TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content Page
Number
Summary 4

1.0 Data and Results 5-13

2.0 Analysis and Discussions 14-15

3.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 16

4.0 Tutorial 17

5.0 References 18

6.0 Appendices

1
SUMMARY

The objectives of the experiments were to study the liquid phase reaction kinetics
in a batch reactor, to study the operation of a batch reactor at different operating
conditions in terms conversion and to study the effect of temperature on the reaction in
batch reactor. The experiment was began by preparing 1L of 0.1 M ethyl acetate and 1L
of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. After that, 5L of deionized water will be added
to 1L of 0.1 M ethyl acetate and 1L of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Then a few steps
were made to ready the batch reactor unit. 3L of 0.1 M ethyl acetate and 3L of 0.1 M
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were poured into reactor R1 through the charge port on the
vessel cover. Next, with intervals of 5 minutes, a sample was taken in order to determine
the conductivity value at temperature of 40 ˚C, until the conductivity readings stabilized.
The experiment was then repeated with temperature of 50 ˚C. Based on the result
obtained, the temperature and conductivity for each of temperature 40 ˚C and 50 ˚C at 0
minute until 30 minutes were recorded in each table respectively. As closure, based on
the collision theory, for a reaction to take place, the particles of the substances that are
reacting must collide. If they collide with the enough energy, then the particles will react.
When then temperature in the reaction increases, the particles will move faster. So, the
collision that take place will become higher. This will cause the molecules to collide with
each other producing more energy, in relation to higher reaction rate. Therefore, as the
temperature increases, the rate of conversion is higher too. There were possible errors
that may occur. The chemical reaction will dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ethyl
acetate may not be accurate. Other than that, time may be insufficient, causing required
data to not be obtained.

2
1.0 RESULTS

Appendix A
Conversion Solution Mixtures (mL) Concentration Conductivity
0.1M NaOH 0.1M H2O of NaOH (M) (mS/cm)
Na(Ac)
0% 100 - 100 0.0500 10.7
25% 75 25 100 0.0375 9.7
50% 50 50 100 0.0250 7.5
75% 25 75 100 0.0125 5.6
100% - 100 100 0.0000 4.0

Appendix B
Experiment A: Batch Saponification Reaction
Temperature: 40°C
Volume of NaOH = 3L
Volume of Et(Ac) = 3L
Initial concentration of NaOH = 0.1M
Initial concentration of Et(Ac) = 0.1M

3
Time Temperature Conductivity Concentration Conversion, −𝑑𝐶𝑎 −𝑑𝐶𝑎 1/ 𝐶𝑎 ln 𝐶𝑎
𝑙𝑛
(min) (°C) (mS/cm) of NaOH (M) X (%) 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
TI-101

0 32.8 6.96 0.021182 57.635747 0 0 47.20989519 -3.854603515

5 33.4 5.77 0.012769 74.462670 0.001683 -6.387177364 78.31466834 -4.360734921

10 34.5 5.19 0.008668 82.664027 0.000820 -7.106206218 115.3668666 -4.748117195

15 35.6 5.12 0.008173 83.653846 0.000099 -9.220390708 122.3540927 -4.80691924

20 36.5 4.98 0.007183 85.633484 0.000198 -8.527243527 139.2175971 -4.936038156

25 37.2 4.81 0.005981 88.037330 0.000240 -8.334871635 167.1961211 -5.119167501

4
Experiment B: Effect of Temperature on the Batch Saponification Reaction
Temperature: 50°C
Volume of NaOH = 3L
Volume of Et(Ac) = 3L
Initial concentration of NaOH = 0.1M
Initial concentration of Et(Ac) = 0.1M

Time Temperature Conductivity Concentration Conversion, −𝑑𝐶𝑎 −𝑑𝐶𝑎 1/ 𝐶𝑎 ln 𝐶𝑎

(min) (°C) TI-101 (mS/cm) of NaOH (M) X (%) 𝑙𝑛
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 34.1 5.84 0.013264 73.472851 0 0 75.3920386 -4.322701681

5 36.4 5.24 0.009021 81.957014 0.000849 -7.071451372 110.8524554 -4.708200086

10 38.2 4.84 0.006193 87.613122 0.000566 -7.47691648 161.4726304 -5.084335657

15 40.5 4.64 0.004779 90.441176 0.000283 -8.17006366 209.2487968 -5.343523959

20 42.5 4.49 0.003719 92.562217 0.000212 -8.458924283 268.8894864 -5.594300464

25 4.42 4.42 0.003224 93.552036 0.000099 -9.220390708 310.1736973 -5.737132454

5
GRAPHS

Calibration Graphs

Concentration of NaOH VS Conductivity

0.06

0.05
Conc. of NaOH

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Conductivity

Figure 1 – Concentration of NaOH (M) vs Conductivity

Slope = 0.007070136
y-intercept = -0.028026018

Conversion VS Conductivity
120%

100%

80%
Conversion

60%

40%

20%

0%
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Conductivity

Figure 2 – Conversion vs Conductivity

Slope = -0.141402715
y-intercept = 1.560520362

6
 ln -[dCa/dt] VS ln Ca
0
-3.854603515 -4.360734921 -4.748117195 -4.80691924 -4.936038156 -5.119167501
-2

