UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR

MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL BIOENGINEERING

TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY REPORT SUBMISSION FORM
January Semester 2021

SECTION A – Filled up by Student

Subject & Code ANALYTICAL AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CLB 10803
Title of Experiment Experiment 1 – Saponification Reaction of Fat: Soap Production
Date of Experiment 26th April 2021 Section
Marks Jotter Notes Peer Evaluation Total
Group Members ID No.
(90%) (5%) (5%) (100%)
TM1) Ilyas Fikri b. Mohd Said 55213220037
TM2) Mohd Danish Zikry b. Mohd Hatta 55218119184
TM3) Mohd Adam b. Mohd Sofian 55218220016
TM4) Muhd Azizul Faiz b. Mohd Rozmi 55216220004
TM5)
Name of Lecturer Ms Norhayati Binti Mohd Idrus

SECTION B – Filled up by Lecturer

NOT VERY VERY
CRITERIA POOR GOOD EXCELLENT
Included POOR GOOD
1.0 INTRODUCTION (20%) – State the background or theory of the
0 4 8 12 16 20
experiment.
2.0 RESULTS (25%) – Results are presented a deemed suitable with
0 5 10 15 20 25
complete label & units. (Table/Graph/Figure etc.)
3.0 DISCUSSION (30%) – (i) Explanations of the referred table and
figure are presented after the table and figure.
0 6 12 18 24 30
(ii) Discuss on the findings and the relations to the theory and
objectives of the experiment.
4.0 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS (20%) – The conclusion
should begin with a restatement of the results. The results should
be compared with literature values/theory whenever possible. Any 0 4 8 12 16 20
possible sources of error should be identified. Suggest your
recommendation (s) for the improvement of the experiment.
5.0 REFERENCES (5%) 0 1 2 3 4 5
6.0 JOTTER NOTE (5%) – Prepare a summary on the methodology of
the experiment (flowchart, diagram etc). Submit the jotter note Refer to Individual Jotter Note
along with respective lab report.
7.0 PEER EVALUATION (5%) - Team work, submit the peer
Refer to Peer Evaluation Form
evaluation form along with respective lab report.

TOTAL PERCENTAGE (90%)

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Soap making begins with the understanding of esters. All fats and oils share a similar
functional molecular group. All these compounds can be categorised as triglycerides whether
it is animal fats such as lard or butter or vegetable oil such as olive oil or coconut oil. Three
esters connected together through a common backbone are formed of triglycerides. And the
reverse reaction can also take place just as esters can arise by combining an alcohol and a
carboxylic acid. Triglycerides are broken through the functional esters into a process known as
saponification to create glycerol (a molecule with three functional alcoholic groups) and the
basic form of fatty acids (long-chain, deprotonated carboxylic acids). This is the basic
chemistry behind soap manufacturing. From a fat or oil to the fragmentation of its constituents,
a basic reagent (such as a sodium hydroxide, NaOH) is introduced. The fatty acid that comes
out is a salt – what we call soap. There are two factors:
1. A polar, hydrophilic head (which consists of sodium ions (or other cations) and anions of
carboxylate (from the deprotonated fatty acid)
2. A nonpolar tail made up of a chain of carbon atoms (water "hating") (the exact structure of
this chain depends on the origin of the fat or oil).

In the same molecule the soap may operate as it does, it is the existence of these two
different polarity. The loaded head of the soapy molecule interacts strongly with water
molecules. The hydrophobic chains of carbon atoms, on the other hand, agglomerate in order
to prevent interaction with water. This structure, known as a micelle, produces a sphere with a
non-polar interior that may dissolve dirt and oils. This allows soap to be used with an aqueous
solution to wash away grates and grains (non-polar materials). The soap is separated from the
glycerol by "salting out" once the saponification has been completed. The solution is blended
with a concentrated solution of sodium chloride. The disbanded soap is coagulating with this
electrolyte. The soap is rinsed multiple times to eliminate excess sodium hydroxide with
concentrated sodium chloride (akalye). Such lye soap can be manufactured from many different
animal fats or vegetable oils, with varying purification properties.
2.0 RESULTS

CONDITION OF 0.01g SOAP OBSERVATION

Soap + 3mL distilled water - Presence of bubbles until 7mL
- Clear solution

Soap solution 1 + 5-10 drops of - White Precipitate

4% calcium chloride - Clear, Reduce foam
Soap solution 2 + 0.5g trisodium - No More Precipitate, More bubble than the second
phosphate condition solution
- Most cloudy

