GRADING SECTION

Program: EE242/CEEE242/CEEE223 Semester: 7

Ownership: Discipline of Power
Date
Version: 3.0 March 2022
Issued:
Course Name: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY V
Course Code: EPO662
Mode of Delivery: ! Face to Face Virtual
SIMULATION OF A THREE PHASE BRIDGE INVERTER WITH A PWM CONTROL USING
MATLAB SOFTWARE
(Part A) Assessment Criteria * Marks Allocated Weighted Marks
Obtained (WMO)
Results:
• List all the data collected and show them graphically. 30.00
• Present and label clearly the figures, tables and graphs.
• Exhibit significant results of the project
Discussions:
• Discuss and analyze all results thoroughly. 30.00
• Discuss and evaluate the experimental procedure to achieve the
objectives
• Include calculation and interpret them by comparing with
theoretical values.
• Explain the reason on each interpretation
Conclusions:
• Summarize the whole experimental results 10.00
• State whether your results support your theory
• Comments about its success and effectiveness.
• Explain your achievements, problems and suggestions.
Grammar:
Written with correct grammar e.g. sentence structure, tenses and 5.00
spelling

Total Part (A) 75.00

*Notes: All criteria in Part (A) and Part (B) are assessed based on the PO10 Lab Report Evaluation rubrics
Marks Marks Obtained
(Part B) Assessment Criteria* Remarks
Allocated
Pre-Lab 15.0
Pre-lab is assessed based on the
Students need to answer and submit all 0
pre-lab in the report. markingscheme of the respective
laboratory
Quizzes 10.0
Quizzes are assessed based on the
Students need to submit answer forquizzes in the 0
markingscheme of the respective
lab report.
laboratory
Total Part (B)
25.0
0

TOTAL ( (A) + (B))

/100%
Instructor’s Comments
 STUDENT LAB REPORT
Program: EE242/CEEE242/CEEE223 Semester: 7
Ownership: Discipline of Power
Version: 4.0 Date Issued: March 2023
Course Name: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY V
Course Code: EPO662
Mode of Delivery: ✔ Face to Face Virtual

SIMULATION OF A THREE PHASE BRIDGE

INVERTER WITH A PWM CONTROL USING

MATLAB SOFTWARE

LAB REPORT SUBMISSION DEADLINE: 1 WEEK AFTER LAB SESSION

Prepared By: Student ID:
1. MUHAMMAD AIDIL AISAR BIN MOHD YATIM 2021102345
2. MUHAMMAD IZRAN BIN WAZIH 2021125421
3.
4.
5.
Group: F5 Lab Date: 11/05/2023 Submission Date: 18/05/2023
Lab Instructor: ( ASSOC.PROF.TsDR. ) MOHD FAIZUL MD IDROS
1.0 PRELAB

1.1 Power devices: IGBT and MOSFET. Why is IGBT preferred?

IGBT
● Design by combining the features of both MOSFET and BJT
● Minority charge carrier device and has high input impedance.
● Preferred for medium to high power application (>1000v) and low duty.
● Handle more currents than MOSFET due lower conduction losses.
● Made up of an emitter, collector and gate terminal.

MOSFET
● Low current
● Low voltage
● Consist of source, drain and gate terminal.
● High frequency switching device.

The IGBT is preferred because:

● IGBTs are designed to handle higher current and voltage levels compared to MOSFETs. They can
operate at voltage ratings of several hundred volts to several kilovolts, making them suitable for
high-power applications where higher current levels need to be handled.
● IGBTs have lower on-state resistance (also known as conduction losses) when they are in the ON
state compared to MOSFETs. This means that IGBTs can handle higher currents with lower power
dissipation, leading to higher efficiency and reduced power losses.
● IGBTs have the ability to withstand high current and voltage transients without getting damaged.
This makes them suitable for applications where there are sudden changes in load conditions or
voltage spikes, such as motor drives or power converters.
● IGBTs are capable of fast switching speeds, which is advantageous in applications that require
high-frequency operation or fast response times, such as motor drives, power supplies, and inverters.
● IGBTs have a lower on-state voltage drop compared to MOSFETs. This results in lower power losses
and improved efficiency. Additionally, IGBTs have better thermal stability, meaning they can handle
higher temperatures without compromising their performance and reliability.

1.2 Feedback Diode: Why each of the IGBTs in the inverter is required to be paired with a diode? In
what circumstances it is applied?

IGBTs are unidirectional devices and cannot conduct current in the reverse direction. When the
inverter's operation requires reverse current flow, such as during the freewheeling or commutation
phase, the diode provides a low-impedance path for the reverse current. It protects the IGBT from the
reverse voltage that would otherwise damage the device.

