1 had a value of 520.5 nm. The path length was 10.0 nm long. The
y-axis absorbance in standard 1 was 0.206 nm, and the concentration was 5 ppm. The absorbance of the
y-axis was 0.430 nm when a concentration of 15 ppm was used in standard 2. The absorbance of the y
axis was 0.967 nm when a concentration of 25 ppm was used in standard 3. When a concentration of
35 ppm was used in standard 4, the absorbance of the y axis was 1.278 nm. Finally, in standard 5, the
absorbance of the y-axis was 1.495 nm when a concentration of 45 ppm was used. Unknown solution
1 had a concentration of 11.36 ppm, while unknown 2 had a concentration of 22.20 ppm. The pattern
that could be seen on the graph standard calibration was directly proportional.
According to theory, if the wavelength is a given length, there would be a linear relationship
between absorbance and concentration for dilute solutions. As a result, we can assume that the
experiment's goal was met.
In the experiment, there were just a few potential mistakes. I in order to obtain a reliable result,
the experiment must be improvised. The first step is to double-check that all of the chemicals required
for the experiment have been correctly measured based on the laboratory manual's instructions. Then,
using the right technique, repeat the experiment. Wash the apparatus with distilled water to ensure that
they are completely clean and will not affect the experiment's objectives.
4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
We may assume that the max of a sample can be achieved by scanning it with radiation using a
UV/Vis Spectrophotometer. The first absorbance, y-axis, for standard 1 is 0.206, and the last one,
standard 5, is 1.495. This demonstrates that the graph is directly proportional. A wavelength scan was
used to determine the wavelength of maximum absorbance, max; a serial dilution was also prepared,
and a standard calibration graph was produced using a photometric scan. As a result, the experiment's
goals have been met. The flow of the experiment can be improved by carefully following the lab manual
and being serious while conducting the experiment.
There was feedback on how to avoid potential mistakes. To begin, apply different droppers to
the carmoisine solution and distilled water. If the same droppers were used in all solutions, there would
be several mistakes that could influence the outcome. Following that, all volumetric flasks must be
rinsed with sterile water before the experiment can begin properly to prevent any balanced waste from
the previous experiment. Then, quickly cover the volumetric flask with a rubber stopper to avoid liquid
licking. Finally, thoroughly clean the equipment with purified water to remove any waste.
5.0 REFERENCE
1. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11947-012-0867-
9#:~:text=Visual%20analysis%20of%20food%20colour,2005).&text=It%20involves%20observing%
20the%20colour,under%20identical%20conditions%20of%20illumination.
2.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225037588_Colour_Measurement_and_Analysis_in_Fresh_
and_Processed_Foods_A_Review
6.0 JOTTER NOTES
7.0 PEER EVALUATION
TECHNOLOGY
PEER EVALUATION FORM: LAB REPORT

Analytical & Organic Chemistry (CLB 10803)
STUDENT NAME : ILYAS FIKRI BIN MOHD SAID

STUDENT ID : 55213220037
1. Rate your team members on the relative contribution that were made in preparing and submitting your group assignment.
2. In rating your peers, use to five point scale.
3. Every single group member is to fill in this form and be honest, do not favour anyone. Form is to be submitting along with the
respective submission.
5- Always 4- Most of the time 3- Sometimes 2- Rarely 1-Never
Names: MOHAMAD Names: MOHD Names: MUHAMMAD Names:

DANISH ZIKRY BIN ADAM BIN MOHD AZIZUL FAIZ BIN
MOHD HATTA SOFIAN MOHD ROZMI
Criteria
ID:55218119184 ID:55218220016 ID:55216220004 ID:
(1) Quality of Technical Work: Work is

correct, clear, complete, and relevant to the 5 5 5
problem. Equations, graphs, and notes are
clear and intelligible.
(2) Commitment to Team / Project: Attends
all meetings. Arrives on time or early. 5 5 5
Prepared. Ready to work. Dependable,

faithful, reliable.
(3)Leadership: Takes initiative, makes
suggestions, provides focus. Creative? 5 5 5
Energetic? Brings energy and excitement to
the team. Has a “can do” attitude. Sparks
creativity in others.
(4) Responsibility: Gladly accepts work and 5 5 5
gets it done. Spirit of excellence.
(5)Has abilities the team needs. Makes the
most of these abilities. Gives fully, doesn’t 5 5 5
hold back.
(6) Communication: Communicates clearly
when he/she speaks and when she/he 5 5 5
writes. Understands the team’s direction.
(7) Personality. Positive attitudes,
5 5 5
encourages others. Seeks consensus. Fun to
deal with. Brings out best in others.
Peacemaker. Pours water, not gasoline on
fires.
TOTAL MARK (35%) 35 35 35
TOTAL MARK (5%) 5 5 5
Keep in mind that if you award high scores to everyone, regardless of their contribution, team members who have worked unduly hard or
provided extraordinary leadership will go unrecognized, as will those at the other end of the scale who need your corrective feedback.
TECHNOLOGY