Table 1: Observation of saponification process

Soap

Wavenumbers Wavenumbers Possible bond Possible

( cm-1 ) range type compound type
( cm-1 )
3380.50 3500-3300 (m) N-H Amines

2920.26 2960-2850 (s) C-H Alkanes

2852.03 2960-2850 (s) C-H Alkanes

1743.60 1760-1670 (s) C=O Aldehydes,

Ketones,
Carboxylic acid,
Ester
1643.50 1660-1500 (s) NO2 Nitro Compound

1556.62 1660-1500 (s) NO2 Nitro Compound

1463.11 1470-1350 (v) C-H Alkanes

1411.41 1470-1350 (v) C-H Alkanes

Table 1:Soap
3.0 DISCUSSION

The goal of this experiment was to create a hard soap sample, as well as to identify and
compare the FTIR spectrum of fat and soap. The goal of this experiment is to make soap.
Saponification is a chemical reaction that occurs when fats react with a strong base (in this
case, NaOH) to produce a salt and glycerol. The fats are heated in an alkaline solution during
the saponification process. The fats will be hydrolyzed to alcohol in the alkaline solution, along
with the salt of a long chain carboxylic acid (Soap). The soap precipitates when common salt
is added. Glycerine is a chemic al compound with a wide range of applications.
Infrared light is used in FTIR to determine what compounds are present in samples. The FT-
IR spectra (transmittance against wavenumber) will reveal exactly which functional groups are
present in the sample under investigation. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is
an acronym for Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.

To make NaOH, 0.25 g sodium hydroxide, 1.0 ml distilled water, and 1.0 ml 95 percent
ethanol were mixed together in this experiment. Ethanol was used to speed up the
saponification process because it would have taken significantly longer otherwise. NaOH was
mixed with 0.25 g of fat and sodium that had been prepared. The flask will then be covered
with aluminium foil and heated in a bath of 100 C for 20 minutes, resulting in a yellow
precipitate. To replace the water and alcohol that has evaporated, add 0.4 ml of the water and
alcohol mixture. The flask was then cooled in an ice bath for a few minutes while being stirred.
After that, use FTIR to examine the soap and fat. Following the completion of the graph,
determine the wavelength of the present peak and compare the differences between soap and
fat. The spectrum obtained from the FTIR shows that sample 1 (soap) contains a total of 8 wave
numbers, which were employed in the analysis of the component in the sample. Amines
(3380.50), alkanes (2920.26) and alkanes (2852.26) were found in soap samples. The
functional groups were alkanes (1743.60). Alkanes (1463.11) and finally alkanes (1411.41).
Nitro-compound (1643.50) also found in the soap sample along with Alkane (15556.62).The
sort of vibration that this sample undergoes was predominantly deepening and some bending.

Some mistakes may arise throughout the experiment. Missing attention in cleaning the
ATD sampling section for the detection of the following example is one of the causes of
possible failures. The mistakes can be identified in a variety of ways. This inaccuracy can lead
to misinterpretation and also to a perturbed result. Otherwise, physical mistakes might cause
the defects (caused by experimenters). The lack of performance and attention of the
experimenters would have a major impact on the outcomes, in particular on the recording of
observations.
4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The aim of the experiment was to synthesise a hard-soap sample and to find and
compare the FTIR fat and soap spectrum. Based on the results, the results showed that the
saponification theory was supported. The saponification process may be used to make soap by
mixing Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) with lipids that form Sodium Salt, using particular acids
(soap) with Glycerol, was proven by the theory, equations, and experiments. The soap's solid
state, which is hard to soap, depends on the alkaline employed as the soap's features. Soap and
fat were analysed using FTIR to compare and identify the wavelength of the peak present for
detailed inspection. Fat and soap were found to have a total of 8 waves. The conceivable error
was properly handled in order to produce the optimum result. The physical inaccuracy and
parallax were also checked by validating the correct posture of the body.

The possible mistakes were recommended to overcome. To begin with, use various
droppers for different solutions. There are many faults and can affect the result if the same
droppers are used in all solutions. The next step is to carefully immerse all the test tubes and
correctly remove all tubes. Close the test tube immediately with aluminium foil to avoid
evaporation. Therefore, hold it correctly to prevent damage when the test tubes are heated. In
addition, the average reading is used to prevent human error when analytical weight is
employed. Finally, rinse the device properly and remove all waste with distilled water.
5.0 REFERENCE
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponification
2. https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-saponification-605959
3. https://www.thesprucecrafts.com/saponification-in-soap-making-517092
6.0 JOTTER NOTES
7.0 PEER EVALUATION
UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR
MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL BIOENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY

PEER EVALUATION FORM: LAB REPORT

Analytical & Organic Chemistry (CLB 10803)
January Semester 2021

STUDENT NAME : ILYAS FIKRI BIN MOHD SAID

STUDENT ID : 55213220037

1. Rate your team members on the relative contribution that were made in preparing and submitting your group assignment.
2. In rating your peers, use to five point scale.
3. Every single group member is to fill in this form and be honest, do not favour anyone. Form is to be submitting along with the
respective submission.