The circumstances it is applied:

The feedback diode is essential in inverter circuits, particularly in high-power applications, In

high-power inverters, where significant currents and voltages are involved, the diode is employed to
handle the reverse current and provide reverse voltage protection to the IGBTs. This is particularly
crucial in applications where the power levels are high, and the IGBTs need to withstand substantial
stress.
1.3 PWM Technique: What is the purpose of applying these techniques in the inverter?

PWM technology allows inverters to provide a stable and constant output voltage, such as 230V or
110V AC, regardless of the load variations. By varying the pulse width of the modulated signal, the
inverter can adjust the power delivered to the load, ensuring a consistent output voltage. PWM
technology allows for output voltage control without the need for additional external components. By
adjusting the duty cycle of the PWM waveform, the inverter can regulate the output voltage level,
catering to different load requirements.

1.4 Safety precautions: When does ‘dead time’ normally occur? Suggest one method to deal with
the dead-time issue.

Dead time typically occurs in the context of switching power converters or inverters, where there
are two or more power switches that control the flow of current. The dead time refers to a brief
interval during which both switches are intentionally turned off to prevent shoot-through currents or
short circuits.

One method to deal with the dead-time issue is to utilize a gate driver circuit with a built-in
dead-time control capability. This circuit can provide a programmable dead-time delay between the
turn-off of one device and the turn-on of the other device, which ensures that the switching devices
do not conduct simultaneously and prevent a short circuit.
2.0 RESULT

2.1 Part 1: Two-level Three Phase Inverter

Figure 1.0: Two-level Three-phase inverter simulation using MATLAB Simulation

Table 1: Time Delay Calculation and Value

Waveform Calculation Time Delay

G1 (0° � 0.02 ) 0.000 ms

360°
G2 (60° � 0.02 ) 3.333 ms
360°
G3 (120° � 0.02 ) 6.667 ms
360°
G4 (180° � 0.02 ) 10.000 ms
360°
G5 (240° � 0.02 ) -6.667 ms
360°
G6 (300° � 0.02 ) -3.333 ms
360°
Waveform Two-level Three-Phase Inverter Using Scope

Figure 2: Waveform for IGBT switching voltage and current.

Figure 3: Waveform for line voltages

Figure 4: Waveform for phase voltages .

Figure 5: Waveform for line currents.

 Theoretical calculation for the phase voltage, line current, RMS value of line and phase voltages :

1. Phase Voltage.

2�� 2(100)
Van = Vbn = Vcn = 3
= 3
= 66.67 V

2. Line Current.
2�� 2(100)
Ian = Ibn = Icn = 3�
= 3(1000)
= 0.0667 A

3. RMS Value Line-to-Line Voltage.

2 2
VL = 3
Vs = 3
(100) = 81.67 V

4. RMS Value Phase Voltage.

�� 2Vs 2(100)
Vϕ = 3
= 3
= 3
= 47.15 V

Table 2: Comparison between theoretical and simulation values.

Phase Voltage (V) Line Current (A) RMS Value Line-to- RMS Value
Line Voltage (V) Phase Voltage (V)
Theoretical Value 66.67 0.0667 81.65 47.15

Simulation Value 66.67 0.0667 81.65 47.14

2.2 Part 2: Two-level Three-Phase Inverter using Carrier Based PWM.

Figure 6: Simulation Circuit of Two-level Three-phase inverter using carrier based PWM

Figure 7: Subsystem for carrier based PWM.

Waveform at Vm= 100 V.

Figure 8: Waveform for IGBT switching voltage and current for Vm=100 V.

Figure 9: Waveform for line voltages for Vm= 100 V.

Figure 10: Waveform for phase voltages for Vm= 100 V.

Figure 11: Waveform for line currents for Vm= 100 V

Waveform at Vm= 50 V.

Figure 12: Waveform for IGBT switching voltage and current for Vm= 50 V.

Figure 13: Waveform for line voltages for Vm= 50 V.

Figure 14: Waveform for phase voltages for Vm= 50 V.

Figure 15: Waveform for line currents for Vm= 50 V.

Waveform For Vm= 1 V.

Figure 16: Waveform for IGBT switching voltage and current for Vm= 1 V.

Figure 17: Waveform for line voltages for Vm= 1 V.

Figure 18: Waveform for phase voltages for Vm= 1 V.

Figure 19: Waveform for line currents for Vm= 1 V.

 Comparison of the inverter using 180° conduction mode and carrier based PWM.

Table 3: The results of the inverter using 180° conduction mode and carrier based PWM.