-4
ln -[dCA/dt]

-6

-8

-10

-12
ln Ca

Figure 3 – ln [-dCa/dt] vs ln CA @ 40 C
Slope = 6.786793871
y-intercept = 24.87843165

Order of Reaction, 
ln [-dCa/dt] =  [ln CA] + ln k
 = slope, m
 = 6.786793871

Rate Constant
ln [-dCa/dt] =  [ln CA] + ln k
ln k = C
k = eC
k = e 24.87843165
k = 6.3762 × 1010

7
 ln -[dCa/dt] VS ln Ca
0

-2

-4
ln -[dCa/dt]

-6

-8

-10

-12
ln Ca

Figure 4 – ln [-dCa/dt] vs ln CA @ 50 C
Slope = 5.389825917
y-intercept = 20.92600679

Order of Reaction, 
ln [-dCa/dt] =  [ln CA] + ln k
 = slope, m
 = 5.389825917

Rate Constant
ln [-dCa/dt] =  [ln CA] + ln k
ln k = C
k = eC
k = e 20.92600679
k = 1224755158

8
 Conversion VS Time
100
90
80
Conversion 70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time

Figure 5 - Conversion vs Time @ 40 C

Conversion VS Time
120

100

80
Conversion

60

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time

Figure 6 - Conversion vs Time @ 50 C

9
 1/Ca VS Time
180
160
140
120
100
1/Ca

80
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time

Figure 7 – 1/CA vs Time @ 40 C

Slope = 4.512155097
y-intercept= 55.2079348
k = 4.512155097

1/Ca VS Time
350

300

250

200
1/Ca

150

100

50

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time

Figure 8 – 1/CA vs Time @ 50 C

Slope = 9.690260302
y-intercept= 68.20993037
k = 9.690260302

10
 ln k VS 1/T
25.5
25
24.5
24
23.5
ln k

23
22.5
22
21.5
21
20.5
0.00308 0.0031 0.00312 0.00314 0.00316 0.00318 0.0032
1/T

Figure 9 – 1/CA vs Time @ 40,50 C

Slope = 40330.61224
y-intercept= -103.8972449

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2.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS

The purpose of the experiment Batch Reactor were to study the liquid phase
reaction kinetics in a batch reactor, to study the operation of a batch reactor at different
operating conditions in terms of conversion and to study the effect of temperature on the
reaction in batch reactor.

The experiment was begun by preparing the chemicals 6L of 0.1 M Et (Ac) solution
and 6L of 0.1 M NaOH solution. Then, necessary steps were made to ready the batch
reactor unit. 3L of 0.1 M Et (Ac) solution and 3L of 0.1 M NaOH solution were poured into
the reactor R1 through the charge port on the vessel cover. Then, with intervals of 5
minutes, a sample was retrieved in order to determine the conductivity value at
temperature of 40 C, until the conductivity readings stabilized. The experiment was then
repeated with temperatures of 50 C. The conductivity values were continuously recorded
until minute 25. Trend graphs were plotted to represent the trend of results obtained.

Based on the result obtained, the temperature and conductivity for each of
temperature, 40C and 50C at 0 minutes till 25 minutes were recorded in each table
respectively. Based on figure 1 and 2, it was a standard calibration curve of Concentration
(M) against Conductivity (mS/cm) (figure 1) and Conversion (%) against Conductivity
(mS/cm) (figure 2) was plotted from the Appendix A. Then, from the calibration graph, a
linear equation were obtained. From the equation, the data for Concentration of NaOH
and Conversion (%) was calculated. Next, the values for -dCa/dt, ln (-dCa/dt), ln (Ca),
1/Ca, and 1/T were obtained through calculations using the raw data from the results table
and related trend graphs were generated to portray the trend.

Basically, from the graphs in for – ln [-dCa/dt] Vs ln CA for 40 C and 50 C in figure

3 and figure 4 respectively, the slope of the graph showed value at 6.786793871 and
5.389825917 respectively. Meanwhile the value for y-intercept showed was 24.87843165
and 20.92600679 respectively. From the slope and y-intercept of the graph for all the
temperatures, the value of order of reaction, and rate constant, k can be determined.
The value for order of reaction,  for 40 C, 50 C and 60C were 6.786793871 and

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5.389825917 respectively while the rate constant, k value was 6.3762 × 1010 and
1224755158 respectively.