5- Always 4- Most of the time 3- Sometimes 2- Rarely 1-Never

Names: MOHAMAD Names: MOHD Names: MUHAMMAD Names:

DANISH ZIKRY BIN ADAM BIN MOHD AZIZUL FAIZ BIN
MOHD HATTA SOFIAN MOHD ROZMI
Criteria
ID:55218119184 ID:55218220016 ID:55216220004 ID:

(1) Quality of Technical Work: Work is

correct, clear, complete, and relevant to the 5 5 5
problem. Equations, graphs, and notes are
clear and intelligible.
(2) Commitment to Team / Project: Attends
all meetings. Arrives on time or early. 5 5 5
Prepared. Ready to work. Dependable,
faithful, reliable.
(3)Leadership: Takes initiative, makes
suggestions, provides focus. Creative? 5 5 5
Energetic? Brings energy and excitement to
the team. Has a “can do” attitude. Sparks
creativity in others.
(4) Responsibility: Gladly accepts work and 5 5 5
gets it done. Spirit of excellence.
(5)Has abilities the team needs. Makes the
most of these abilities. Gives fully, doesn’t 5 5 5
hold back.
(6) Communication: Communicates clearly
when he/she speaks and when she/he 5 5 5
writes. Understands the team’s direction.
(7) Personality. Positive attitudes,
5 5 5
encourages others. Seeks consensus. Fun to
deal with. Brings out best in others.
Peacemaker. Pours water, not gasoline on
fires.
TOTAL MARK (35%) 35 35 35
TOTAL MARK (5%) 5 5 5

Keep in mind that if you award high scores to everyone, regardless of their contribution, team members who have worked unduly hard or
provided extraordinary leadership will go unrecognized, as will those at the other end of the scale who need your corrective feedback.
 UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR
MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL BIOENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY

PEER EVALUATION FORM: LAB REPORT

Analytical & Organic Chemistry (CLB 10803)
January Semester 2021

STUDENT NAME : MOHAMAD DANISH ZIKRY BIN MOHD HATTA

STUDENT ID : 55218119184

4. Rate your team members on the relative contribution that were made in preparing and submitting your group assignment.
5. In rating your peers, use to five point scale.
6. Every single group member is to fill in this form and be honest, do not favour anyone. Form is to be submitting along with the
respective submission.

5- Always 4- Most of the time 3- Sometimes 2- Rarely 1-Never

Names: ILYAS FIKRI Names: MOHD Names: MUHAMMAD Names:

BIN MOHD SAID ADAM BIN MOHD AZIZUL FAIZ BIN
SOFIAN MOHD ROZMI
Criteria
ID:55213220037 ID:55218220016 ID:55216220004 ID:

(1) Quality of Technical Work: Work is

correct, clear, complete, and relevant to the 5 5 5
problem. Equations, graphs, and notes are
clear and intelligible.
(2) Commitment to Team / Project: Attends
all meetings. Arrives on time or early. 5 5 5

Prepared. Ready to work. Dependable,

faithful, reliable.
(3)Leadership: Takes initiative, makes
suggestions, provides focus. Creative? 5 5 5
Energetic? Brings energy and excitement to
the team. Has a “can do” attitude. Sparks
creativity in others.
(4) Responsibility: Gladly accepts work and 5 5 5
gets it done. Spirit of excellence.
(5)Has abilities the team needs. Makes the
most of these abilities. Gives fully, doesn’t 5 5 5
hold back.
(6) Communication: Communicates clearly
when he/she speaks and when she/he 5 5 5
writes. Understands the team’s direction.
(7) Personality. Positive attitudes,
encourages others. Seeks consensus. Fun to 5 5 5

deal with. Brings out best in others.