STUDENT NAME : MOHAMAD DANISH ZIKRY BIN MOHD HATTA

STUDENT ID : 55218119184
Names: ILYAS FIKRI Names: MOHD Names: MUHAMMAD Names:

BIN MOHD SAID ADAM BIN MOHD AZIZUL FAIZ BIN
SOFIAN MOHD ROZMI
Criteria ID:55213220037 ID:55218220016 ID:55216220004 ID:

all meetings. Arrives on time or early. 5 5 5

faithful, reliable.
hold back.
encourages others. Seeks consensus. Fun to 5 5 5

fires.
TOTAL MARK (35%) 35 35 35
TECHNOLOGY

STUDENT NAME : MOHD ADAM BIN MOHD SOFIAN

STUDENT ID : 55218220016
Names: ILYAS FIKRI Names: MOHAMAD Names: MUHAMMAD Names:

BIN MOHD SAID DANISH ZIKRY BIN AZIZUL FAIZ BIN
MOHD HATTA MOHD ROZMI
Criteria
ID:55213220037 ID:55218119184 ID:55216220004 ID:

5 5 5
all meetings. Arrives on time or early.
faithful, reliable.
hold back.
fires.
TOTAL MARK (35%) 35 35 35
TECHNOLOGY

STUDENT NAME : MUHAMMAD AZIZUL FAIZ BIN MOHD ROZMI

STUDENT ID : 55216220004
Names: ILYAS FIKRI Names: MOHD Names: MOHAMAD Names:

BIN MOHD SAID ADAM BIN MOHD DANISH ZIKRY BIN
SOFIAN MOHD HATTA
Criteria
ID:55213220037 ID:55218220016 ID:55218119184
ID:
5 5 5
all meetings. Arrives on time or early.
faithful, reliable.
hold back.
fires.
TOTAL MARK (35%) 35 35 34

Experiment 2 UV-VIS - Ilyas Fikri B. Mohd Said

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UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR

MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL BIOENGINEERING

SECTION A – Filled up by Student

SECTION B – Filled up by Lecturer

TOTAL PERCENTAGE (90%)

Starting Wavelength = 700.0 nm

(ii) Result for Wavelength Scan

Sample used = Carmoisine stock solution

2. Absorbance reading for the standard solutions

3. Absorbances values for the samples Unknown 1 and Unknown 2

Figure 1: Standard Calibration Curve (Concentration vs Absorbance)

PEER EVALUATION FORM: LAB REPORT

STUDENT NAME : ILYAS FIKRI BIN MOHD SAID

5- Always 4- Most of the time 3- Sometimes 2- Rarely 1-Never

Names: MOHAMAD Names: MOHD Names: MUHAMMAD Names:

(1) Quality of Technical Work: Work is

Prepared. Ready to work. Dependable,

PEER EVALUATION FORM: LAB REPORT

STUDENT NAME : MOHAMAD DANISH ZIKRY BIN MOHD HATTA

5- Always 4- Most of the time 3- Sometimes 2- Rarely 1-Never

Names: ILYAS FIKRI Names: MOHD Names: MUHAMMAD Names:

(1) Quality of Technical Work: Work is

Prepared. Ready to work. Dependable,

deal with. Brings out best in others.

PEER EVALUATION FORM: LAB REPORT

STUDENT NAME : MOHD ADAM BIN MOHD SOFIAN

5- Always 4- Most of the time 3- Sometimes 2- Rarely 1-Never

Names: ILYAS FIKRI Names: MOHAMAD Names: MUHAMMAD Names:

(1) Quality of Technical Work: Work is

PEER EVALUATION FORM: LAB REPORT

STUDENT NAME : MUHAMMAD AZIZUL FAIZ BIN MOHD ROZMI

5- Always 4- Most of the time 3- Sometimes 2- Rarely 1-Never

Names: ILYAS FIKRI Names: MOHD Names: MOHAMAD Names:

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