Mode of Inverter Phase Voltage (V) Line Current (A) RMS Value Line-to- RMS Value
Line Voltage (V) Phase Voltage (V)

180° conduction 66.6667 0.0667 81.65 47.14

mode
Vm= 100 V 66.6667 0.0667 81.65 47.14

Vm= 50 V 66.6667 0.0667 81.62 47.18

Vm= 1 V 66.6667 0.0007 81.45 47.00

3.0 DISCUSSION

The electronic device three-phase bridge inverter is used to transform direct current (DC) power
into three-phase alternating current (AC). It is made up of six switching components, usually in the
form of insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) or power transistors, which are placed in a bridge
pattern. A three-phase bridge inverter fundamental design consists of three legs, each of which is
coupled to a different phase of the AC output. Two switching devices are used in each leg, two of
which are connected in series with the centre of each device connected to a neutral point. Pulse
width modulation (PWM) techniques are used to control the switching components of the bridge
inverter in order to produce the appropriate AC waveform. The inverter may adjust the transistors
switching patterns to modify the output voltage magnitude and frequency. To produce a three-phase
AC output, the inverter shifts the DC voltage across each leg of the bridge while it is in operation. The
output waveform shape is determined by the switching order and timing. The inverter may produce a
sinusoidal waveform, which is the desired type of AC power, by adjusting the switch on and off
periods.

Based on the part 1 waveform, the pole voltage, line current and phase voltage value is for 50 Hz
system. The period is 20 ms and the amplitude is 1V. For two level three phase inverter using 180̊
conduction mode, the pulse width is 50%. The result for the simulation for each waveform of IGBT is
the exact opposite of its pair which are IGBT1 and IGBT4, IGBT3 and IGBT6, IGBT5 and IGBT6. If the
IGBT1 is turn on , the IGBT4 will turn off and vice versa. The difference between the line and phase
voltage waveform is the shape of the waveform. Theoritical value of line voltage and RMS line to line
voltage of 180̊ conduction mode and carrier is based on the demonstrate that Vm having higher
value produced the highest rms value in comparison to other voltage supply for Vm.

Based on the part 2 waveform , the same circuit as in previous step is used except the pulse
generator is replace with the PWM subsystem block that fed with switching or carrier frequency of
2KHz and modulating frequency of 50Hz. The value of modulating signal,Vm is change which is 1V,
50V and 100V. In order for a proper modulation in PWM achieve, the modulating signal must be less
or equal to the carrier signal Vm ≤ Vc. Those comply with the modulation index must be less or equal
than unity to prevent over modulating happens. The comparison table of the phase voltage for 180̊
and the simulated value is almost identical. The value for each modulating signal in carrier based
PWM is also corresponding with the two prior result.
4.0 Quiz

4.1 State 2 type of PWM algorithm.

-Sinuisodal pulse width modulation

-Space vector PW modulation (SVPWM)

4.2 What are the advantages of PWM over analog control?

a) Efficiency: Power transfer and utilisation are made possible via PWM control. PWM
regulates power delivery to a load more effectively than analogue control by altering the
signal's duty cycle. It makes it possible for power electronics systems to function more
effectively, reducing energy losses.
b) Noise Reduction: PWM can aid in the reduction of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and
noise. PWM can distribute energy over a wider frequency spectrum by working at high
frequencies, which reduces the concentration of energy at certain frequencies that might
result in audible noise or EMI problems. PWM can also reduce voltage and current transients,
resulting in a smoother and quieter operation.
c) Improved Efficiency: PWM control can significantly improve the efficiency of the inverter
system by reducing power losses, as the power losses in a PWM-controlled system are
significantly lower than in an analog-controlled system.

4.3 Why in PWM voltage inverters does the common mode voltage appear?

a) Switching transients during the transitions of PWM signals can cause voltage spikes or
ringing, contributing to common mode voltage.
b) Pulse placement in certain PWM techniques, such as carrier-based PWM, creates an
uneven distribution of energy between positive and negative phases, resulting in common
mode voltage.
c) Imperfect voltage balance among the output phases of the inverter introduces common
mode voltage, often caused by component tolerances or load imbalances.
4.4 A three-phase voltage source inverter is operating in 180-degree conduction mode and supplied
from a 600V DC link voltage. Calculate: The peak and rms value of the output fundamental
phase and line voltages:
4.5 A three-phase voltage source inverter is controlled using the Carrier-based sinusoidal PWM
technique. The frequency of the fundamental output voltage is to be kept at 50 HZ and the
switching frequency of the inverter is 2 kHZ. The inverter supplied a DC link voltage of 600V. The
modulation index is 0.9. Compute the fundamental output phase rms voltage value.
5.0 CONCLUSION

In this experiment, the students carried out a simulation of a three-phase bridge inverter with
PWM control using MATLAB software. For the first part, the students construct a two-level three
phase inverter in the MATLAB. This PWM generator included in the system as an automatic inverter
to generate the simulation, the pulse generated here removed and replaced by output from PWM
system block. The subsystem block is controlled manually by the students by creating the equation to
generate the PWM signal. It was found that it is possible to get the same result regardless of the
method. The results show that there is negligible difference between the two methods.

At the completion of the simulation, students able to understand the power electronics design
using MATLAB software. Students also able to construct, design and study the operation of the
two-level three phase inverter circuit with 180 degrees conduction and carrier based PWM. The
students able to achieved all objectives for this simulation.