Peacemaker. Pours water, not gasoline on
fires.
TOTAL MARK (35%) 35 35 35
TOTAL MARK (5%) 5 5 5

Keep in mind that if you award high scores to everyone, regardless of their contribution, team members who have worked unduly hard or
provided extraordinary leadership will go unrecognized, as will those at the other end of the scale who need your corrective feedback.
 UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR
MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL BIOENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY

PEER EVALUATION FORM: LAB REPORT

Analytical & Organic Chemistry (CLB 10803)
January Semester 2021

STUDENT NAME : MOHD ADAM BIN MOHD SOFIAN

STUDENT ID : 55218220016

1. Rate your team members on the relative contribution that were made in preparing and submitting your group assignment.
2. In rating your peers, use to five point scale.
3. Every single group member is to fill in this form and be honest, do not favour anyone. Form is to be submitting along with the
respective submission.

5- Always 4- Most of the time 3- Sometimes 2- Rarely 1-Never

Names: ILYAS FIKRI Names: MOHAMAD Names: MUHAMMAD Names:

BIN MOHD SAID DANISH ZIKRY BIN AZIZUL FAIZ BIN
MOHD HATTA MOHD ROZMI
Criteria
ID:55213220037 ID:55218119184 ID:55216220004 ID:

(1) Quality of Technical Work: Work is

correct, clear, complete, and relevant to the 5 5 5
problem. Equations, graphs, and notes are
clear and intelligible.
(2) Commitment to Team / Project: Attends
5 5 5
all meetings. Arrives on time or early.
Prepared. Ready to work. Dependable,
faithful, reliable.
(3)Leadership: Takes initiative, makes
suggestions, provides focus. Creative? 5 5 5
Energetic? Brings energy and excitement to
the team. Has a “can do” attitude. Sparks
creativity in others.
(4) Responsibility: Gladly accepts work and 5 5 5
gets it done. Spirit of excellence.
(5)Has abilities the team needs. Makes the
most of these abilities. Gives fully, doesn’t 5 5 5
hold back.
(6) Communication: Communicates clearly
when he/she speaks and when she/he 5 5 5
writes. Understands the team’s direction.
(7) Personality. Positive attitudes,
encourages others. Seeks consensus. Fun to 5 5 5

deal with. Brings out best in others.

Peacemaker. Pours water, not gasoline on
fires.
TOTAL MARK (35%) 35 35 35
TOTAL MARK (5%) 5 5 5

Keep in mind that if you award high scores to everyone, regardless of their contribution, team members who have worked unduly hard or
provided extraordinary leadership will go unrecognized, as will those at the other end of the scale who need your corrective feedback.
 UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR
MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL BIOENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY

PEER EVALUATION FORM: LAB REPORT

Analytical & Organic Chemistry (CLB 10803)
January Semester 2021

STUDENT NAME : MUHAMMAD AZIZUL FAIZ BIN MOHD ROZMI

STUDENT ID : 55216220004

1. Rate your team members on the relative contribution that were made in preparing and submitting your group assignment.
2. In rating your peers, use to five point scale.
3. Every single group member is to fill in this form and be honest, do not favour anyone. Form is to be submitting along with the
respective submission.

5- Always 4- Most of the time 3- Sometimes 2- Rarely 1-Never

Names: ILYAS FIKRI Names: MOHD Names: MOHAMAD Names:

BIN MOHD SAID ADAM BIN MOHD DANISH ZIKRY BIN
SOFIAN MOHD HATTA
Criteria
ID:55213220037 ID:55218220016 ID:55218119184
ID:
(1) Quality of Technical Work: Work is
correct, clear, complete, and relevant to the 5 5 5
problem. Equations, graphs, and notes are
clear and intelligible.
(2) Commitment to Team / Project: Attends
5 5 5
all meetings. Arrives on time or early.
Prepared. Ready to work. Dependable,
faithful, reliable.
(3)Leadership: Takes initiative, makes
suggestions, provides focus. Creative? 5 5 5
Energetic? Brings energy and excitement to
the team. Has a “can do” attitude. Sparks
creativity in others.
(4) Responsibility: Gladly accepts work and 5 5 5
gets it done. Spirit of excellence.
(5)Has abilities the team needs. Makes the
most of these abilities. Gives fully, doesn’t 5 5 5
hold back.
(6) Communication: Communicates clearly
when he/she speaks and when she/he 5 5 5
writes. Understands the team’s direction.
(7) Personality. Positive attitudes,
encourages others. Seeks consensus. Fun to 5 5 5

deal with. Brings out best in others.

Peacemaker. Pours water, not gasoline on
fires.
TOTAL MARK (35%) 35 35 35
TOTAL MARK (5%) 5 5 5

Keep in mind that if you award high scores to everyone, regardless of their contribution, team members who have worked unduly hard or
provided extraordinary leadership will go unrecognized, as will those at the other end of the scale who need your corrective feedback.