Besides that, from the graph for Conversion against Time at 40C and 50C on
figure 5 and figure 6 respectively, it can observed that the value for the conversion for all
two temperatures was increasing with time where the value in 40C start to increase from
57.635747% to 88.03733%. Meanwhile for 50C, the conversion starts to increase from
73.472851% until 93.552036%. Based on the collision theory, for a reaction to take place,
the particles of the substances that are reacting must collide. If they collide with the
enough energy, then the particles will react. When the temperature in the reaction
increases, the particles will move faster. Thus, the collision that take place will become
higher. This will cause the molecules to collide with each other producing more energy,
in relation to higher reaction rate. Therefore, as the temperature increases, the rate of
conversion is higher too. Next, based on the graph plotted in figure 7 and figure 8 for 1/Ca
against time for 40C and 50C, the rate constant, k was determined from the slope value.
Lastly, figure 9 was shown the graph for ln k against 1/T.

There were several advantages of using the batch reactors in chemical reaction.
The batch reactor has high conversion per unit volume for one pass. Furthermore, the
flexibility of the operation same reactor can produce one product at one time and a
different product for the next. It is also easy to clean compare to the other reactors.
However, the batch reactor also has its own disadvantages such as high operating cost.
Besides that, the product quality was more variable than with continuous operation.

13
3.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the result obtained, the temperature and conductivity for each of
temperature, 40 C and 50 C at 0 minutes till 25 minutes were recorded in each table
respectively. Based on the figure 1 and 2, it was a standard calibration curve of
Concentration (M) against Conductivity (mS/cm) (figure 1) and Conversion (%) against
Conductivity (mS/cm) (figure 2) was plotted. Then, from the calibration graph, linear
equations were obtained. From the equation, the data for Concentration of NaOH and
Conversion (%) was calculated. Next, the values for -dCa/dt, ln (-dCa/dt), ln (Ca), 1/Ca,
and 1/T were obtained through calculations using the raw data from the results table and
related trend graphs were generated to portray the trend. As closure, based on the
collision theory, for a reaction to take place, the particles of the substances that are
reacting have to collide. If they collide with the enough energy, then the particles will react.
When the temperature in the reaction was increases, the particles will move faster. Thus,
the collision take place will become higher. This will cause the molecules to collide with
each other producing more energy, in relation to higher reaction rate. Therefore, as the
temperature increases, the rate of conversion is higher too.

There were few recommendations in order to overcome the possible errors. Firstly,
the chemical preparation of dilution NaOH and Ethyl Acetate should be prepared carefully
so that the disrupted results can occur. Secondly, the Batch must be cleaned before and
after the usage to prevent contaminations. Other than that, the wires or other equipment
involved must undergo frequent maintenance. Other than that, time must be sufficient to
prevent required data to not be obtained.

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4.0 TUTORIAL

1. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using batch reactors in chemical reaction.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 high conversion per unit volume for  high operating cost
one pass

 flexibility of operation same reactor can  product quality more variable than with
produce one product one time and a continuous operation
different product the next

 easy to clean

2. Determine the effect of temperature on chemical reaction.

By adjusting the temperature, the rate of a chemical reaction can be changed. If the temperature
is increased, the reactant particles will move more quickly. Besides that, they will have more
energy. Also, when the particles collide more often, the more the collisions are successful. And
finally, the rate of reaction increases.

3. Write down the function of each following component in a batch reactor used in this experiment.
COMPONENT FUNCTION
Stirrer To stir the mixture in the react so that the mixture composition was
homogeneous and well mixed. Besides that, the function was to distribute the
heat to all the mixture and achieve thermal equilibrium.

Thermocouple It was a sensor to measure the temperature in the heater and reactor.

Temperature Temperature controller is a measurement device used on temperature control.

Controller Thermocouple-type and resistor-type temperature controllers measure
temperature electronically, obtaining the temperature change from the sensor
and sending the measured data to the electronic processor. The output device
will then controller the temperature variation within a specific range.

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5.0 REFERENCES

 Batch Reactor. (2015) Wikipedia [Online]. Available from World Wide Web :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_reactor

 Chemicals Reactor. (2014) Enzyme Technology. [Online]. Available from World

Wide Web : http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/processes/chemical-
reactors.html

 Chemicals Reactor. (2011) Chemical Wisc Online Library . [Online]. Available from
World Wide Web :http://jbrwww.che.wisc.edu/home/jbraw/chemreafun/ch4/slides-
matbal.pdf

 Rutherford Aris, Elementary Chemical Reactor Analysis, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2013,

p150, Smith,J.M, Chemical Engineering Kinectics, McGraw Hill, 1981

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